英语——虚拟语气

虚拟语气包含两种：第一种指与事实相反或不可能发生的；另一种指与事实是否发生没有直接关系的。
第一种虚拟语气包括使用“虚拟条件句+虚拟主句”的结构；包括wish、would rather后面接的宾语从句表示不可能实现的愿望；包括even if, even though, as if, as though引导的用到虚拟语气的状语从句以及某些定语从句中的虚拟语气。
第二种虚拟语气包括使用suggest、order、demand等表示建议、命令、要求等相关的名词性从句时。

第一节 虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气 To mo

一、表示与现在事实相反的情况。例如：
从句：If+主语+did(be动词用were)
主句：主语+should/would/might/could+do
If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）
If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你的。（事实：我不知道）
If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。（事实：地球上既有空气也有水)

二、表示与过去事实相反的情况。例如：
从句：If+主语+had done
主句：主语+ should/would/might/could + have done
If I had got there earlier, I should/would have met her.
如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了，没见到）
If he had taken my advice, Tony would not have made such a mistake.
如果唐尼听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话，犯了错)

三、表示与将来事实相反的情况。例如：
从句：
1. if+主语+were to do
2. if+主语 + should + do
3.if+主语+过去式(be动词用were)
主句：主语+should/would/might/could+do
If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：不可能来）
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would go skating
如果下周日下大雪，我们就去滑冰。（事实：不可能下雪）
If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：不可能来)

四、特殊情况
1.错综时间句：即虚拟条件状语从句与虚拟主句中谓语动作的时间不一致。这种情况下，主句从句按照本句的时间意思使用相对应的虚拟语气。例如：
If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too.
如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了。
If they had informed us, we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
If he knew her, he would have greeted her that day.
如果他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
2、虚拟条件句中的省略：当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were，should,had时，if可以省略，这时候条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。例如：
原句： If he should agree to go there, we would send him there.
倒装： Should he agree to go there, we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去了。
原句： If she were here, she would agree with us.
倒装： Were she here, she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
原句： If he had learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.
倒装： Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
3.用其他形式表达虚拟条件：虚拟条件状语从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或用其他方式表示出来。如without.., but for.…（要不是……），otherwise等。例如：
But for his help, we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。
Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress.
要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。
We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him.
我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。
4.在虚拟语气的从句中，be动词的过去时态一律用were，不用was。例如：
If I were you, I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就会去找他。
5，在虚拟条件从句中，should/would/might/could四个词只能用should; 在虚拟主句中，主语只有是第一人称时，才能用should。例如：
fI had got there earlier, I should/would have met her.
如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。
f he had got there earlier, he would have met her.
如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。

第二节 wish和 would rather

一、wish后面所跟的宾语从句，其谓语动词用虚拟语气（意为“要是/但愿……就好了”),其形式主要有三种:
1.表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish+一般过去时的宾语从句
2.表示对过去情况的虚拟:wish+过去完成时的宾语从句
3.表示对将来情况的虚拟:wish+ would/ could+动词原形
例如：
I wish it were spring all year round.
我希望一年四季都是春天。
She wished she had stayed at home then.
她希望她当时待在家里。
I wish it would be fine tomorrow.
我希望明天天气好。
注意ifonly后接从句也用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的用法一致。
二、would rather后面所跟的宾语从句，其谓语动词用虚拟语气（意为“宁愿……”),其形式主要有两种:
1.表示对现在/将来情况的虚拟: would rather+一般过去时的宾语从句
2.表示对过去情况的虚拟: would rather+过去完成时的宾语从句

第三节 状语从句和定语从句的虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气用在定语从句中
在it is (high)time that.句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should+动词原形，表示该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。例如：
It is time that we went home. It is time that we should go home.
我们该回家了。
It is time we left. It is time we should leave.
我们该走了。
It is time we summed up our results. It is time we should sum up our results.
我们该总结我们的成绩了。

二、虚拟语气用在状语从句中
1.由as if或as though所引导的方式状语从句，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：
主句+as if/though+主语+一般过去时（从句的动作与现在事实相反)
主句+as if/though+主语+would/could+动词原形（从句的动作与将来事实相反)
主句+as if/though+主语+过去完成时（从句的动作与过去事实相反)
例如：
He talks as if he knew all about it.
他说起来好像知道这件事的全部一样。
She speaks English well as if she had studied in America
她说英语很好，好像过去在美国待过一样。
He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad.
他学英语如此努力，好像他要出国一样。
2.由even if或even though所引导的让步状语从句，若从句与事实相反，则从句和主句都要用虚拟语气。其形式如下：
主句+ even if/though+主语+一般过去时（从句的动作与现在事实相反)
主句+even if/though+主语+would/could+动词原形（从句的动作与将来事实相反)
主句+even if/though+主语+过去完成时（从句的动作与过去事实相反)
例如：
Even if you weren't her son, she would treat you like this
即使你不是她的儿子，她也会这样对待你的。
I would have married him even if he had been penniless.
即使他身无分文，我也会和他结婚的。

第四节 名词性从句的虚拟语气

一、表达和建议、要求、命令、主张等含义相关的名词性从句，一律用主语+should+动词原形(should可以省略)结构。具体涉及这些的动词以及它们的名词形式如下：
一坚持（主张）：insist
二命令：order，command
三要求：require，request，demand
四建议：suggest, advise，propose, recommend
例如:
It was suggested that he (should) join us.(主语从句)
My suggestion was that he(should) join us.(表语从句)
I suggested that he(should)join us.(宾语从句)
I had a suggestion that he(should) join us.(同位语从句)
这四句话表达同一个意思：我建议他加入我们。

二、表示重要性、必要性、吃惊等时，一律用itis+形容词+that+主语+ should+动词原形（should可以省略）结构。例如：
It's important that you(should) study English hard.
努力学习英语是很重要的。
It's necessary that you (should) praise your students as much as possible.
尽可能多的表扬你的学生是有必要的。
It is strange that she(should) not have been invited.
真奇怪她竟然没有被邀请。

虚拟语气专项

一、单项选择
1. -Yang Li wei has won great honor for our country.
-Who is Yang Liwei?
-What a question! It is surprising_____the first spaceman in China.
A. you didn't know our national hero
B. to you not to know him
C. you should know nothing about
D. you knew nothing about him

2. Robert wishes that he_____business instead of history when he was in university.
A. studies
B. studied
C. has studied
D. had studied

3. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he_____to the meeting.
A. would come
B. came
C. would have come
D. had come

4. Without electricity, human life_____quite different today.
A.is
B. will be
C. would have been
D. would be

5. If only I_____how to operate an electronic computer as you do.
A. had known
B. would know
C. should know
D.knew

6. But for the party, he_____of hunger fifteen years ago.
A. would have died
B. would die
C. must have died
D. must die

7. I would have come earlier, but I_____that you were waiting
for me.
A. didn't know
B. hadn't know
C. would have known
D. haven't known

8._____more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were
B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be
D. If the captain would have been

9. Were it not for the snowy weather, we_____all right.
A. would be
B. would have been
C.were
D. may be

10. He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball, otherwise he_____a goal.
A. had scored
B. scored
C. would score
D. would have scored

答案
一、单项选择
1-5 CDCDD
6-10AABBD