The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences, 2016
Recently facial makeup cosmetic products have become very popular among Sudanese women in spite o... more Recently facial makeup cosmetic products have become very popular among Sudanese women in spite of the fact that they might contain toxic materials including Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Ni and Zn, and their use as ingredients in cosmetics is prohibited as they cause skin problems. Owing to the absence of control standards of these products sold in Sudanese markets, the present study aimed at developing a method for the determination of these metals by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Eighty-six samples of different facial makeup cosmetic products were collected randomly from the local Sudanese markets. A microwaveassisted digestion with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid was applied for sample preparation. The concentration of each metal was determined in triplicate by ICP-MS. For eye shadow, in a wide range of concentrations, all analyzed elements were detected at high levels in the imported samples, but Pb, Hg, and Cd were detected at low levels in the locally prepared not only eye shadow but also lipstick samples. Although Pb was present at low concentrations in all samples, locally prepared whitening creams, lipstick, and eye shadow showed highest concentration levels of 33.63 μg /g, 42.42 μg /g, and 52.02 μg /g, respectively. The highest concentration levels for Hg in locally prepared whitening creams and eye shadow samples were found to be 42.09 μg /g, and 21.30 μg /g, respectively. The highest concentration levels for Cd, however, were found to be 5.21 μg /g, 22.53μg /g, and 7.06μg /g, in imported lipstick, eye shadow, and local whitening creams, respectively. High concentration levels of Zn were not obtained in all analyzed samples except in the imported eye shadow, (72.46μg /g). The determination of heavy metals in cosmetic products sold in Sudanese markets increase the needs to set laws to regulate their preparation locally and to set standards to control their quality and safety. To cite this article [Mustafa, A. M. A., & Aziz, M. E. A. (2016). Determination of Heavy Metal Impurities in Facial Makeup Cosmetic Products in Sudanese Markets, using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP –MS). The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences, 2(6), 21-26]. (p-ISSN 24129763) (e-ISSN 2412-8937). www.jomenas.org. 4
The high oxygen content of bio-oil still impedes its direct use as a transportation fuel. The vas... more The high oxygen content of bio-oil still impedes its direct use as a transportation fuel. The vast experience of the petroleum refinery industry in fuel upgrading, however, provides an incentive to explore co-processing options. In this study, the techno-economic evaluation of co-processing of raw and hydrodeoxegenated (HDO) bio-oil, along with the long residue in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit in a petroleum refinery, has been examined. A holistic software model has been developed in Microsoft Excel of a petroleum refinery along with a biomass pyrolysis plant. The economic impact on the Net Present Value (NPV), relative to a base case, is presented in addition to a sensitivity analysis of key parameters. The impacts of changes in crude oil prices, refinery capacity, biomass plant capacity and bio-oil yield are examined. It is clear from the results that co-processing is highly sensitive to changes in prices of crude oil and petroleum products. Co-processing is shown to be economically attractive at crude oil prices of 60$/bbl for raw bio-oil and above 120$/bbl for HDO bio-oil. Though the co-processing option is favorable to bio-oil producers, technological advancements are still required in order to improve the quality of the bio-oil produced.
The use of hydroquinone is forbidden as it is potentially carcinogenic and skin and respiratory i... more The use of hydroquinone is forbidden as it is potentially carcinogenic and skin and respiratory irritant, nevertheless, it is still the most conventional and widely used in skin-lightening creams. In this study, thirty samples of Skin-lightening creams, local and imported, were analyzed for total hydroquinone by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of hydroquinone ranged from 0.00% to 5.75 % and from 0.00% to 3.21% for local and imported creams, respectively. However, Fair and Lovely's cream ranged from 0.47% to 4.76% respectively. The use of such creams may lead to health hazards. Therefore, it is recommended that all skin-lightening creams should be checked for hydroquinone levels before marketing.
Recently facial makeup cosmetic products have become very popular among Sudanese women in spite o... more Recently facial makeup cosmetic products have become very popular among Sudanese women in spite of the fact that they might contain toxic materials including Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Ni and Zn, and their use as ingredients in cosmetics is prohibited as they cause skin problems. Owing to the absence of control standards of these products sold in Sudanese markets, the present study aimed at developing a method for the determination of these metals by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Eighty-six samples of different facial makeup cosmetic products were collected randomly from the local Sudanese markets. A microwave-assisted digestion with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid was applied for sample preparation. The concentration of each metal was determined in triplicate by ICP-MS. For eye shadow, in a wide range of concentrations, all analyzed elements were detected at high levels in the imported samples, but Pb, Hg, and Cd were detected at low levels in the locally prepared not only eye shadow but also lipstick samples. Although Pb was present at low concentrations in all samples, locally prepared whitening creams, lipstick, and eye shadow showed highest concentration levels of 33.63 µg /g, 42.42 µg /g, and 52.02 µg /g, respectively. The highest concentration levels for Hg in locally prepared whitening creams and eye shadow samples were found to be 42.09 µg /g, and 21.30 µg /g, respectively. The highest concentration levels for Cd, however, were found to be 5.21 µg /g, 22.53µg /g, and 7.06µg /g, in imported lipstick, eye shadow, and local whitening creams, respectively. High concentration levels of Zn were not obtained in all analyzed samples except in the imported eye shadow, (72.46µg /g). The determination of heavy metals in cosmetic products sold in Sudanese markets increase the needs to set laws to regulate their preparation locally and to set standards to control their quality and safety.
The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences, 2016
Recently facial makeup cosmetic products have become very popular among Sudanese women in spite o... more Recently facial makeup cosmetic products have become very popular among Sudanese women in spite of the fact that they might contain toxic materials including Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Ni and Zn, and their use as ingredients in cosmetics is prohibited as they cause skin problems. Owing to the absence of control standards of these products sold in Sudanese markets, the present study aimed at developing a method for the determination of these metals by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Eighty-six samples of different facial makeup cosmetic products were collected randomly from the local Sudanese markets. A microwaveassisted digestion with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid was applied for sample preparation. The concentration of each metal was determined in triplicate by ICP-MS. For eye shadow, in a wide range of concentrations, all analyzed elements were detected at high levels in the imported samples, but Pb, Hg, and Cd were detected at low levels in the locally prepared not only eye shadow but also lipstick samples. Although Pb was present at low concentrations in all samples, locally prepared whitening creams, lipstick, and eye shadow showed highest concentration levels of 33.63 μg /g, 42.42 μg /g, and 52.02 μg /g, respectively. The highest concentration levels for Hg in locally prepared whitening creams and eye shadow samples were found to be 42.09 μg /g, and 21.30 μg /g, respectively. The highest concentration levels for Cd, however, were found to be 5.21 μg /g, 22.53μg /g, and 7.06μg /g, in imported lipstick, eye shadow, and local whitening creams, respectively. High concentration levels of Zn were not obtained in all analyzed samples except in the imported eye shadow, (72.46μg /g). The determination of heavy metals in cosmetic products sold in Sudanese markets increase the needs to set laws to regulate their preparation locally and to set standards to control their quality and safety. To cite this article [Mustafa, A. M. A., & Aziz, M. E. A. (2016). Determination of Heavy Metal Impurities in Facial Makeup Cosmetic Products in Sudanese Markets, using Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP –MS). The Journal of Middle East and North Africa Sciences, 2(6), 21-26]. (p-ISSN 24129763) (e-ISSN 2412-8937). www.jomenas.org. 4
The high oxygen content of bio-oil still impedes its direct use as a transportation fuel. The vas... more The high oxygen content of bio-oil still impedes its direct use as a transportation fuel. The vast experience of the petroleum refinery industry in fuel upgrading, however, provides an incentive to explore co-processing options. In this study, the techno-economic evaluation of co-processing of raw and hydrodeoxegenated (HDO) bio-oil, along with the long residue in a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit in a petroleum refinery, has been examined. A holistic software model has been developed in Microsoft Excel of a petroleum refinery along with a biomass pyrolysis plant. The economic impact on the Net Present Value (NPV), relative to a base case, is presented in addition to a sensitivity analysis of key parameters. The impacts of changes in crude oil prices, refinery capacity, biomass plant capacity and bio-oil yield are examined. It is clear from the results that co-processing is highly sensitive to changes in prices of crude oil and petroleum products. Co-processing is shown to be economically attractive at crude oil prices of 60$/bbl for raw bio-oil and above 120$/bbl for HDO bio-oil. Though the co-processing option is favorable to bio-oil producers, technological advancements are still required in order to improve the quality of the bio-oil produced.
The use of hydroquinone is forbidden as it is potentially carcinogenic and skin and respiratory i... more The use of hydroquinone is forbidden as it is potentially carcinogenic and skin and respiratory irritant, nevertheless, it is still the most conventional and widely used in skin-lightening creams. In this study, thirty samples of Skin-lightening creams, local and imported, were analyzed for total hydroquinone by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of hydroquinone ranged from 0.00% to 5.75 % and from 0.00% to 3.21% for local and imported creams, respectively. However, Fair and Lovely's cream ranged from 0.47% to 4.76% respectively. The use of such creams may lead to health hazards. Therefore, it is recommended that all skin-lightening creams should be checked for hydroquinone levels before marketing.
Recently facial makeup cosmetic products have become very popular among Sudanese women in spite o... more Recently facial makeup cosmetic products have become very popular among Sudanese women in spite of the fact that they might contain toxic materials including Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Ni and Zn, and their use as ingredients in cosmetics is prohibited as they cause skin problems. Owing to the absence of control standards of these products sold in Sudanese markets, the present study aimed at developing a method for the determination of these metals by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Eighty-six samples of different facial makeup cosmetic products were collected randomly from the local Sudanese markets. A microwave-assisted digestion with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid was applied for sample preparation. The concentration of each metal was determined in triplicate by ICP-MS. For eye shadow, in a wide range of concentrations, all analyzed elements were detected at high levels in the imported samples, but Pb, Hg, and Cd were detected at low levels in the locally prepared not only eye shadow but also lipstick samples. Although Pb was present at low concentrations in all samples, locally prepared whitening creams, lipstick, and eye shadow showed highest concentration levels of 33.63 µg /g, 42.42 µg /g, and 52.02 µg /g, respectively. The highest concentration levels for Hg in locally prepared whitening creams and eye shadow samples were found to be 42.09 µg /g, and 21.30 µg /g, respectively. The highest concentration levels for Cd, however, were found to be 5.21 µg /g, 22.53µg /g, and 7.06µg /g, in imported lipstick, eye shadow, and local whitening creams, respectively. High concentration levels of Zn were not obtained in all analyzed samples except in the imported eye shadow, (72.46µg /g). The determination of heavy metals in cosmetic products sold in Sudanese markets increase the needs to set laws to regulate their preparation locally and to set standards to control their quality and safety.
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