Economics

RÉSUMÉ

Ce rapport présente les principaux résultats découlant de l’étude des besoins des jeunes de 15 à 24 ans vivant en situation difficile dans la commune de Port-au-Prince. Cette étude de nature mixte (qualitative et quantitative) a été conduite auprès de 120 jeunes, des Organisations de Base Communautaire (CBOs) évoluant dans la société civile, des entrepreneurs et des responsables d’école professionnelle.
Cette recherche visait à obtenir des données fiables et pertinentes sur les problèmes et les besoins prioritaires des jeunes pour une meilleure planification de leur encadrement.
Les principaux résultats indiquent l’existence d’importants besoins à combler pour réinsérer les jeunes au sein de leur communauté. En effet, toutes les réponses relatives aux problèmes qui dominent les jeunes sont liées à des maux d’ordres socio-économiques et sanitaires. Pour assurer leur survie, ils disent qu’ils sont contraints d’expérimenter toutes sortes d’initiatives pouvant même leur faire adopter des comportements déviants tels que : la mendicité, le vol et la prostitution. Donc, Ils se retrouvent pour la plupart dans l’impossibilité de réaliser leurs aspirations et de satisfaire leurs droits fondamentaux, tels que le droit à l’éducation et le droit à une vie saine. Certains d’entre eux se retrouve à travailler dans le secteur informel, la plupart dans des conditions qui ne garantissent pas la protection de leurs droits et leur développement vers l’âge adulte. Ils pensent qu’ils ont des potentialités pour contribuer au développement économique et social mais leurs qualités sont souvent camouflées par des stéréotypes négatifs référant à la délinquance et la violence.
Face à une situation aussi préoccupante dans un contexte particulier de détérioration de la situation macroéconomique en Haïti, Y CARE INTERNATIONAL s’est engagé à appuyer et à encadrer IDEJEN (Initiative pour le Développement des Jeunes en dehors du milieu scolaire) pour la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie susceptible de contribuer à l’amélioration des conditions de vie de ces jeunes. En conséquence, les principales recommandations prônent le développement et l’implantation de services intégrés en faveur d’une prise en charge adaptée aux besoins des différents groupes cibles.

Pierre Lamour Taverne

ABSTRACT
Background: Present study was carried out with the aim of examining the current prevalence of tobacco use and assesses the mean difference of awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco use among smokers and non-smokers in a based sample of 100 Brooklyn College students.
Methods: Present research is a cross-sectional study, conducted amongst 100 Brooklyn College students of 16-19 to 30-older year age group. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on the extent and pattern of tobacco consumption, factors associated with use/non-use of tobacco products, and awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco use.
Results: The results in the present study revealed that, out of total students (n = 100), 57 (57%) were males and 43 (43%) were females. 36 students (36%) (22% males and 14% females) were found to be cigarette smokers. Among these, 35 i.e., 97.22% (35/36) reported that they have smoked 100 or more cigarettes in their life. The median (SD) age of initiation of tobacco use was 2 (0.732) years; 86% of smokers and non smokers were completely aware that tobacco was harmful in terms of cancer diseases, and 8% were somewhat aware. The most common motivations Brooklyn College students started using tobacco have been identified as lower self-esteem (12.81%) by non smokers. Smokers (11.36%) reported that stress was the most common reason for the continuation of tobacco use. The research revealed that cigarette smoking was the most frequent form of using tobacco, and the highest prevalence was among those aged 19 to 21 years (36.4% male and 23.1% female).
Conclusion: This study provided wide information about gender prevalence of tobacco use in relation to age group, race/ethnicity, and kind of tobacco smoking in a sample of 100 Brooklyn College students.

The coastal zone of the United States is a major source of economic growth and as a result has seen significant increases
in population over the past 50 years. Most aspects of the coastal economy—tourism and residential and commercial
development—are heavily dependent upon the environmental preservation and recreational quality of ocean beaches. In
earlier work, we documented the economic benefits of ocean beach enhancement projects on several important Florida
tourism-dependent counties, which are reflected in greater-than-expected increased earnings in the tourism sector.
However, the direction of causality of the analysis was somewhat ambiguous. Although we anticipated that beach
nourishment projects would attract visitors, it is equally true that, in the allocation of scarce beach nourishment project
dollars, it is likely that eroding beaches in areas that are already flourishing tourist destinations will attract beach
nourishment funding to preserve their tourist industries. This article links an exploratory spatial data analysis of the
tourism sector with a statistical study of the economic determinants of coastal tourism in Florida. Using the predicted
likelihood of beach nourishment projects over the 1970–2000 study period as an explanatory variable, we estimate the
growth in earnings in the tourism sector between 1970 and 2000. This gives us a clearer understanding of the complex
temporal and spatial relationships that influence the coastal economy.

Over the past thirty years, the coastal counties have shifted from traditional maritime activities such as fishing and
boating, to a more service-oriented, and tourism-dependent economy. A key to economic growth in the coastal states
has been the strength of the travel and tourist industry. This study links a regional model of tourism-generated
earnings to a GIS model to quantify the relationship between the relative size of the travel and tourism sector in
each county and the county's proximity to the coast. We find that tourism-related earnings, as a percent of total
earnings, are concentrated in counties that lie within forty km !25 miles> of the Atlantic. Gulf and Pacific coasts of
the United States. In contrast. the share of earnings attributable to tourism is not sensitive to distance from the coast
for counties that are further than forty km (25 miles) inland. The literature on beach quality suggests that coastal
tourism is dependent on clean, broad and sandy beaches. Key unanswered questions are: 1, the importance of beach
quality to the tourism industry. relative to other amenities such as weather and the presence of cultural attractions;
and 2. the degree to which a common set of causes explains migration patterns. tourism, and economic development
in the coastal zone.

This paper examines the strategic behavior of state-level utility regulators in the context
of the federal tradable emissions permits market when state-to-state pollution spillovers are
asymmetric. Strategic behavior is possible because a state’s environmental policy indirectly
affects the price of permits and, therefore, abatement in other states. We show that the
optimal pollution penalty is comprised of two parts: (i) a Pigouvian tax, adjusted for
state-to-state spillovers; and (ii) an optimal tariff designed to improve the terms of trade in
permits. Generally, abatement costs are not minimized and the outcome is Pareto inefficient,
regardless of the size of the market.

The aphorism “Think globally, act locally,” attributed to René Dubos, reflects the vision that the solution to global environmental problems must begin with efforts within our communities. PlaNYC 2030, the New York City sustainability plan, is the starting point for this study. Results include (a) a case study based on the City College of New York (CCNY) energy audit, in which we model the impacts of green roofs on campus energy demand and (b) a case study of energy use at the neighborhood scale. We find that reducing the urban heat island effect can reduce building cooling requirements, peak electricity loads stress on the local electricity grid and improve urban livability.

The objective of this chapter is to explore the philosophical foundations of sustainable development. We will discuss the contending worldviews that inform our relationship with the natural world and show how they affect our understanding of
the concept of sustainability. In particular, we will review the ethical assumptions that underlie anthropocentric, ecocentric, and theocentric environmentalisms. We will show that each of these perspectives contributes to our understanding of the
relationship between Man and Nature, and each informs the debate over how to balance our obligations to our fellow Man, future generations, and other living and blooming creatures.

Currently, most undergraduates major in a single academic discipline. For students whose intellectual interests or career objectives are more appropriately satisfied by crossing traditional disciplinary boundaries, the authors discuss the feasibility of multidisciplinary majors. Three models are studied: a fully integrated interdisciplinary major; a conventional major with an additional module (i.e., a minor) in a second field; and a modular multidisciplinary major comprising two (or more) modules. The option of a modular multidisciplinary major expands the number of majors available to students, and encourages students to broaden their academic and career horizons. Two pilot studies are discussed.

Journal of Coastal Research 20 4 1080-1088 West Palm Beach, Florida Fall 2004 ... Tourism-Generated Earnings in the Coastal Zone: ... Yehuda L. Klein,t Jeffrey P. Osleeb,t and Mariano R. Viola* ... SEarth and Environmental Sciences Program Graduate Center of ...

This paper aims to expand the view of MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation model) as a tool that should be used at multiple spatial scales: global, national, regional, and local, in establishing and investigating the impacts of sustainability plans. As pointed out by many authors, sustainability is often vague and amorphous. The use of MARKAL makes it analytical and data driven. Further there is a necessity to elucidate that sustainability and environmental justice are tightly linked. By examining the Long Island MARKAL the nexus of sustainability and environmental justice is elucidated. Suggestions for examining, testing, and improving sustainability plans, such as PlaNYC are provided.