Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a genetically
heterogeneous condition, characterized by insulin defic... more Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous condition, characterized by insulin deficiency and/or insulin resistance. The etiology of type 2 diabetes is complex, with involvement of genetic and environmental factors. The adipose tissue protein ‘adiponectin’ is known to increase insulin sensitivity with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The gene for adiponectin is present on chromosome 3q27, the association of number of single nucleotide polymorphisms of adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes and its complications have been reported. In the present study the two most common SNPs +45T/G & +276G/T, and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular markers were studied. The significant difference in genotype frequencies of +45T/G & +276G/T was found in type 2 diabetic patients and controls, with odds ratio of 1.13 & 1.26 respectively. BMI, Fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA IR, triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol levels were increased, and HDL cholesterol level was decreased in patients carrier for +45T/G SNP than the wild type. While only decrease in the HDL cholesterol was reported in carriers for SNP +276G/T than the wild type. The logistic regression analysis revealed the positive association of SNP +45T/G with total cholesterol & LDL cholesterol. And negative association of HDL cholesterol was found with SNPs +45T/G and +276G/T. The haplotype analysis shows the alterations in means of biochemical markers in the patients having haplotype (GG) for mutant allele of SNP +45T/G and wild allele for SNP +276G/T.
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common complications of type 2 diabetes patients with presen... more Cardiovascular diseases are the most common complications of type 2 diabetes patients with presence of dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is characterized by increased triglycerides and decreased HDL cholesterol. The ratios calculated from the lipids and lipoproteins may be useful to know the status of the CVD complications in type 2. In the present study, the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol were estimated from fasting serum samples, followed by the calculations of LDL & VLDL cholesterol and lipoprotein ratios including TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, CRF and non HDL cholesterol. Also estimated insulin level, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated as discriminator of insulin resistance, from fasting glucose and insulin levels, and association of insulin & insulin resistance with cardiovascular risk factors was evaluated. The present study had included 150 type 2 diabetic subjects and 150 age and sex matched healthy controls. Significant increase in the lipid and lipoprotein levels, except HDL cholesterol which were significantly decreased in type 2 diabetics than controls. BMI, Fasting blood glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, Non HDL-C and CRF were positively associated with insulin level and HOMA IR, while HDL-C was negatively associated with insulin and insulin resistance. Therefore, the lipoprotein ratios along with the lipid and lipoprotein levels may be used as markers for insulin resistance and for cardiovascular risk.
Insulin resistance has a central role, not only to predict the future development of type 2 diabe... more Insulin resistance has a central role, not only to predict the future development of type 2 diabetes and incident cardiovascular diseases; as well as can be used as a therapeutic target after hyperglycemia is diagnosed. The use of surrogate markers therefore be useful to know the status of insulin resistance. The HOMA IR can perform same function, and the ratios calculated from the lipids and lipoprotein may also be useful to know the status of the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In the present study 150 type 2 diabetic subjects and 150 age & sex matched healthy controls were included, to find the cut off value of HOMA IR as well as lipid & lipoprotein ratios to predict insulin resistance. The ROC curve analysis gave the cut off value of >2.41 for HOMA IR with highest sensitivity and specificity, further type 2 diabetics were divided on the basis of cut off value of HOMA IR from present study. Significant increases in TG, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were found in patients with HOMA IR cut off value of >2.41 than with HOMA IR cut off value of ≤ 2.41. Also the ROC curve analysis for lipids and lipoproteins indicated that, TC, TG, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, CRF and Non HDL-C serves the better discriminator for insulin resistance. Therefore, the lipoprotein ratios along with the lipid and lipoprotein levels may be used as markers for insulin resistance.
Cardiovascular disease [CVD] and stroke are the most common causes of death. Several studies have... more Cardiovascular disease [CVD] and stroke are the most common causes of death. Several studies have demonstrated that increased plasma level of total homocysteine is associated with premature onset of CVD and stroke. Arteriosclerosis, a disease of the large arteries, is one of the primary causes of heart disease and stroke. Increased homocysteine level have been associated with more advanced extracranial carotid artery arteriosclerosis, with decreased levels of vitamin B 12 and folic acid. In present study plasma total homocysteine, serum folic acid and serum vitamin B 12 in patients with arteriosclerosis were measured in total 150 patients and compared with the healthy control subjects [n=200]. The level of plasma total homocysteine was significantly higher [p<0.01] in patients with arteriosclerosis as compared to healthy controls. Whereas significant decrease in serum folic acid [p<0.01] and vitamin B 12 [p<0.01] was observed in patients with arteriosclerosis than normal healthy controls, the decrease in levels of vitamins may be due to dietary insufficiency, which corresponds with severity of tissue damage.
Alcoholism is a socio-behavioral problem with an increasingly detrimental impact on society. Alco... more Alcoholism is a socio-behavioral problem with an increasingly detrimental impact on society. Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity & mortality in lower socioeconomic strata. Ethanol causes liver damage through generation of lipid peroxidation by free radicals. The present case control study was designed which included 90 study subjects with clinically diagnosed alcoholic liver disease and 90 normal healthy controls. The study and control group were matched with age, sex & socioeconomic status. Serum analysis was done to estimate malondialdehyde (MDA), as a measure of oxidative stress, serum bilirubin and antioxidant vitamins E & C. Serum bilirubin and MDA levels were significantly (p<0.001) increased in the study group as compared to the normal healthy controls. The levels of vitamin E & vitamin C were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in the study group as compared to that of controls. Poor nutrition or malabsorption leads to deficiency of these vitamins. This may impair the anti-oxidative defense leading to ethanol induced oxidative stress and then to liver damage
Abstact Oxidant antioxidant balance is essential for the normal lung function. Both an increased ... more Abstact Oxidant antioxidant balance is essential for the normal lung function. Both an increased oxidants and/or decreased antioxidants may reverse the physiologic oxidant antioxidant balance in favour of oxidant leading to lung injury. The aim of present study was to examine the levels of vitamin E & C in children who were suffering from pneumonia. 40 pneumonia children and 40 controls matched with age were analyzed for the study. We observed that highly significant decrease in the concentrations of vitamin E & vitamin C was seen in children with pneumonia compared to controls (p<0.001) respectively. Also there was increased ratio of vitamin E & vitamin C in patients with pneumonia as compared to the controls.
In the present study age matched primary infertile females were compared with normal fertile fema... more In the present study age matched primary infertile females were compared with normal fertile females to assess thyroid status. Serum T 3 and T 4 levels were increased in patient group than fertile females which is highly significant (p<0.01), While the decrease in serum TSH level in the patient group is also highly significant (p<0.01). 52% patients were in euthyroid state which directs the clinician to assess other causes of infertility. Study also showed 30% hyperthyroid and 18% hypothyroid patients with infertility. This data indicates the association of thyroid dysfunction with infertility. Thyroid profile should be assessed to rule out infertility and the disorder is to be treated accordingly to revert back to fertility. This research also opens the route to rule out other endocrinal disorders associated with infertility.
The cross sectional study was performed to find out the incidence of β-Thalassemia trait in pregn... more The cross sectional study was performed to find out the incidence of β-Thalassemia trait in pregnant women of south western Maharashtra, EDTA anti-coagulated whole blood samples were collected for on-site Naked Eye Single Tube Red cell Osmotic Fragility Test (NESTROFT) testing. The screening of β thalassemia trait was done on NESTROFT with 0.36% freshly prepared saline, and β thalassemia trait status of all NESTROFT positive subjects was confirmed by quantitaion of Hb A 2 level, by microcolumn chromatography. Out of 1279 women the NESTROFT was positive for 213 subjects, and Hb A 2 level was more than 3.5% in 38 subjects, which is a determinant of β thalassemia trait. With a 3.1% rate of β thalassemia trait, this indicates need to study beta thalassemia carrier status in the child bearing group, as a primary step to prevent the birth of beta thalassemia major.
The early identification of some clinically significant hemoglobinopathies and precise differenti... more The early identification of some clinically significant hemoglobinopathies and precise differentiation of hemoglobin variants are important to provide early comprehensive medical care to prevent some serious complications, assess prognosis and offer genetic counseling. A prospective study of 500 infants from South Western Maharashtra showed that 0.4% (4 in 1000) of them had detectable levels of Hb Bart's (γ 4) in the neonatal period by using hemo-globin electrophoresis. The levels of Hb Bart's indicate that the newborns are heterozygous for α thalassemia (-α/αα).
Elevated plasma triglyceride and non-esterified
fatty acid concentrations may cause insulin resis... more Elevated plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations may cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a ratedetermining enzyme in lipid metabolism. A variant in the LPL gene has been identified which alters the penultimate amino acid Serine at 447 to a stop codon (S447X), and results in a truncated LPL molecule lacking the C-terminal dipeptide Ser–Gly. The present study was designed to evaluate the frequency of S447X variant in the LPL gene and its effect on the lipid and lipoprotein levels in type 2 diabetic subjects. The genotype frequency distributions of type 2 diabetes patients and controls were in Hardy– Weinberg equilibrium. Comparison of the genotype and allelic frequencies of S447X in subjects with type 2 diabetics compared to controls demonstrated no significant difference. In subjects with type 2 diabetics having hypertriglyceridemia (TG C 150 mg/dl) compared to diabetics with TG level \150 mg/dl, significant difference in genotype frequency was found among these groups, while allelic frequency of X was significantly differed. Logistic regression analysis showed the negative association of LPL S447X variant with TG and VLDL cholesterol, while no association with total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was found. The lipid levels except for HDL cholesterol were found to be significantly lower in carriers for S447X than wild type in diabetes group. The decreased level of TG and TG rich lipoprotein in subjects with SNP S447X in LPL, predicts anti-atherogenic activity of carriers for S447X variant in general population as well as type 2 diabetic patients.
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by proteinuria and is the leading cause of end-stage renal
... more Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by proteinuria and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. A case control study was designed to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects. 50 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 50 normal healthy controls were screened for albumin and creatinine. The urinary albumin was calculated in terms of ratio with respect to urinary creatinine and expressed as albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g). Albumin/Creatinine ratio in controls was found to be 11.05 ± 4.52 mg/g. The mean ± SD of Albumin/Creatinine ratio in total 50 patients was 38.77 ± 23.13 mg/g. The value of urinary albumin between 30 and 300 mg/g of creatinine was considered to be positive for microalbuminuria. Out of total 50 diabetic subjects, 31 patients were found to have albumin excretion of more than 30 mg/g of creatinine in random morning samples and therefore positive for microalbuminuria. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects in this study was 62%. Use of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio in an untimed urinary sample should be recommended as the preferred screening strategy for all diabetic patients.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a genetically
heterogeneous condition, characterized by insulin defic... more Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous condition, characterized by insulin deficiency and/or insulin resistance. The etiology of type 2 diabetes is complex, with involvement of genetic and environmental factors. The adipose tissue protein ‘adiponectin’ is known to increase insulin sensitivity with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The gene for adiponectin is present on chromosome 3q27, the association of number of single nucleotide polymorphisms of adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes and its complications have been reported. In the present study the two most common SNPs +45T/G & +276G/T, and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular markers were studied. The significant difference in genotype frequencies of +45T/G & +276G/T was found in type 2 diabetic patients and controls, with odds ratio of 1.13 & 1.26 respectively. BMI, Fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA IR, triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol levels were increased, and HDL cholesterol level was decreased in patients carrier for +45T/G SNP than the wild type. While only decrease in the HDL cholesterol was reported in carriers for SNP +276G/T than the wild type. The logistic regression analysis revealed the positive association of SNP +45T/G with total cholesterol & LDL cholesterol. And negative association of HDL cholesterol was found with SNPs +45T/G and +276G/T. The haplotype analysis shows the alterations in means of biochemical markers in the patients having haplotype (GG) for mutant allele of SNP +45T/G and wild allele for SNP +276G/T.
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common complications of type 2 diabetes patients with presen... more Cardiovascular diseases are the most common complications of type 2 diabetes patients with presence of dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is characterized by increased triglycerides and decreased HDL cholesterol. The ratios calculated from the lipids and lipoproteins may be useful to know the status of the CVD complications in type 2. In the present study, the concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol were estimated from fasting serum samples, followed by the calculations of LDL & VLDL cholesterol and lipoprotein ratios including TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, CRF and non HDL cholesterol. Also estimated insulin level, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated as discriminator of insulin resistance, from fasting glucose and insulin levels, and association of insulin & insulin resistance with cardiovascular risk factors was evaluated. The present study had included 150 type 2 diabetic subjects and 150 age and sex matched healthy controls. Significant increase in the lipid and lipoprotein levels, except HDL cholesterol which were significantly decreased in type 2 diabetics than controls. BMI, Fasting blood glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, Non HDL-C and CRF were positively associated with insulin level and HOMA IR, while HDL-C was negatively associated with insulin and insulin resistance. Therefore, the lipoprotein ratios along with the lipid and lipoprotein levels may be used as markers for insulin resistance and for cardiovascular risk.
Insulin resistance has a central role, not only to predict the future development of type 2 diabe... more Insulin resistance has a central role, not only to predict the future development of type 2 diabetes and incident cardiovascular diseases; as well as can be used as a therapeutic target after hyperglycemia is diagnosed. The use of surrogate markers therefore be useful to know the status of insulin resistance. The HOMA IR can perform same function, and the ratios calculated from the lipids and lipoprotein may also be useful to know the status of the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In the present study 150 type 2 diabetic subjects and 150 age & sex matched healthy controls were included, to find the cut off value of HOMA IR as well as lipid & lipoprotein ratios to predict insulin resistance. The ROC curve analysis gave the cut off value of >2.41 for HOMA IR with highest sensitivity and specificity, further type 2 diabetics were divided on the basis of cut off value of HOMA IR from present study. Significant increases in TG, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were found in patients with HOMA IR cut off value of >2.41 than with HOMA IR cut off value of ≤ 2.41. Also the ROC curve analysis for lipids and lipoproteins indicated that, TC, TG, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, CRF and Non HDL-C serves the better discriminator for insulin resistance. Therefore, the lipoprotein ratios along with the lipid and lipoprotein levels may be used as markers for insulin resistance.
Cardiovascular disease [CVD] and stroke are the most common causes of death. Several studies have... more Cardiovascular disease [CVD] and stroke are the most common causes of death. Several studies have demonstrated that increased plasma level of total homocysteine is associated with premature onset of CVD and stroke. Arteriosclerosis, a disease of the large arteries, is one of the primary causes of heart disease and stroke. Increased homocysteine level have been associated with more advanced extracranial carotid artery arteriosclerosis, with decreased levels of vitamin B 12 and folic acid. In present study plasma total homocysteine, serum folic acid and serum vitamin B 12 in patients with arteriosclerosis were measured in total 150 patients and compared with the healthy control subjects [n=200]. The level of plasma total homocysteine was significantly higher [p<0.01] in patients with arteriosclerosis as compared to healthy controls. Whereas significant decrease in serum folic acid [p<0.01] and vitamin B 12 [p<0.01] was observed in patients with arteriosclerosis than normal healthy controls, the decrease in levels of vitamins may be due to dietary insufficiency, which corresponds with severity of tissue damage.
Alcoholism is a socio-behavioral problem with an increasingly detrimental impact on society. Alco... more Alcoholism is a socio-behavioral problem with an increasingly detrimental impact on society. Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity & mortality in lower socioeconomic strata. Ethanol causes liver damage through generation of lipid peroxidation by free radicals. The present case control study was designed which included 90 study subjects with clinically diagnosed alcoholic liver disease and 90 normal healthy controls. The study and control group were matched with age, sex & socioeconomic status. Serum analysis was done to estimate malondialdehyde (MDA), as a measure of oxidative stress, serum bilirubin and antioxidant vitamins E & C. Serum bilirubin and MDA levels were significantly (p<0.001) increased in the study group as compared to the normal healthy controls. The levels of vitamin E & vitamin C were found to be significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in the study group as compared to that of controls. Poor nutrition or malabsorption leads to deficiency of these vitamins. This may impair the anti-oxidative defense leading to ethanol induced oxidative stress and then to liver damage
Abstact Oxidant antioxidant balance is essential for the normal lung function. Both an increased ... more Abstact Oxidant antioxidant balance is essential for the normal lung function. Both an increased oxidants and/or decreased antioxidants may reverse the physiologic oxidant antioxidant balance in favour of oxidant leading to lung injury. The aim of present study was to examine the levels of vitamin E & C in children who were suffering from pneumonia. 40 pneumonia children and 40 controls matched with age were analyzed for the study. We observed that highly significant decrease in the concentrations of vitamin E & vitamin C was seen in children with pneumonia compared to controls (p<0.001) respectively. Also there was increased ratio of vitamin E & vitamin C in patients with pneumonia as compared to the controls.
In the present study age matched primary infertile females were compared with normal fertile fema... more In the present study age matched primary infertile females were compared with normal fertile females to assess thyroid status. Serum T 3 and T 4 levels were increased in patient group than fertile females which is highly significant (p<0.01), While the decrease in serum TSH level in the patient group is also highly significant (p<0.01). 52% patients were in euthyroid state which directs the clinician to assess other causes of infertility. Study also showed 30% hyperthyroid and 18% hypothyroid patients with infertility. This data indicates the association of thyroid dysfunction with infertility. Thyroid profile should be assessed to rule out infertility and the disorder is to be treated accordingly to revert back to fertility. This research also opens the route to rule out other endocrinal disorders associated with infertility.
The cross sectional study was performed to find out the incidence of β-Thalassemia trait in pregn... more The cross sectional study was performed to find out the incidence of β-Thalassemia trait in pregnant women of south western Maharashtra, EDTA anti-coagulated whole blood samples were collected for on-site Naked Eye Single Tube Red cell Osmotic Fragility Test (NESTROFT) testing. The screening of β thalassemia trait was done on NESTROFT with 0.36% freshly prepared saline, and β thalassemia trait status of all NESTROFT positive subjects was confirmed by quantitaion of Hb A 2 level, by microcolumn chromatography. Out of 1279 women the NESTROFT was positive for 213 subjects, and Hb A 2 level was more than 3.5% in 38 subjects, which is a determinant of β thalassemia trait. With a 3.1% rate of β thalassemia trait, this indicates need to study beta thalassemia carrier status in the child bearing group, as a primary step to prevent the birth of beta thalassemia major.
The early identification of some clinically significant hemoglobinopathies and precise differenti... more The early identification of some clinically significant hemoglobinopathies and precise differentiation of hemoglobin variants are important to provide early comprehensive medical care to prevent some serious complications, assess prognosis and offer genetic counseling. A prospective study of 500 infants from South Western Maharashtra showed that 0.4% (4 in 1000) of them had detectable levels of Hb Bart's (γ 4) in the neonatal period by using hemo-globin electrophoresis. The levels of Hb Bart's indicate that the newborns are heterozygous for α thalassemia (-α/αα).
Elevated plasma triglyceride and non-esterified
fatty acid concentrations may cause insulin resis... more Elevated plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations may cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a ratedetermining enzyme in lipid metabolism. A variant in the LPL gene has been identified which alters the penultimate amino acid Serine at 447 to a stop codon (S447X), and results in a truncated LPL molecule lacking the C-terminal dipeptide Ser–Gly. The present study was designed to evaluate the frequency of S447X variant in the LPL gene and its effect on the lipid and lipoprotein levels in type 2 diabetic subjects. The genotype frequency distributions of type 2 diabetes patients and controls were in Hardy– Weinberg equilibrium. Comparison of the genotype and allelic frequencies of S447X in subjects with type 2 diabetics compared to controls demonstrated no significant difference. In subjects with type 2 diabetics having hypertriglyceridemia (TG C 150 mg/dl) compared to diabetics with TG level \150 mg/dl, significant difference in genotype frequency was found among these groups, while allelic frequency of X was significantly differed. Logistic regression analysis showed the negative association of LPL S447X variant with TG and VLDL cholesterol, while no association with total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol was found. The lipid levels except for HDL cholesterol were found to be significantly lower in carriers for S447X than wild type in diabetes group. The decreased level of TG and TG rich lipoprotein in subjects with SNP S447X in LPL, predicts anti-atherogenic activity of carriers for S447X variant in general population as well as type 2 diabetic patients.
Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by proteinuria and is the leading cause of end-stage renal
... more Diabetic nephropathy is characterized by proteinuria and is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. A case control study was designed to determine the prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects. 50 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 50 normal healthy controls were screened for albumin and creatinine. The urinary albumin was calculated in terms of ratio with respect to urinary creatinine and expressed as albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g). Albumin/Creatinine ratio in controls was found to be 11.05 ± 4.52 mg/g. The mean ± SD of Albumin/Creatinine ratio in total 50 patients was 38.77 ± 23.13 mg/g. The value of urinary albumin between 30 and 300 mg/g of creatinine was considered to be positive for microalbuminuria. Out of total 50 diabetic subjects, 31 patients were found to have albumin excretion of more than 30 mg/g of creatinine in random morning samples and therefore positive for microalbuminuria. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects in this study was 62%. Use of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio in an untimed urinary sample should be recommended as the preferred screening strategy for all diabetic patients.
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Papers by Abdulrahaman A momin
heterogeneous condition, characterized by insulin deficiency
and/or insulin resistance. The etiology of type 2
diabetes is complex, with involvement of genetic and
environmental factors. The adipose tissue protein ‘adiponectin’
is known to increase insulin sensitivity with
decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The gene for
adiponectin is present on chromosome 3q27, the association
of number of single nucleotide polymorphisms of
adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes and its complications
have been reported. In the present study the two most
common SNPs +45T/G & +276G/T, and their association
with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular markers
were studied. The significant difference in genotype frequencies
of +45T/G & +276G/T was found in type 2
diabetic patients and controls, with odds ratio of 1.13 &
1.26 respectively. BMI, Fasting blood glucose, fasting
insulin, HOMA IR, triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol
levels were increased, and HDL cholesterol level was
decreased in patients carrier for +45T/G SNP than the wild
type. While only decrease in the HDL cholesterol was
reported in carriers for SNP +276G/T than the wild type.
The logistic regression analysis revealed the positive
association of SNP +45T/G with total cholesterol & LDL
cholesterol. And negative association of HDL cholesterol
was found with SNPs +45T/G and +276G/T. The haplotype
analysis shows the alterations in means of biochemical
markers in the patients having haplotype (GG) for mutant
allele of SNP +45T/G and wild allele for SNP +276G/T.
fatty acid concentrations may cause insulin resistance and
type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a ratedetermining
enzyme in lipid metabolism. A variant in the
LPL gene has been identified which alters the penultimate
amino acid Serine at 447 to a stop codon (S447X), and
results in a truncated LPL molecule lacking the C-terminal
dipeptide Ser–Gly. The present study was designed to
evaluate the frequency of S447X variant in the LPL gene
and its effect on the lipid and lipoprotein levels in type 2
diabetic subjects. The genotype frequency distributions of
type 2 diabetes patients and controls were in Hardy–
Weinberg equilibrium. Comparison of the genotype and
allelic frequencies of S447X in subjects with type 2 diabetics
compared to controls demonstrated no significant
difference. In subjects with type 2 diabetics having
hypertriglyceridemia (TG C 150 mg/dl) compared to diabetics
with TG level \150 mg/dl, significant difference in
genotype frequency was found among these groups, while
allelic frequency of X was significantly differed. Logistic
regression analysis showed the negative association of LPL
S447X variant with TG and VLDL cholesterol, while no
association with total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and
LDL cholesterol was found. The lipid levels except for
HDL cholesterol were found to be significantly lower in
carriers for S447X than wild type in diabetes group. The
decreased level of TG and TG rich lipoprotein in subjects
with SNP S447X in LPL, predicts anti-atherogenic activity
of carriers for S447X variant in general population as well
as type 2 diabetic patients.
disease worldwide. A case control study was designed to determine the prevalence of
microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects. 50 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 50 normal
healthy controls were screened for albumin and creatinine. The urinary albumin was calculated
in terms of ratio with respect to urinary creatinine and expressed as albumin/creatinine ratio
(mg/g). Albumin/Creatinine ratio in controls was found to be 11.05 ± 4.52 mg/g. The mean ± SD
of Albumin/Creatinine ratio in total 50 patients was 38.77 ± 23.13 mg/g. The value of urinary
albumin between 30 and 300 mg/g of creatinine was considered to be positive for
microalbuminuria. Out of total 50 diabetic subjects, 31 patients were found to have albumin
excretion of more than 30 mg/g of creatinine in random morning samples and therefore positive
for microalbuminuria. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects in this
study was 62%. Use of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio in an untimed urinary sample should be
recommended as the preferred screening strategy for all diabetic patients.
heterogeneous condition, characterized by insulin deficiency
and/or insulin resistance. The etiology of type 2
diabetes is complex, with involvement of genetic and
environmental factors. The adipose tissue protein ‘adiponectin’
is known to increase insulin sensitivity with
decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The gene for
adiponectin is present on chromosome 3q27, the association
of number of single nucleotide polymorphisms of
adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes and its complications
have been reported. In the present study the two most
common SNPs +45T/G & +276G/T, and their association
with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular markers
were studied. The significant difference in genotype frequencies
of +45T/G & +276G/T was found in type 2
diabetic patients and controls, with odds ratio of 1.13 &
1.26 respectively. BMI, Fasting blood glucose, fasting
insulin, HOMA IR, triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol
levels were increased, and HDL cholesterol level was
decreased in patients carrier for +45T/G SNP than the wild
type. While only decrease in the HDL cholesterol was
reported in carriers for SNP +276G/T than the wild type.
The logistic regression analysis revealed the positive
association of SNP +45T/G with total cholesterol & LDL
cholesterol. And negative association of HDL cholesterol
was found with SNPs +45T/G and +276G/T. The haplotype
analysis shows the alterations in means of biochemical
markers in the patients having haplotype (GG) for mutant
allele of SNP +45T/G and wild allele for SNP +276G/T.
fatty acid concentrations may cause insulin resistance and
type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a ratedetermining
enzyme in lipid metabolism. A variant in the
LPL gene has been identified which alters the penultimate
amino acid Serine at 447 to a stop codon (S447X), and
results in a truncated LPL molecule lacking the C-terminal
dipeptide Ser–Gly. The present study was designed to
evaluate the frequency of S447X variant in the LPL gene
and its effect on the lipid and lipoprotein levels in type 2
diabetic subjects. The genotype frequency distributions of
type 2 diabetes patients and controls were in Hardy–
Weinberg equilibrium. Comparison of the genotype and
allelic frequencies of S447X in subjects with type 2 diabetics
compared to controls demonstrated no significant
difference. In subjects with type 2 diabetics having
hypertriglyceridemia (TG C 150 mg/dl) compared to diabetics
with TG level \150 mg/dl, significant difference in
genotype frequency was found among these groups, while
allelic frequency of X was significantly differed. Logistic
regression analysis showed the negative association of LPL
S447X variant with TG and VLDL cholesterol, while no
association with total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and
LDL cholesterol was found. The lipid levels except for
HDL cholesterol were found to be significantly lower in
carriers for S447X than wild type in diabetes group. The
decreased level of TG and TG rich lipoprotein in subjects
with SNP S447X in LPL, predicts anti-atherogenic activity
of carriers for S447X variant in general population as well
as type 2 diabetic patients.
disease worldwide. A case control study was designed to determine the prevalence of
microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects. 50 subjects with type 2 diabetes and 50 normal
healthy controls were screened for albumin and creatinine. The urinary albumin was calculated
in terms of ratio with respect to urinary creatinine and expressed as albumin/creatinine ratio
(mg/g). Albumin/Creatinine ratio in controls was found to be 11.05 ± 4.52 mg/g. The mean ± SD
of Albumin/Creatinine ratio in total 50 patients was 38.77 ± 23.13 mg/g. The value of urinary
albumin between 30 and 300 mg/g of creatinine was considered to be positive for
microalbuminuria. Out of total 50 diabetic subjects, 31 patients were found to have albumin
excretion of more than 30 mg/g of creatinine in random morning samples and therefore positive
for microalbuminuria. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic subjects in this
study was 62%. Use of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio in an untimed urinary sample should be
recommended as the preferred screening strategy for all diabetic patients.