... Garson GD 1998: Neural networks: an introductory guide for social scientists. ... in the Sage... more ... Garson GD 1998: Neural networks: an introductory guide for social scientists. ... in the Sage New Technologies for Social Research series, whose declared aim is 'to provide detailed, accessible and ... share of the chapter, largely on the grounds that it is marketed by SPSS, who also ...
It is now approaching twenty years since Baumo! and Bowen's famous work on the "income g... more It is now approaching twenty years since Baumo! and Bowen's famous work on the "income gap" (1) in the performing arts (Baumol and Bowen 1965, 1966). Their ideas are still a focus for fresh discussion, new empirical evidence and further theoretical development, as amply evidenced by a number of recent reports and scholarly art icles (Baumol and Baumol 1981; House of Commons Education and Science Committee 1982; Sehwarz 1982, 1983; Gambling and Andrews 1982; Peacock et el. 1983). A corner stone of the Baumol/Bowen thesis is the idea that any particular branch of the performing arts (modern dance, say, or symphony orehestras) has a "production structure" that is more or less fixed, and this has also been a feature of subsequent elaborations of Baumol and Bowen's work, ineluding the recent papers by Sehwarz (1982, 1983). These contain several interesting theoret ical and empirical propositions about the growth of the income gap, to which this paper is addressed. My main aim is the relatively modest one of contributing further empirical evidence relevant to the hypotheses in Sehwarz (1982, 1983). One of Sehwarz's propositions is his distinction between, on the one hand, the "natural" growth of the income gap meaning growth that is due to technological limitations and that is manifest even under eonditions of constant output and, on the other hand, the growth that results from increases in output of the performing arts organizations(s). Pursuing the argument, Sehwarz observes that an arts organization can maintain, or increase, its output only if sufficient funds are available to finance the ensuing income gap (2). Putting the two premises together leads to the suggestion that rates of growth of the income gap above the natural rate are indicative of "healthy" conditions that is, growing output and ready availability
Page 1. Biological Jo~rnal ofthe Linnean Society (1988), 33: 17-50. With 3 figures Pupal polymorp... more Page 1. Biological Jo~rnal ofthe Linnean Society (1988), 33: 17-50. With 3 figures Pupal polymorphism in the butterfly Danaus chrysi'pus (L.): environmental, seasonal and genetic influences DAVID AS SMITH. FLS Department ...
Ideas from Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) are suggested as a framework around which a statistics s... more Ideas from Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) are suggested as a framework around which a statistics syllabus for accounting students can be built at undergraduate level. There are motivational benefits, and many opportunities for interesting project work involving use of real data. Perhaps the most compelling attraction, however, is that a core concern in MPT is the measurement of variability, the very issue that is central to statistical methodology.
Power-law relationships have been estimated between fecundity and fish length, weight and age for... more Power-law relationships have been estimated between fecundity and fish length, weight and age for pike from two gravel pit lakes (Main Lake and St Peter's Lake) in Buckinghamshire, England. Relative fecundity, estimated at 17.6 eggs g−1 for Main Lake pike and 19.4 g−1 for St Peter's Lake pike, did not differ significantly between the lakes. Population fecundity for the Main Lake was estimated at 10.6 million eggs and 6.4 million eggs in 1986 and 1987, respectively.Experimental work involving samples of eggs from 18 artificially fertilized Main Lake female pike showed a significant relationship between egg diameter and female length, and a significant difference between mean egg diameters for 41-cm and 101-cm females. No significant relationships were found between mean egg size and mean fry size, nor between fry length and adult length. Mean size differences between newly hatched, 18-day-old and 41-day-old fry from the 41-cm and 101-cm females were not significant.Samples of eggs taken at 2-day intervals from 6 April to 5 May in a pike spawning area of the Main Lake revealed clumped distributions of eggs, with average egg densities ranging from 1 to 47 eggs per 0.071 m2 (14–671 m 2) on sand and silt substrata. The maximum egg density of 51 per 0.071 m2 (729 m−2) was found on flooded grass. The stages of development of the eggs were identified over the sampling period. Survival from stage 1 to fry was estimated at 3–6%. Egg losses were estimated at 9–10% day−1.Egg survival experiments gave overall hatching success rates of 11 % on sand/silt compared with 2.5% on aquatic plants (1986), and 18.9% on undisturbed sand/silt compared with 7.9% on disturbed sand/silt (1987). The effect of siltation on egg hatching is discussed.
Abstract The effects of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and bronze bream, Abramis brama (L.), predat... more Abstract The effects of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and bronze bream, Abramis brama (L.), predation on the production of insects emerging at the water surface and the autumn biomass of benthic macro-invertebrates were assessed in a series of experimental ponds. The study attempted to discover whether fish affect food availability for diving and dabbling ducks in freshwater habitats. Ten ponds (bisected by fine netting) were used for the study: one was left totally fish-free, whilst one half of each of three groups of three ponds was stocked with either perch, bream or perch plus bream. The relative abundance of emerging insects (mainly Chironomidae) was significantly reduced in two perch ponds, two perch + bream ponds and two bream ponds. The autumn standing crops of benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly reduced in one perch pond, three bream ponds and one perch plus bream pond. These results support findings of a contemporaneous large bio-manipulation experiment carried out in two adjacent lakes. During the biomanipulation studies, aquatic invertebrate standing stocks greatly increased after the removal of fish and decreased following restocking.
... Garson GD 1998: Neural networks: an introductory guide for social scientists. ... in the Sage... more ... Garson GD 1998: Neural networks: an introductory guide for social scientists. ... in the Sage New Technologies for Social Research series, whose declared aim is 'to provide detailed, accessible and ... share of the chapter, largely on the grounds that it is marketed by SPSS, who also ...
It is now approaching twenty years since Baumo! and Bowen's famous work on the "income g... more It is now approaching twenty years since Baumo! and Bowen's famous work on the "income gap" (1) in the performing arts (Baumol and Bowen 1965, 1966). Their ideas are still a focus for fresh discussion, new empirical evidence and further theoretical development, as amply evidenced by a number of recent reports and scholarly art icles (Baumol and Baumol 1981; House of Commons Education and Science Committee 1982; Sehwarz 1982, 1983; Gambling and Andrews 1982; Peacock et el. 1983). A corner stone of the Baumol/Bowen thesis is the idea that any particular branch of the performing arts (modern dance, say, or symphony orehestras) has a "production structure" that is more or less fixed, and this has also been a feature of subsequent elaborations of Baumol and Bowen's work, ineluding the recent papers by Sehwarz (1982, 1983). These contain several interesting theoret ical and empirical propositions about the growth of the income gap, to which this paper is addressed. My main aim is the relatively modest one of contributing further empirical evidence relevant to the hypotheses in Sehwarz (1982, 1983). One of Sehwarz's propositions is his distinction between, on the one hand, the "natural" growth of the income gap meaning growth that is due to technological limitations and that is manifest even under eonditions of constant output and, on the other hand, the growth that results from increases in output of the performing arts organizations(s). Pursuing the argument, Sehwarz observes that an arts organization can maintain, or increase, its output only if sufficient funds are available to finance the ensuing income gap (2). Putting the two premises together leads to the suggestion that rates of growth of the income gap above the natural rate are indicative of "healthy" conditions that is, growing output and ready availability
Page 1. Biological Jo~rnal ofthe Linnean Society (1988), 33: 17-50. With 3 figures Pupal polymorp... more Page 1. Biological Jo~rnal ofthe Linnean Society (1988), 33: 17-50. With 3 figures Pupal polymorphism in the butterfly Danaus chrysi'pus (L.): environmental, seasonal and genetic influences DAVID AS SMITH. FLS Department ...
Ideas from Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) are suggested as a framework around which a statistics s... more Ideas from Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) are suggested as a framework around which a statistics syllabus for accounting students can be built at undergraduate level. There are motivational benefits, and many opportunities for interesting project work involving use of real data. Perhaps the most compelling attraction, however, is that a core concern in MPT is the measurement of variability, the very issue that is central to statistical methodology.
Power-law relationships have been estimated between fecundity and fish length, weight and age for... more Power-law relationships have been estimated between fecundity and fish length, weight and age for pike from two gravel pit lakes (Main Lake and St Peter's Lake) in Buckinghamshire, England. Relative fecundity, estimated at 17.6 eggs g−1 for Main Lake pike and 19.4 g−1 for St Peter's Lake pike, did not differ significantly between the lakes. Population fecundity for the Main Lake was estimated at 10.6 million eggs and 6.4 million eggs in 1986 and 1987, respectively.Experimental work involving samples of eggs from 18 artificially fertilized Main Lake female pike showed a significant relationship between egg diameter and female length, and a significant difference between mean egg diameters for 41-cm and 101-cm females. No significant relationships were found between mean egg size and mean fry size, nor between fry length and adult length. Mean size differences between newly hatched, 18-day-old and 41-day-old fry from the 41-cm and 101-cm females were not significant.Samples of eggs taken at 2-day intervals from 6 April to 5 May in a pike spawning area of the Main Lake revealed clumped distributions of eggs, with average egg densities ranging from 1 to 47 eggs per 0.071 m2 (14–671 m 2) on sand and silt substrata. The maximum egg density of 51 per 0.071 m2 (729 m−2) was found on flooded grass. The stages of development of the eggs were identified over the sampling period. Survival from stage 1 to fry was estimated at 3–6%. Egg losses were estimated at 9–10% day−1.Egg survival experiments gave overall hatching success rates of 11 % on sand/silt compared with 2.5% on aquatic plants (1986), and 18.9% on undisturbed sand/silt compared with 7.9% on disturbed sand/silt (1987). The effect of siltation on egg hatching is discussed.
Abstract The effects of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and bronze bream, Abramis brama (L.), predat... more Abstract The effects of perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and bronze bream, Abramis brama (L.), predation on the production of insects emerging at the water surface and the autumn biomass of benthic macro-invertebrates were assessed in a series of experimental ponds. The study attempted to discover whether fish affect food availability for diving and dabbling ducks in freshwater habitats. Ten ponds (bisected by fine netting) were used for the study: one was left totally fish-free, whilst one half of each of three groups of three ponds was stocked with either perch, bream or perch plus bream. The relative abundance of emerging insects (mainly Chironomidae) was significantly reduced in two perch ponds, two perch + bream ponds and two bream ponds. The autumn standing crops of benthic macroinvertebrates were significantly reduced in one perch pond, three bream ponds and one perch plus bream pond. These results support findings of a contemporaneous large bio-manipulation experiment carried out in two adjacent lakes. During the biomanipulation studies, aquatic invertebrate standing stocks greatly increased after the removal of fish and decreased following restocking.
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