Experienced Entomologist with 13 years of applied research on integrated crop management. Excellent technologist with incessant curiosity and desire to discover new elements of agricultural research system. Successful scientific research article writer with excellent record of publication for further research.
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Bacterial leaf spot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, is the most common and des... more Bacterial leaf spot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, is the most common and destructive disease for peppers in the eastern United States. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can survive in seeds and plant debris from one season to another (Frank et al. 2005). Different strains or races of the bacterium are cultivar-specific, causing disease symptoms in certain varieties due to stringent host specificity. Bacterial leaf spot can devastate a pepper crop by early defoliation of infected leaves and disfiguring fruit. In severe cases, plants may die as it is extremely difficult to find a cure once the disease takes hold. However, there are several options for growers to prevent it from occurring and spreading.
A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural Univ... more A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensing, under the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Soil during November 2002 to April 2003 to evaluate the effect of variety and split application of nitrogen on yield and seed protein content of wheat. The experiment included three varieties viz., Kanchan (V1), Sourav (V2) and Akber (V3) and four split application of nitrogen viz., T1 (14% N at land preparation + 43% N at CRI + 43% N at Pl), T2 (18% N at land preparation + 36% N at CRI + 46% N at Pl), T3 (28% N at CRl + 54% N at Pl + 18% N at PPl) and T4 (21% N at CRl + 65% N at Pl + 14% N at PPl). Recommended dose of nitrogen, 140 kg ha-1 was applied in the experiment. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that the variety Kanchan produced the highest seed (2.35 t ha-1) and straw (3.32 t ha-1) yield and higher harvest index (41.22%) due to production of higher number of plant production m-2, total tillers plant-1, highest number of bearing tillers plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and higher weight of 1000 seed. The higher percentage of protein content was obtained by the variety Kanchan. The treatment T2 (18% N at land preparation + 36% N at CRl + 46% N at Pl) produced the higher seed yield (2.51 t ha-1) and straw yield (3.31 t ha-1). The highest seed protein contain (12.63%) was also attained by the same treatment. Interaction effect of variety and split application of nitrogen had no significant effect on the studied crop characters except total tillers plant-1, bearing tillers plant-1, non-bearing tillers plant-1, straw yield and harvest index. In case of protein content interaction of variety and split application of nitrogen had significant effect (p<_0.01). The treatment combination V1 x T2 produced the highest seed protein content (14.03%).
An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI) farm at Ishurdi dur... more An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI) farm at Ishurdi during 1997-98 cropping seasons to develop an irrigation schedule for sugarcane with cabbage as intercrop using pan ratio (PR) method. Irrigation was applied during pre-monsoon only. No irrigation was applied during monsoon or post-monsoon. The highest yield of sugarcane as well as cabbage were obtained when irrigation was applied at PR=1.0. With this PR, the highest yield of sugarcane (109.79 t ha-1) was obtained with 430 mm irrigation water in addition to 176.43 mm of effective rainfall. The highest yield of cabbage (21.66 t ha-1) was obtained with 310 mm of irrigation water.
An experiment was conducted in a farmer's field at Boyra, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during March to ... more An experiment was conducted in a farmer's field at Boyra, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during March to July, 2003. Damage pattern and their natural enemies were also recorded. Eight species of insect pests viz. red pumpkin beetle, epilachna beetle, fruit fly, green leaf hopper, brown plant hopper, blow fly, house fly and squash bug were recorded in the bitter gourd field. Their outbreak and damage were quite distinct in respect of vegetative and reproductive stages of bitter gourd plants. Two types of natural enemy viz. ladybird beetle and spider were observed in the bitter gourd filed. Treated plants showed significantly lower leaf and fruit infestation of 29.55% and 26.72% than 33.70% and 38.36% observed in leaves and fruits respectively of untreated plants. In case of treated plants the highest infestation of leaves and fruits were found in 1st week of May (35.10%) while the untreated plants were peaked in 3rd week of April (37.90%). Fruit damage of treated plants was highest in 4th week of June (34.72%) while untreated plants were highest in 2nd week of July (45.81%). Treated plants showed significantly lower pest abundance (19.48%) than untreated plants (34.17%). pest abundance of treated plants was found highest in 1st week of May (28.23%) when untreated plants were (36.90%. The total number of pests in the treated plants was more in the morning and evening than the afternoon. The total number of pest abundance was 16.30-26.70%, 9.90-27.00% and 17.80-31.00% in morning, afternoon and evening respectively. While on the untreated plants the total number of pest abundance was 25.80-41.80%, 25.80-31.60% and 31.50-46.40% in morning, afternoon and evening period respectively.
An experiment was carried out at Horticultural Research Farm, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman A... more An experiment was carried out at Horticultural Research Farm, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna Gazipur, Bangladesh during September 2006 to April 2007 to know the effect of different doses of NAA (0, 20, 30 and 40) on vegetative growth, fruit set and yield of three chilli cultivars viz., Bindhu (V1), Halda (V2), BARI Chilli-1 (V3). The result revealed that the cultivars, NAA dose and their interaction effects were significant in case of days to anthesis, plant height, branch plan-1, leaf plant-1, stem diameter, flower abscission and fruit set, number of green fruit plant-1, green fruit yield plant-1 and ha-1. The highest green fruit plant-1, green fruit yield plant-1 and green fruit yield ha-1 were observed in cultivar V3. The maximum fruit set, green fruit yield plant-1 and green fruit yield ha-1 were recorded plants sprayed with 40 ppm NAA3. The cultivar V3 with N3 showed the highest fruit set (91.57%), green fruit plant-1 (420), green fruit yield plant-1 (583.30g) and green fruit yield ha-1 (19.90 t).
The experiment was carried out in the field of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA)... more The experiment was carried out in the field of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, during the period from December 2001 to May 2002 to study canopy structure and investigate yield attributes of four groundnut varieties, viz. Binachinabadam-1, Binachinabadam-2, Binachinabadam-3 and Dhaka-1. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Data were collected at 30, 45, 60, 75, 120 and 160 (final harvest) days after sowing (DAS). Varieties showed significant difference for plant height, branch number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll and soluble protein contents over different growth intervals whilst for total number of pods/plant, number of mature pods/plant 100-pod weight, pod size, shelling%, harvest index and pod yield (tha-1) after crop harvest. Among the varieties, Dhaka-1 produced the highest plant height, branch number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, shoot dry weight, total pods/plant, shelling percentage and lowest chlorophyll content. Binachinabadam-1, contrarily produced the highest plant highest protein content, pod weight/plant, 100-pod and seed weight, harvest index, pod and seed yield (tha-1). Binachinabadam-1 yielded highest of all (3.78 tha-1) while Binachinabadam-3 the lowest (2.60 tha-1). Dhaka-1 and Binachinabadam-2 showed intermediate yielding ability between two extreme.
An experiment was conducted at the mill zones of Thakurgaon, Panchagar and Setabganj to find out ... more An experiment was conducted at the mill zones of Thakurgaon, Panchagar and Setabganj to find out the potential yield of sugarcane (Isd 36) by paired row system with wide spacing of intercrops in the 2005-06 cropping season. The treatments were used as T1 Paired row cane + Nill, T2 Paired row cane + Carrot + Nill, T3 Paired row cane + Cucumber + Nill and T4 paired row cane + Water melon + Nill. The highest sugarcane yield (88.7 tha-1) was obtained from T1 followed by T2 (79.6 tha-1) from Setabganj area. The highest yield (24.5 tha-1) of first intercrop (water melon) was found in Thakurgaon among three areas and three first intercrops. T1 (Paired row cane + Nill) produced the highest number of tillers (189.9 × 103 ha-1) and millable cane (124.7 × 103 ha-1) at Setabganj areas. The highest brix % (19.2) was produced from T4 (Paired row cane + Water melon + Nill) at Setabganj areas while the lowest cane height (3.0 m) from T3 (Paired row cane + Cucumber + Nill) in the same areas. The maximum equivalent cane yield (42.7 tha-1) and total adjusted cane yield (111.9 tha-1) were recorded from T4 at Thakurgaon and Panchagarh respectively.
The experiment was conducted at Thakurgaon Sugar Mill (TSM) area in northern region of Bangladesh... more The experiment was conducted at Thakurgaon Sugar Mill (TSM) area in northern region of Bangladesh under irrigated condition during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 cropping seasons to study the productivity of sugarcane with wheat-Mungbean intercropping combination under paired row planting system. Seven wheat varieties namely Kanchan, Akbar, Protiva, Sourav, Gourab, Agrohani and Shatabdi as first intercrops followed by mungbean as sceond intercrop were used in paired row cane (PRC). It is mentioned that Akbar and Agrohani were included during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 cropping season respectively. The highest cane yield of 110.8 t ha-1 was recorded form PRC + 0-Mungbean in 2004-2005 cropping season while the lowest (70.1 t ha-1) from PRC + Shatabdi-Mungbnean in 2005-2006 cropping season. The highest tiller (238.3 × 103 ha-1) was obtained from Control + 0-Mungbean whiles the lowest tiller (75.6 × 103 ha-1) from PRC + Protiva-Mungbnean in 2005-2006 cropping season. The maximum millable cane (124.6 × 103 ha-1) was obtained from Control + 0-Mungbean followed by control treatment (115.1 × 103 ha-1) in the same cropping season. Satabdi produced the highest yield (3.54 tha-1) followed by Gourav (3.17 tha-1) in 2004-2005 cropping season. There was no significant difference on brix% and cane height among the different treatments. Maximum benefit cost ration of 2.73 was found from PRC + Satabdi-Mungbean during 2004-2005 cropping season. Mungbean cultivation as second intercrop with paired row cane and additional income for farmers and helped to improve soil health by fixing some atmospheric nitrogen and adding organic matter in soil. Therefore, wheat varieties like Kanchan, Akbar, Protiva, Sourav, Gourab, Agrohani and Shatabdi as the first intercrops and mungbean as the second intercrop with paired row transplanted sugarcane may be cultivated as profitable intercropping combinations for sugarcane growers.
An experiment was conducted at different areas viz. Kalay, Vadsha and Panchbibi under Joypur hat ... more An experiment was conducted at different areas viz. Kalay, Vadsha and Panchbibi under Joypur hat Sugarmill to find out the potential yield of sugarcane by paired row system sugarcane with wide spacing of intercrop during 2002-2003. Following treatments were used as T1 (Paired row cane Isd 2/54 + Arroid), T2 (Paired row cane Isd 16 + Arroid), T3 (Paired row cane Isd 22 + Arroid) and T4 (Paired row cane Isd 28 + Arroid) and T5 (Paired row cane Isd 29 + Arroid). The highest sugarcane yield (90.80 t ha-1) was obtained from T5 followed by T3 (87.7 tha-1) from Panchbibi area. The highest yield (4.2 t ha-1) of first intercrop was found from T3 at Panchbibi among three areas. T4 (Paired row cane Isd 28 + Arroid) produced the highest tillers (210.0 x 10 3 ha-1) at Vadsha and millable cane (106.7 x 10 3 ha-1) at Panchbibi. The maximum equivalent cane yield (18.8 t ha-1) from T3 and total adjusted cane yield (109.2 t ha-1) were recorded from T5 at Panchbibi.
An experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of five chemicals namely Agridazim 50 WP, Evazi... more An experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of five chemicals namely Agridazim 50 WP, Evazim 50 WP, Genuin 50 WP, Amcozim 50 WP and Knowin 50 WP for controlling red rot (collectorichum falcatum went), wilt (Cephalosporium sacchari Butler) and pineapple disease causing organisms (Ceratocistis paradoxa) of sugarcane in vitro. All the chemicals inhibited the growth of red rot, wilt and pine apple disease causing organisms growing in the petriplates while 11.5, 45.33 and 76.83 mm radial growth of C. falcatum, 21.33, 62.67 and 90.00 mm radial growth of C. sacchari, and 79.67, 90 and 95 mm radial growth of C. paradoxa after 2 days, 6 days and 10 days interval respectively in the untreated petridishes (control).
A pot experiment was performed at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) experime... more A pot experiment was performed at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) experimental farm, Mymensingh, during the period from to observe the response of three mungbean genotypes (Binamoog-4 and two-advanced line BMX 92007-3 and BMX 94010-11) under different salt stress (control, 3.89 deci-Siemen per metre (ds m-1) and 7.82 ds m-1). The experiment was laid out following Randomized Complete Block Design where each treatment replicated three times. All morpho-physiological characters such as plant height, number of leaf, leaf area, yield contributing characters such as number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds pod-1 , 1000 seed weight, harvest index were reduced with the increase of salinity levels as compared to control. However, the content of Na + in leaves increased with increasing salinity levels. Plant height and yield attributes like number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds pod-1 , 1000 seed weight, harvest index were the highest in advanced line BMX 94010-11 compared to those in Binamoog-4 and advanced line BMX 92007-3. Potassium content in leaves was not varied among the genotypes but leaves of Binamoog-4 contain the highest amount of K + compared to that in BMX 94010-11 and BMX 92007-3. Interaction effect between the genotypes and salinity levels appeared significant for most of the studied characters. From the study it can be opined that salt stress reduced all the parameters under different salinity levels. Again among the genotypes advanced line BMX 94010-11 was found as relatively salt tolerant.
A study was conducted at growers' field of Regional Sugarcane Research Station (BSRI), Madarganj,... more A study was conducted at growers' field of Regional Sugarcane Research Station (BSRI), Madarganj, Thakurgaon during 2006-07 to study the performance of four different intercrops viz. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Mungbean (Vigna radiata), Chilli (Capsicum frutescens) and Garlic (Allium sativum) in different planting methods in the farmer's field at Thakurgaon Sugar Mills zone under Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain Soils. The results revealed that the highest millable cane stalks (108.3 × 103 ha-1) and yield (101.60 t ha-1) was obtained from the T2 (STP single row + Potato-Mungbean) followed by millable stalks (107.8 × 103 ha-1) and cane yield (99.38 t ha-1) from T4 (STP paired row+ Potato-Mungbean). Highest adjusted cane yield of 220.9 t ha-1 and 219.1 t ha-1 were recorded from T4 and T2 respectively. Overall results showed that STP single row + Potato-Mungbean (T2) and STP paired row + Potato-Mungbean (T4) combination was found most productive and remunerative package technology for Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain Soils.
to know the effect of different doses of NAA (0 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm and 40 ppm) on vegetative gro... more to know the effect of different doses of NAA (0 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm and 40 ppm) on vegetative growth, yield and quality of three chilli cultivars viz., Bindhu (V1), Halda (V2), BARI Chilli-1 (V3). The result revealed that cultivars, NAA dose and their interaction effects were significant regarding growth and yield contributing characters as well as nutritive qualities. The highest green fruit plant-1 , green fruit yield plant-1 and green fruit yield ha-1 was observed in cultivar V3. The maximum fruit set, green fruit plant-1 , green fruit yield plant-1 and green fruit yield ha-1 were found in N3. The cultivar V3 with N3 showed the highest fruit set (91.57%), green fruit plant-1 (420), green fruit yield plant-1 (583.30g) and green fruit yield ha-1 (19.90 t). Studies results revealed that BARI chilli-1 treated with different concentrations of NAA significantly increased the amount of free, combined and total ascorbic acid as compared to control. With the increase of NAA concentration, TSS (%) was found to decrease in all the studied treatment combinations.
An experiment was conducted in Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain soils at Regional Sugarcane Research ... more An experiment was conducted in Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain soils at Regional Sugarcane Research Station farm, Thakugaon during 2005-06 and 2006-07 cropping season with a view to find out the suitable time and methods of planting for sustainable sugarcane production and quality of cane in northern region of Bangladesh. There were two planting methods viz. transplanting of one budded soil bed settling and planting of three budded fresh setts with five different planting times at one month interval starting from 15th November. STP (one budded settlings) method produced higher yield than conventional method at all dates of planting. In case of STP, yield level and yield contributing factors were found to decrease as the planting time proceeded. Both conventional and STP method of planting produced the highest yield in November and the lowest yield in March plantation. Planting methods and time had no significant effects on the sucrose content of sugarcane.
Irrigation is needed in Bangladesh for achieving high yield of sugarcane and its intercrops. But ... more Irrigation is needed in Bangladesh for achieving high yield of sugarcane and its intercrops. But heavy irrigation causes leaching of nutrients such as N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn etc. from the effective root-zone. Moreover, due to presence of impervious substratum within a depth of 30-100 cm from the surface of alluvial soil of Bangladesh, heavy irrigation, heavy rainfall or intensive rainfall during the monsoon form the perched water table or uplift actual water table in about 70% cultivable land. As a result, water-logging prevails and nutritional imbalance is created in the root zone. Thus growth is hampered and the biosphere is established in favour of pests and diseases. Hence, justified irrigation and drainage viz. efficient water management in the field is a must for sugarcane cultivation in Bangladesh.
Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of some autumn sown promising sugarcane varieties By... more Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of some autumn sown promising sugarcane varieties By In vitro selection of somaclones of sugarcane under drought stress condition and their evaluation in field condition By M W Islam, M A S Miah, M H R Pramanik, M A Hossain, M K Begum and M S Islam Comparative study of some sugarcane strains in relation to yield and quality By
An experiment was conducted at Regional Sugarcane Research Station (RSRS), Thakugaon during 2005-... more An experiment was conducted at Regional Sugarcane Research Station (RSRS), Thakugaon during 2005-06 and 2006-07 cropping seasons to asses effects of different levels of irrigation and split application of N-K fertilizers in sugarcane (var. Isd 36) intercropped with potato (var. Diamont). The intercrop, potato received recommended fertilizer as usual. Application of Urea and Potash (N-K fertilizers) in two splits (B1) produced highest number of tiller, millable cane and also highest yield in both levels of irrigation in both years. Irrigation level A1 (six light irrigation with 65 mm effective rainfall) had significant difference over A2 (five comparatively deep irrigation with same effective rainfall). The highest number of tillers (215.3 × 103 ha-1), millable cane (114.7 × 103 ha-1) and cane yield (109.9 t ha-1) were obtained from the treatment B1 under A1 level of irrigation. The application of N-K fertilizers with two equal splits applied at planting time and at 145 days after planting along with light irrigation, 6 to 7 numbers of irrigation with total amount of 460-500 mm rainfall may be preferred for loamy in old Himalyan Piedmont Plain region.
The experiment was conducted at the Post harvest Laboratory of Horticulture and Biochemistry Depa... more The experiment was conducted at the Post harvest Laboratory of Horticulture and Biochemistry Department, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from July to December, 2002 to investigate the effects of different post harvest treatments on the chemical composition of papaya. Papaya fruits cv. Ranchi at mature stage were subjected to packaging (control, news paper, straw and sponge) and growth regulator treatments (gibberellic acid, Benzy1 adenine). Total soluble solids (TSS), pulp pH, total reducing and non-reducing sugar content increased significantly during storage, whereas vitamin C and titratable acidity decreased during storage. Pulp pH, total sugar, non-reducing sugar content were the highest in Benzy1 adenne treated fruits. The maximum vitamin C pulp pH was found in straw treated fruits whereas, total, reducing and non-reducing sugar were higher in newspaper treated fruits.
The present study was conducted to determine the socio-economic analysis of date palm and palmyra... more The present study was conducted to determine the socio-economic analysis of date palm and palmyra palm cultivation and its marketing in selected areas of Bangladesh during the period of 2006-07 to 2008-9. Total 540 date palm and 540 palmyra palm growers were selected from 6 locations. Profitability analysis and financial analysis was sued in this study. On an average the farmers were benefited by 22 and 36 kg gur, 146 and 257 liter of juice production from per date palm and palmyra palm tree respectively. The farmers got highest BCR (undiscounted) in ripened fruits (4.57 and 5.48) followed by juice (3.91 and 4.37) and gur (2.86 and 3.61) production from per date palm and palmyra palm tree respectively. The NPV was Taka 0.54 and 0.42 million, BCR (discounted) was 3.00 and 2.71 and IRR was 88% and 31% from per hectare date palm and palmyra palm cultivation respectively, which indicated that the date palm and palmyra palm cultivation provide higher returns and continue positive returns over a long period time. It is an alternative source of sugar and gur to supplement the increased demand of sugar and gur. Therefore, it is important to pay more attention on date palm and palmyra palm cultivation.
The experiment was conducted with different organocarbamates namely kildan 3G, arofuran 3G, carbo... more The experiment was conducted with different organocarbamates namely kildan 3G, arofuran 3G, carbomot 5G, ecofuran 5G, m-furan 5G, borer 5G, sarafuran 5G, foster 5G, shikari 5G, carbodhan 5G, raidfuran 5G, furadan 5G to evaluate their effectiveness against the top shoot borer of sugarcane, Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker at the experimental farm of Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI), Ishurdi, Pabna and Regional Sugarcane Research Station (RSRS) Thakurgaon. It was revealed that kidan 3G, arofuran 3G, carbomot 5G, ecofuran 5G, shikari 5G, carbodhan 5G, raidfuran 5G @ 2.0kg ai ha-1 applied in March and May at BSRI and RSRS Thakurgaon reduced the incidence of the top shoot borer significantly. Insecticide treated plots gave higher yield compared to untreated plots.
Bacterial leaf spot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, is the most common and des... more Bacterial leaf spot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, is the most common and destructive disease for peppers in the eastern United States. It is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can survive in seeds and plant debris from one season to another (Frank et al. 2005). Different strains or races of the bacterium are cultivar-specific, causing disease symptoms in certain varieties due to stringent host specificity. Bacterial leaf spot can devastate a pepper crop by early defoliation of infected leaves and disfiguring fruit. In severe cases, plants may die as it is extremely difficult to find a cure once the disease takes hold. However, there are several options for growers to prevent it from occurring and spreading.
A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural Univ... more A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensing, under the Old Brahmaputra Floodplain Soil during November 2002 to April 2003 to evaluate the effect of variety and split application of nitrogen on yield and seed protein content of wheat. The experiment included three varieties viz., Kanchan (V1), Sourav (V2) and Akber (V3) and four split application of nitrogen viz., T1 (14% N at land preparation + 43% N at CRI + 43% N at Pl), T2 (18% N at land preparation + 36% N at CRI + 46% N at Pl), T3 (28% N at CRl + 54% N at Pl + 18% N at PPl) and T4 (21% N at CRl + 65% N at Pl + 14% N at PPl). Recommended dose of nitrogen, 140 kg ha-1 was applied in the experiment. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that the variety Kanchan produced the highest seed (2.35 t ha-1) and straw (3.32 t ha-1) yield and higher harvest index (41.22%) due to production of higher number of plant production m-2, total tillers plant-1, highest number of bearing tillers plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and higher weight of 1000 seed. The higher percentage of protein content was obtained by the variety Kanchan. The treatment T2 (18% N at land preparation + 36% N at CRl + 46% N at Pl) produced the higher seed yield (2.51 t ha-1) and straw yield (3.31 t ha-1). The highest seed protein contain (12.63%) was also attained by the same treatment. Interaction effect of variety and split application of nitrogen had no significant effect on the studied crop characters except total tillers plant-1, bearing tillers plant-1, non-bearing tillers plant-1, straw yield and harvest index. In case of protein content interaction of variety and split application of nitrogen had significant effect (p<_0.01). The treatment combination V1 x T2 produced the highest seed protein content (14.03%).
An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI) farm at Ishurdi dur... more An experiment was conducted in Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI) farm at Ishurdi during 1997-98 cropping seasons to develop an irrigation schedule for sugarcane with cabbage as intercrop using pan ratio (PR) method. Irrigation was applied during pre-monsoon only. No irrigation was applied during monsoon or post-monsoon. The highest yield of sugarcane as well as cabbage were obtained when irrigation was applied at PR=1.0. With this PR, the highest yield of sugarcane (109.79 t ha-1) was obtained with 430 mm irrigation water in addition to 176.43 mm of effective rainfall. The highest yield of cabbage (21.66 t ha-1) was obtained with 310 mm of irrigation water.
An experiment was conducted in a farmer's field at Boyra, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during March to ... more An experiment was conducted in a farmer's field at Boyra, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during March to July, 2003. Damage pattern and their natural enemies were also recorded. Eight species of insect pests viz. red pumpkin beetle, epilachna beetle, fruit fly, green leaf hopper, brown plant hopper, blow fly, house fly and squash bug were recorded in the bitter gourd field. Their outbreak and damage were quite distinct in respect of vegetative and reproductive stages of bitter gourd plants. Two types of natural enemy viz. ladybird beetle and spider were observed in the bitter gourd filed. Treated plants showed significantly lower leaf and fruit infestation of 29.55% and 26.72% than 33.70% and 38.36% observed in leaves and fruits respectively of untreated plants. In case of treated plants the highest infestation of leaves and fruits were found in 1st week of May (35.10%) while the untreated plants were peaked in 3rd week of April (37.90%). Fruit damage of treated plants was highest in 4th week of June (34.72%) while untreated plants were highest in 2nd week of July (45.81%). Treated plants showed significantly lower pest abundance (19.48%) than untreated plants (34.17%). pest abundance of treated plants was found highest in 1st week of May (28.23%) when untreated plants were (36.90%. The total number of pests in the treated plants was more in the morning and evening than the afternoon. The total number of pest abundance was 16.30-26.70%, 9.90-27.00% and 17.80-31.00% in morning, afternoon and evening respectively. While on the untreated plants the total number of pest abundance was 25.80-41.80%, 25.80-31.60% and 31.50-46.40% in morning, afternoon and evening period respectively.
An experiment was carried out at Horticultural Research Farm, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman A... more An experiment was carried out at Horticultural Research Farm, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna Gazipur, Bangladesh during September 2006 to April 2007 to know the effect of different doses of NAA (0, 20, 30 and 40) on vegetative growth, fruit set and yield of three chilli cultivars viz., Bindhu (V1), Halda (V2), BARI Chilli-1 (V3). The result revealed that the cultivars, NAA dose and their interaction effects were significant in case of days to anthesis, plant height, branch plan-1, leaf plant-1, stem diameter, flower abscission and fruit set, number of green fruit plant-1, green fruit yield plant-1 and ha-1. The highest green fruit plant-1, green fruit yield plant-1 and green fruit yield ha-1 were observed in cultivar V3. The maximum fruit set, green fruit yield plant-1 and green fruit yield ha-1 were recorded plants sprayed with 40 ppm NAA3. The cultivar V3 with N3 showed the highest fruit set (91.57%), green fruit plant-1 (420), green fruit yield plant-1 (583.30g) and green fruit yield ha-1 (19.90 t).
The experiment was carried out in the field of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA)... more The experiment was carried out in the field of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, during the period from December 2001 to May 2002 to study canopy structure and investigate yield attributes of four groundnut varieties, viz. Binachinabadam-1, Binachinabadam-2, Binachinabadam-3 and Dhaka-1. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. Data were collected at 30, 45, 60, 75, 120 and 160 (final harvest) days after sowing (DAS). Varieties showed significant difference for plant height, branch number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll and soluble protein contents over different growth intervals whilst for total number of pods/plant, number of mature pods/plant 100-pod weight, pod size, shelling%, harvest index and pod yield (tha-1) after crop harvest. Among the varieties, Dhaka-1 produced the highest plant height, branch number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, shoot dry weight, total pods/plant, shelling percentage and lowest chlorophyll content. Binachinabadam-1, contrarily produced the highest plant highest protein content, pod weight/plant, 100-pod and seed weight, harvest index, pod and seed yield (tha-1). Binachinabadam-1 yielded highest of all (3.78 tha-1) while Binachinabadam-3 the lowest (2.60 tha-1). Dhaka-1 and Binachinabadam-2 showed intermediate yielding ability between two extreme.
An experiment was conducted at the mill zones of Thakurgaon, Panchagar and Setabganj to find out ... more An experiment was conducted at the mill zones of Thakurgaon, Panchagar and Setabganj to find out the potential yield of sugarcane (Isd 36) by paired row system with wide spacing of intercrops in the 2005-06 cropping season. The treatments were used as T1 Paired row cane + Nill, T2 Paired row cane + Carrot + Nill, T3 Paired row cane + Cucumber + Nill and T4 paired row cane + Water melon + Nill. The highest sugarcane yield (88.7 tha-1) was obtained from T1 followed by T2 (79.6 tha-1) from Setabganj area. The highest yield (24.5 tha-1) of first intercrop (water melon) was found in Thakurgaon among three areas and three first intercrops. T1 (Paired row cane + Nill) produced the highest number of tillers (189.9 × 103 ha-1) and millable cane (124.7 × 103 ha-1) at Setabganj areas. The highest brix % (19.2) was produced from T4 (Paired row cane + Water melon + Nill) at Setabganj areas while the lowest cane height (3.0 m) from T3 (Paired row cane + Cucumber + Nill) in the same areas. The maximum equivalent cane yield (42.7 tha-1) and total adjusted cane yield (111.9 tha-1) were recorded from T4 at Thakurgaon and Panchagarh respectively.
The experiment was conducted at Thakurgaon Sugar Mill (TSM) area in northern region of Bangladesh... more The experiment was conducted at Thakurgaon Sugar Mill (TSM) area in northern region of Bangladesh under irrigated condition during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 cropping seasons to study the productivity of sugarcane with wheat-Mungbean intercropping combination under paired row planting system. Seven wheat varieties namely Kanchan, Akbar, Protiva, Sourav, Gourab, Agrohani and Shatabdi as first intercrops followed by mungbean as sceond intercrop were used in paired row cane (PRC). It is mentioned that Akbar and Agrohani were included during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 cropping season respectively. The highest cane yield of 110.8 t ha-1 was recorded form PRC + 0-Mungbean in 2004-2005 cropping season while the lowest (70.1 t ha-1) from PRC + Shatabdi-Mungbnean in 2005-2006 cropping season. The highest tiller (238.3 × 103 ha-1) was obtained from Control + 0-Mungbean whiles the lowest tiller (75.6 × 103 ha-1) from PRC + Protiva-Mungbnean in 2005-2006 cropping season. The maximum millable cane (124.6 × 103 ha-1) was obtained from Control + 0-Mungbean followed by control treatment (115.1 × 103 ha-1) in the same cropping season. Satabdi produced the highest yield (3.54 tha-1) followed by Gourav (3.17 tha-1) in 2004-2005 cropping season. There was no significant difference on brix% and cane height among the different treatments. Maximum benefit cost ration of 2.73 was found from PRC + Satabdi-Mungbean during 2004-2005 cropping season. Mungbean cultivation as second intercrop with paired row cane and additional income for farmers and helped to improve soil health by fixing some atmospheric nitrogen and adding organic matter in soil. Therefore, wheat varieties like Kanchan, Akbar, Protiva, Sourav, Gourab, Agrohani and Shatabdi as the first intercrops and mungbean as the second intercrop with paired row transplanted sugarcane may be cultivated as profitable intercropping combinations for sugarcane growers.
An experiment was conducted at different areas viz. Kalay, Vadsha and Panchbibi under Joypur hat ... more An experiment was conducted at different areas viz. Kalay, Vadsha and Panchbibi under Joypur hat Sugarmill to find out the potential yield of sugarcane by paired row system sugarcane with wide spacing of intercrop during 2002-2003. Following treatments were used as T1 (Paired row cane Isd 2/54 + Arroid), T2 (Paired row cane Isd 16 + Arroid), T3 (Paired row cane Isd 22 + Arroid) and T4 (Paired row cane Isd 28 + Arroid) and T5 (Paired row cane Isd 29 + Arroid). The highest sugarcane yield (90.80 t ha-1) was obtained from T5 followed by T3 (87.7 tha-1) from Panchbibi area. The highest yield (4.2 t ha-1) of first intercrop was found from T3 at Panchbibi among three areas. T4 (Paired row cane Isd 28 + Arroid) produced the highest tillers (210.0 x 10 3 ha-1) at Vadsha and millable cane (106.7 x 10 3 ha-1) at Panchbibi. The maximum equivalent cane yield (18.8 t ha-1) from T3 and total adjusted cane yield (109.2 t ha-1) were recorded from T5 at Panchbibi.
An experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of five chemicals namely Agridazim 50 WP, Evazi... more An experiment was conducted to study the efficacy of five chemicals namely Agridazim 50 WP, Evazim 50 WP, Genuin 50 WP, Amcozim 50 WP and Knowin 50 WP for controlling red rot (collectorichum falcatum went), wilt (Cephalosporium sacchari Butler) and pineapple disease causing organisms (Ceratocistis paradoxa) of sugarcane in vitro. All the chemicals inhibited the growth of red rot, wilt and pine apple disease causing organisms growing in the petriplates while 11.5, 45.33 and 76.83 mm radial growth of C. falcatum, 21.33, 62.67 and 90.00 mm radial growth of C. sacchari, and 79.67, 90 and 95 mm radial growth of C. paradoxa after 2 days, 6 days and 10 days interval respectively in the untreated petridishes (control).
A pot experiment was performed at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) experime... more A pot experiment was performed at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) experimental farm, Mymensingh, during the period from to observe the response of three mungbean genotypes (Binamoog-4 and two-advanced line BMX 92007-3 and BMX 94010-11) under different salt stress (control, 3.89 deci-Siemen per metre (ds m-1) and 7.82 ds m-1). The experiment was laid out following Randomized Complete Block Design where each treatment replicated three times. All morpho-physiological characters such as plant height, number of leaf, leaf area, yield contributing characters such as number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds pod-1 , 1000 seed weight, harvest index were reduced with the increase of salinity levels as compared to control. However, the content of Na + in leaves increased with increasing salinity levels. Plant height and yield attributes like number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds pod-1 , 1000 seed weight, harvest index were the highest in advanced line BMX 94010-11 compared to those in Binamoog-4 and advanced line BMX 92007-3. Potassium content in leaves was not varied among the genotypes but leaves of Binamoog-4 contain the highest amount of K + compared to that in BMX 94010-11 and BMX 92007-3. Interaction effect between the genotypes and salinity levels appeared significant for most of the studied characters. From the study it can be opined that salt stress reduced all the parameters under different salinity levels. Again among the genotypes advanced line BMX 94010-11 was found as relatively salt tolerant.
A study was conducted at growers' field of Regional Sugarcane Research Station (BSRI), Madarganj,... more A study was conducted at growers' field of Regional Sugarcane Research Station (BSRI), Madarganj, Thakurgaon during 2006-07 to study the performance of four different intercrops viz. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Mungbean (Vigna radiata), Chilli (Capsicum frutescens) and Garlic (Allium sativum) in different planting methods in the farmer's field at Thakurgaon Sugar Mills zone under Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain Soils. The results revealed that the highest millable cane stalks (108.3 × 103 ha-1) and yield (101.60 t ha-1) was obtained from the T2 (STP single row + Potato-Mungbean) followed by millable stalks (107.8 × 103 ha-1) and cane yield (99.38 t ha-1) from T4 (STP paired row+ Potato-Mungbean). Highest adjusted cane yield of 220.9 t ha-1 and 219.1 t ha-1 were recorded from T4 and T2 respectively. Overall results showed that STP single row + Potato-Mungbean (T2) and STP paired row + Potato-Mungbean (T4) combination was found most productive and remunerative package technology for Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain Soils.
to know the effect of different doses of NAA (0 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm and 40 ppm) on vegetative gro... more to know the effect of different doses of NAA (0 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm and 40 ppm) on vegetative growth, yield and quality of three chilli cultivars viz., Bindhu (V1), Halda (V2), BARI Chilli-1 (V3). The result revealed that cultivars, NAA dose and their interaction effects were significant regarding growth and yield contributing characters as well as nutritive qualities. The highest green fruit plant-1 , green fruit yield plant-1 and green fruit yield ha-1 was observed in cultivar V3. The maximum fruit set, green fruit plant-1 , green fruit yield plant-1 and green fruit yield ha-1 were found in N3. The cultivar V3 with N3 showed the highest fruit set (91.57%), green fruit plant-1 (420), green fruit yield plant-1 (583.30g) and green fruit yield ha-1 (19.90 t). Studies results revealed that BARI chilli-1 treated with different concentrations of NAA significantly increased the amount of free, combined and total ascorbic acid as compared to control. With the increase of NAA concentration, TSS (%) was found to decrease in all the studied treatment combinations.
An experiment was conducted in Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain soils at Regional Sugarcane Research ... more An experiment was conducted in Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain soils at Regional Sugarcane Research Station farm, Thakugaon during 2005-06 and 2006-07 cropping season with a view to find out the suitable time and methods of planting for sustainable sugarcane production and quality of cane in northern region of Bangladesh. There were two planting methods viz. transplanting of one budded soil bed settling and planting of three budded fresh setts with five different planting times at one month interval starting from 15th November. STP (one budded settlings) method produced higher yield than conventional method at all dates of planting. In case of STP, yield level and yield contributing factors were found to decrease as the planting time proceeded. Both conventional and STP method of planting produced the highest yield in November and the lowest yield in March plantation. Planting methods and time had no significant effects on the sucrose content of sugarcane.
Irrigation is needed in Bangladesh for achieving high yield of sugarcane and its intercrops. But ... more Irrigation is needed in Bangladesh for achieving high yield of sugarcane and its intercrops. But heavy irrigation causes leaching of nutrients such as N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn etc. from the effective root-zone. Moreover, due to presence of impervious substratum within a depth of 30-100 cm from the surface of alluvial soil of Bangladesh, heavy irrigation, heavy rainfall or intensive rainfall during the monsoon form the perched water table or uplift actual water table in about 70% cultivable land. As a result, water-logging prevails and nutritional imbalance is created in the root zone. Thus growth is hampered and the biosphere is established in favour of pests and diseases. Hence, justified irrigation and drainage viz. efficient water management in the field is a must for sugarcane cultivation in Bangladesh.
Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of some autumn sown promising sugarcane varieties By... more Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of some autumn sown promising sugarcane varieties By In vitro selection of somaclones of sugarcane under drought stress condition and their evaluation in field condition By M W Islam, M A S Miah, M H R Pramanik, M A Hossain, M K Begum and M S Islam Comparative study of some sugarcane strains in relation to yield and quality By
An experiment was conducted at Regional Sugarcane Research Station (RSRS), Thakugaon during 2005-... more An experiment was conducted at Regional Sugarcane Research Station (RSRS), Thakugaon during 2005-06 and 2006-07 cropping seasons to asses effects of different levels of irrigation and split application of N-K fertilizers in sugarcane (var. Isd 36) intercropped with potato (var. Diamont). The intercrop, potato received recommended fertilizer as usual. Application of Urea and Potash (N-K fertilizers) in two splits (B1) produced highest number of tiller, millable cane and also highest yield in both levels of irrigation in both years. Irrigation level A1 (six light irrigation with 65 mm effective rainfall) had significant difference over A2 (five comparatively deep irrigation with same effective rainfall). The highest number of tillers (215.3 × 103 ha-1), millable cane (114.7 × 103 ha-1) and cane yield (109.9 t ha-1) were obtained from the treatment B1 under A1 level of irrigation. The application of N-K fertilizers with two equal splits applied at planting time and at 145 days after planting along with light irrigation, 6 to 7 numbers of irrigation with total amount of 460-500 mm rainfall may be preferred for loamy in old Himalyan Piedmont Plain region.
The experiment was conducted at the Post harvest Laboratory of Horticulture and Biochemistry Depa... more The experiment was conducted at the Post harvest Laboratory of Horticulture and Biochemistry Department, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from July to December, 2002 to investigate the effects of different post harvest treatments on the chemical composition of papaya. Papaya fruits cv. Ranchi at mature stage were subjected to packaging (control, news paper, straw and sponge) and growth regulator treatments (gibberellic acid, Benzy1 adenine). Total soluble solids (TSS), pulp pH, total reducing and non-reducing sugar content increased significantly during storage, whereas vitamin C and titratable acidity decreased during storage. Pulp pH, total sugar, non-reducing sugar content were the highest in Benzy1 adenne treated fruits. The maximum vitamin C pulp pH was found in straw treated fruits whereas, total, reducing and non-reducing sugar were higher in newspaper treated fruits.
The present study was conducted to determine the socio-economic analysis of date palm and palmyra... more The present study was conducted to determine the socio-economic analysis of date palm and palmyra palm cultivation and its marketing in selected areas of Bangladesh during the period of 2006-07 to 2008-9. Total 540 date palm and 540 palmyra palm growers were selected from 6 locations. Profitability analysis and financial analysis was sued in this study. On an average the farmers were benefited by 22 and 36 kg gur, 146 and 257 liter of juice production from per date palm and palmyra palm tree respectively. The farmers got highest BCR (undiscounted) in ripened fruits (4.57 and 5.48) followed by juice (3.91 and 4.37) and gur (2.86 and 3.61) production from per date palm and palmyra palm tree respectively. The NPV was Taka 0.54 and 0.42 million, BCR (discounted) was 3.00 and 2.71 and IRR was 88% and 31% from per hectare date palm and palmyra palm cultivation respectively, which indicated that the date palm and palmyra palm cultivation provide higher returns and continue positive returns over a long period time. It is an alternative source of sugar and gur to supplement the increased demand of sugar and gur. Therefore, it is important to pay more attention on date palm and palmyra palm cultivation.
The experiment was conducted with different organocarbamates namely kildan 3G, arofuran 3G, carbo... more The experiment was conducted with different organocarbamates namely kildan 3G, arofuran 3G, carbomot 5G, ecofuran 5G, m-furan 5G, borer 5G, sarafuran 5G, foster 5G, shikari 5G, carbodhan 5G, raidfuran 5G, furadan 5G to evaluate their effectiveness against the top shoot borer of sugarcane, Scirpophaga excerptalis Walker at the experimental farm of Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI), Ishurdi, Pabna and Regional Sugarcane Research Station (RSRS) Thakurgaon. It was revealed that kidan 3G, arofuran 3G, carbomot 5G, ecofuran 5G, shikari 5G, carbodhan 5G, raidfuran 5G @ 2.0kg ai ha-1 applied in March and May at BSRI and RSRS Thakurgaon reduced the incidence of the top shoot borer significantly. Insecticide treated plots gave higher yield compared to untreated plots.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), officially known as transforming our world: the 2030 Ag... more The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), officially known as transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of seventeen aspirational "Global Goals" with 169 targets between them. The goals are contained in paragraph 54 United Nations Resolution of 25 September, 2015. It is popularly known as The Future We Want.
Bamboo is a major non-wood forest product. There are about 1200 species of bamboo in some 90 gene... more Bamboo is a major non-wood forest product. There are about 1200 species of bamboo in some 90 genera. It is quickly changing its image from the “poor man’s tree” to ahigh-tech, industrial raw material and substitute for wood. Bamboo is important not only in generating profits for local entrepreneurs, but also as a way of creating employment for rural, less-skilled workers in production and through provision of intermediary services between producers and consumers. Rattan is one of the important natural resources of Bangladesh forests and homesteads. It is a raw material for cottage industries. Rattan used to be exported from Bengal until the mid-nineteenth century. There are 600 rattan species comprising 13 genera in the world. Out of the 13 genera only two, Calamus and Daemonorops, grow in Bangladesh. Daemonorops is represented by a single species D. jenkinsianus (vernacular name golla bet). Calamus is reported to be represented by 10 species, namely, C. erectus (kadam bet), C. flagellum, C. floribundus, C. gracilis, C. guruba (sundi bet), C. latifolius (kora bet), C. longisetus (udam bet), C. tenuis (jali bet), C. viminalis var. fasciculatus (bara bet) and C. quinquenervius.
Low-income countries which faced severe structural handicaps to economic growth and development a... more Low-income countries which faced severe structural handicaps to economic growth and development and needed access to support beyond what was commonly available for all developing countries. Currently 47 countries on the list of LDCs which is reviewed every three years by Committee for Development Policy (CDP). A country with lower GDP relative to other countries. LDCs are characteristics by little industry and sometimes a comparatively high dependence on foreign aid. LDCs is a list of the countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socio-economic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971.
A field experiment was conducted to observe the efficacy of tobacco dust in controlling sugarcane... more A field experiment was conducted to observe the efficacy of tobacco dust in controlling sugarcane top shoot borer (TSB) Scirphophaga excerptalis Walker, stem borer (SB) Chilo tumidicostalis Hampson and rootstock borer (RSB) Emmalocera depressella Swinhoe at Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI), Ishurdi and Regional Sugarcane Research Station (RSRS), Thakurgaon during the cropping season 2007-08. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications. The treatments were : i) Tobacco dust @ 100 kg/ha (Planting + March + May + July), ii) Tobacco dust @ 100 kg/ha (March + May + July), iii) Tobacco dust @ 150 kg/ha (Planting + March + May + July), iv) Tobacco dust @ 150 kg/ha (March + May + July), v) Tobacco dust @ 200 kg/ha (Planting + March + May + July), vi) Tobacco dust @ 200 kg/ha (March + May + July) and vii) Control (untreated). Data collected in July showed that tobacco dust @ 100-200 kg/ha gave 13.57-37.21% and 19.41-40.40% efficacy against TSB at BSRI and RSRS Thakurgaon, respectively while it showed 29.14-40.11 and 7.63-44.05% efficacy against SB at BSRI and RSRS Thakurgaon, respectively. Data collected in October showed that the highest efficacy of 43.89% and 38.50% was observed in the plots where tobacco dust was applied @ 200 kg/ha at planting, March, May and July in controlling TSB and SB respectively while 33.87% efficacy was observed in July in controlling TSB and SB respectively while 33.87% efficacy was observed in case of RSB where tobacco dust was applied @ 200 kg/ha in March, May and July at BSRI. At RSRS Thakurgaon, tobacco dust showed 36.18% efficacy in controlling TSB.
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Rattan is one of the important natural resources of Bangladesh forests and homesteads. It is a raw material for cottage industries. Rattan used to be exported from Bengal until the mid-nineteenth century. There are 600 rattan species comprising 13 genera in the world. Out of the 13 genera only two, Calamus and Daemonorops, grow in Bangladesh. Daemonorops is represented by a single species D. jenkinsianus (vernacular name golla bet). Calamus is reported to be represented by 10 species, namely, C. erectus (kadam bet), C. flagellum, C. floribundus, C. gracilis, C. guruba (sundi bet), C. latifolius (kora bet), C. longisetus (udam bet), C. tenuis (jali bet), C. viminalis var. fasciculatus (bara bet) and C. quinquenervius.
A country with lower GDP relative to other countries. LDCs are characteristics by little industry and sometimes a comparatively high dependence on foreign aid. LDCs is a list of the countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socio-economic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971.