The physical and chemical climate as well as physical and chemical soil prop- erties provide the ... more The physical and chemical climate as well as physical and chemical soil prop- erties provide the framework for life in terrestrial ecosystems. Living organisms and communities in turn can modify the climate in their vicinity and can, over time, influence soil development and soil quality. Within tree stands, interception and reflection of radiation and evaporation create a unique climate for tree seedlings, forest floor plants and fauna. The upper layers of the soil in a forest can show considerable enrichment of nutrients because forest canopies are efficient filters of airborne nutrients and because leaf litter may contain nutrients taken up by roots deep in the subsoil. Availability of water — deficiency, excess or uneven distribution over the year — can only be partially influenced by ecosystem processes and is therefore a driving variable of forest ecosystems. Temperature regimes, especially low temperatures and frosts, are also severe constraints.
During winter, the assessment of total input of atmospheric trace constituents into forest ecosys... more During winter, the assessment of total input of atmospheric trace constituents into forest ecosystems is extremely difficult. Besides deposition with rain and snowfall, contributions of xomplex dry deposition processes have to be accounted. Aerosol deposition to physically and chemically changing snow surfaces on the ground and in the forest canopy plays an important role. Hoarfrost formation, riming or impactation of non freezing fog droplets on tree crowns, and resuspension of heavily polluted surface snow during storms and subsequent deposition in snow drifts may be very important processes in certain areas. Results of winterly deposition studies in forest ecosystems of the Vienna Woods and of the Warscheneck mountains in Upper Austria are used to exemplify some of the problems. A snow lysimeter technique, designed to collect meltwater from the snowpack, is being currently tested as an integrative method for estimating total winterly input.
Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, 1985
In Buchenbestanden des nordostlichen Wienerwaldes treten im Einsickerungsbereich des durch Sauren... more In Buchenbestanden des nordostlichen Wienerwaldes treten im Einsickerungsbereich des durch Sauren und Schwermetalle verunreinigten Stammabflusses ausgepragte Bodenveranderungen auf. Insbesonders sind Basenauswaschung, Versauerung und erhohte Al-Verfugbarkeit hervorzuheben. Die Auswirkungen dieser Bodenveranderungen auf das Wachstum von Buchen- und Spitzahornpflanzen wurden in einem Gefasversuch untersucht. Als Vergleichssubstrat diente Bodenmaterial aus den von der Einsickerung des Stammabflusses nicht betroffenen Bodenbereichen in groserem Abstand von den Stammfusen. Auf dem durch saure Deposition stark veranderten Substrat waren bei beiden Baumarten Wachstumsdepressionen zu beobachten, die auf Aluminium- und Mangantoxizitat als Folge der Bodenversauerung zuruckgefuhrt wurden. Besonders bemerkenswert ist, das die Blattgehalte an Mangan trotz des durch Auswaschung stark verringerten Manganangebotes im Boden gegenuber den Kontrollen auf das Zehnfache angestiegen sind. Auf dem versauerten Substrat traten Wurzelschaden auf, die durch haufiges Absterben der Hauptwurzelspitzen und besonders bei Buche quastenartigen Neuaustrieben gekennzeichnet waren. Die neuen Wurzelspitzen waren braunlich verfarbt. Aus diesen Beobachtungen wird gefolgert, das bei anhaltendem Saureeintrag in exponierte Buchenwaldokosysteme mit Wurzelschaden und Wuchsstorungen zu rechnen ist. Growth and mineral nutrition of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and maple (Acer platanoides) on soil, polluted by infiltration of acidic stemflow Stemflow in beech stands in areas with atmospheric pollution may become highly acidic and enriched with heavy metals due to interception of pollutants in the canopy. Over long periods soil properties in the infiltration zone of such stemflow change significantly. Soil samples from the infiltration zone of stemflow and samples from zones more distant from the trunks were collected in the Vienna Woods and used in a pot experiment to assess the influence of soil pollution on tree growth. This method was considered superior to experiments with artificial acidification, as soil changes in the infiltration zone of stemflow in old growth beech stands are the result of steady input of highly diluted pollutants over a long span of time in proportions typical to these sites. Soil analyses (table 1) showed leaching of Ca, Mg and Mn, a decrease in pH, increased Al-availability and modest Pb-enrichment. Plant growth (fig. 1) was reduced on the acidic substrate and root damage, especially dieback of root tips and brooming of new roots in beech could be observed. Mineral nutrition (fig. 2,3 and table 2) of plants on the acidic substrate was characterized by a dramatic increase in foliar levels of manganese and a decrease in Ca/Al ratios. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels increased, probably as result of concentration effects due to stunted growth. Discernment between Al- or Mn-toxicity was not possible. However for the soil tested, foliar Mn-levels appear to be useful for diagnosis of mineral stress induced by acidification because of the pronounced response.
Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest m... more Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest management, agricultural practices, artificial drainage, and terracing are identified. Potential strategies in addressing these gaps are proposed, such as complex systems approaches to link processes across time scales, long‐term experiments on physical‐chemical‐biological process interactions, and a focus on connectivity and patterns across spatial scales. It is suggested that these strategies will stimulate new research that coherently addresses the issues across hydrology, soil and agricultural sciences, forest engineering, forest ecology, and geomorphology.
The physical and chemical climate as well as physical and chemical soil prop- erties provide the ... more The physical and chemical climate as well as physical and chemical soil prop- erties provide the framework for life in terrestrial ecosystems. Living organisms and communities in turn can modify the climate in their vicinity and can, over time, influence soil development and soil quality. Within tree stands, interception and reflection of radiation and evaporation create a unique climate for tree seedlings, forest floor plants and fauna. The upper layers of the soil in a forest can show considerable enrichment of nutrients because forest canopies are efficient filters of airborne nutrients and because leaf litter may contain nutrients taken up by roots deep in the subsoil. Availability of water — deficiency, excess or uneven distribution over the year — can only be partially influenced by ecosystem processes and is therefore a driving variable of forest ecosystems. Temperature regimes, especially low temperatures and frosts, are also severe constraints.
During winter, the assessment of total input of atmospheric trace constituents into forest ecosys... more During winter, the assessment of total input of atmospheric trace constituents into forest ecosystems is extremely difficult. Besides deposition with rain and snowfall, contributions of xomplex dry deposition processes have to be accounted. Aerosol deposition to physically and chemically changing snow surfaces on the ground and in the forest canopy plays an important role. Hoarfrost formation, riming or impactation of non freezing fog droplets on tree crowns, and resuspension of heavily polluted surface snow during storms and subsequent deposition in snow drifts may be very important processes in certain areas. Results of winterly deposition studies in forest ecosystems of the Vienna Woods and of the Warscheneck mountains in Upper Austria are used to exemplify some of the problems. A snow lysimeter technique, designed to collect meltwater from the snowpack, is being currently tested as an integrative method for estimating total winterly input.
Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, 1985
In Buchenbestanden des nordostlichen Wienerwaldes treten im Einsickerungsbereich des durch Sauren... more In Buchenbestanden des nordostlichen Wienerwaldes treten im Einsickerungsbereich des durch Sauren und Schwermetalle verunreinigten Stammabflusses ausgepragte Bodenveranderungen auf. Insbesonders sind Basenauswaschung, Versauerung und erhohte Al-Verfugbarkeit hervorzuheben. Die Auswirkungen dieser Bodenveranderungen auf das Wachstum von Buchen- und Spitzahornpflanzen wurden in einem Gefasversuch untersucht. Als Vergleichssubstrat diente Bodenmaterial aus den von der Einsickerung des Stammabflusses nicht betroffenen Bodenbereichen in groserem Abstand von den Stammfusen. Auf dem durch saure Deposition stark veranderten Substrat waren bei beiden Baumarten Wachstumsdepressionen zu beobachten, die auf Aluminium- und Mangantoxizitat als Folge der Bodenversauerung zuruckgefuhrt wurden. Besonders bemerkenswert ist, das die Blattgehalte an Mangan trotz des durch Auswaschung stark verringerten Manganangebotes im Boden gegenuber den Kontrollen auf das Zehnfache angestiegen sind. Auf dem versauerten Substrat traten Wurzelschaden auf, die durch haufiges Absterben der Hauptwurzelspitzen und besonders bei Buche quastenartigen Neuaustrieben gekennzeichnet waren. Die neuen Wurzelspitzen waren braunlich verfarbt. Aus diesen Beobachtungen wird gefolgert, das bei anhaltendem Saureeintrag in exponierte Buchenwaldokosysteme mit Wurzelschaden und Wuchsstorungen zu rechnen ist. Growth and mineral nutrition of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and maple (Acer platanoides) on soil, polluted by infiltration of acidic stemflow Stemflow in beech stands in areas with atmospheric pollution may become highly acidic and enriched with heavy metals due to interception of pollutants in the canopy. Over long periods soil properties in the infiltration zone of such stemflow change significantly. Soil samples from the infiltration zone of stemflow and samples from zones more distant from the trunks were collected in the Vienna Woods and used in a pot experiment to assess the influence of soil pollution on tree growth. This method was considered superior to experiments with artificial acidification, as soil changes in the infiltration zone of stemflow in old growth beech stands are the result of steady input of highly diluted pollutants over a long span of time in proportions typical to these sites. Soil analyses (table 1) showed leaching of Ca, Mg and Mn, a decrease in pH, increased Al-availability and modest Pb-enrichment. Plant growth (fig. 1) was reduced on the acidic substrate and root damage, especially dieback of root tips and brooming of new roots in beech could be observed. Mineral nutrition (fig. 2,3 and table 2) of plants on the acidic substrate was characterized by a dramatic increase in foliar levels of manganese and a decrease in Ca/Al ratios. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels increased, probably as result of concentration effects due to stunted growth. Discernment between Al- or Mn-toxicity was not possible. However for the soil tested, foliar Mn-levels appear to be useful for diagnosis of mineral stress induced by acidification because of the pronounced response.
Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest m... more Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest management, agricultural practices, artificial drainage, and terracing are identified. Potential strategies in addressing these gaps are proposed, such as complex systems approaches to link processes across time scales, long‐term experiments on physical‐chemical‐biological process interactions, and a focus on connectivity and patterns across spatial scales. It is suggested that these strategies will stimulate new research that coherently addresses the issues across hydrology, soil and agricultural sciences, forest engineering, forest ecology, and geomorphology.
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Papers by Gerhard Glatzel