With the progress of nanoscience and its applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become o... more With the progress of nanoscience and its applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become one of the most interesting nanoparticles owing to their use in different fields. However, the excessive use of AgNPs and its products may cause toxicity in both the environment and in human health. The main goal of this research is to study the toxic and photochemical effects of AgNPs against Sarcophaga argyrostoma larvae through ultrastructure, morphological change, and DNA damage. Treating midgut epithelium with AgNPs led to many alterations in dark conditions, disintegrated epithelium, swollen cells, and shrunken nucleus. Organelles appeared in a loose manner and mitochondria were without cristae, endoplasmic reticulum had dark spots, and peritrophic membrane was loose in appearance. Fatty tissues were vacuolized and muscle fibers lacked normal striations and had many gaps and lysosomal bodies. In the light conditions, the epithelium appeared with detached cells and many vacuoles, organelles were ruptured with many gaps in between, and secretory vesicles were scattered. Peritrophic membrane disappeared. Muscles collapsed and vacuolized loosed fatty tissues were detected. On the other hand, control larvae epithelium appeared regularly distinct, with organelles intact and muscles had clear normal striations. Data showed that AgNPs caused ultrastructural and morphological changes of the external cuticle of the 4th instar larvae along with a significant effect on DNA damage that occurred after the larval treatment, reflecting the toxicity of AgNPs.
Greywacke is a very important ornamental stone that was widely used in ancient Egypt for various ... more Greywacke is a very important ornamental stone that was widely used in ancient Egypt for various purposes such as statues and sarcophaguses in addition to the rock-cut panels which suffered from the aggressive damage as the result of the physical-chemical and anthropogenic deterioration factors. The present study used the techniques of X Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope -energy dispersive X rays (SEM-EDX) and polarised microscope (PM) to identify the deterioration phenomena of weathered greywacke. Several chemical consolidates have been used for treatment of the greywacke rock art at Wadi-Hammamat site. The aim of this paper is evaluation the effectiveness of those consolidates after the cycles of artificial aging using the examination by scanning electron microscope. SEM technique reveals the assessment of the treated greywacke samples after artificial thermal aging and artificial salt weathering using sodium sulfate Na2SO4. From obtained results, it is found tha...
The magnetic nano particles (MNP's) presented in cobalt ferrite CoFe2O3 and magnetic nano wir... more The magnetic nano particles (MNP's) presented in cobalt ferrite CoFe2O3 and magnetic nano wires (MNW's) presented in spinel nickel zinc ferrite magnetic nanowires NiZnFe2O3 are popularly used in medicine field and in electronics. In present work they have been used in conservation field for consolidation of 2 models (one for application of MNP and other for MNW ) of an Egyptian fresco painting kept in Coptic museum. They are filling the gaps inside the structure and improve the way of penetration of the magnetic nano materials through surface. The two treated models were studied by Fourier transform infrared( FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Spectrophotometer to determine the visual properties, and morphological and physical properties of the treated two models. The effect of different morphology of magnetic nano wires and magnetic nano particles on the mechanical characteristics of treated models using means of mechanical tests was eval...
Cleaning artworks is a very difficult process as the usage of pure organic solvents increases the... more Cleaning artworks is a very difficult process as the usage of pure organic solvents increases the toxicity and environmental impact of the cleaning techniques. Magnetic gels are very promising materials for cleaning movable and immovable artwork surfaces. The synthesis of a well-known magnetic nanoparticle gel was initiated by esterifying polyethylene glycol with anhydride concurrently. The new magnetic gel, made by cross-linking magnetic nanoparticles of CoFe2O4 into a copolymer based network of 3-octadecyl -1-vinyl imidazolium bromide (C18VIBr) and N,N′-Methylenebis acrylamide, was used in cleaning Coptic fresco painting models. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope, polarized microscope and the Optical microscope were used to monitor the success of synthesis of the new gel with the magnetic nanoparticles in cleaning the artwork surfaces.
Cleaning mural paintings using microemulsions were applied by means of export poultice technique ... more Cleaning mural paintings using microemulsions were applied by means of export poultice technique (50:50) mixture of Arbocel BC 1000 and Arbocel BC 200 (type of pure cellulous fibers). The cleaning fluid is added to pure cellulose until the saturation of pulp is converted into compress which apply to the cleaned surface. In current study, three global successful microemulsions were chosen to be used in cleaning models of fresco paintings from the monastery of saint Jeremiah using three kinds of available local low cost pulps (paper pulps – cotton fiber – wood mulch (sawdust)) instead of the Arbocel. The results are supported by optical microscope, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra for the poultices after treatment to define the sol-ubilizing spots in the compresses after treatment. The paper pulp is the most successful compress as it con-tained the wax and glue spots with the three kinds of microemulsions compared to sawdust and cotton fiber.
In the present study, a comprehensive investigation has been undertaken into an Egyptian Coptic f... more In the present study, a comprehensive investigation has been undertaken into an Egyptian Coptic fresco with geometric decoration and the reasons for its damage. It dates back to the 6th century AD and was initially located in the Saint Apollo monastery south Egypt in Asyut, and currently it is found at the Cop-tic Museum, Cairo. The analytical instruments used for investigation were portable digital microscope, Fourier transforms infrared coupled with attenuated total reflectance FTIR-ATR, scanning electron mi-croscopy with EDX, X-ray diffraction and Optical microscope. The results indicated that the painting was executed in a true fresco technique, which prepared on mud brick support with ground consisting of gypsum with a small percentage of lime, hematite used as red color and carbon used as black color.
Nano technology produce new materials with new properties in compared with the known material (Bu... more Nano technology produce new materials with new properties in compared with the known material (Bulk) as the nano calcium hydroxide became to be the successful consolidation material as it converted into calcium carbonate which connected the insidious structure together. There is no doubt that nano materials have many advantages as they are pure and less weight, bright, without salts and impurities. Currently in this paper a comparison is made between natural Calcium carbonate, nano Calcium carbonate and the converted calcium hydroxide in to calcium carbonate (new born) regarding appearance, color, weight, porosity, absorption, the hardness of samples, the bursting strength to detect the advantages of the nano materials, and the major reason behind the great success of nano lime which converted in to calcium carbonate after application.
Paper-based photographic collections are an essential part of the Egyptian cultural heritage both... more Paper-based photographic collections are an essential part of the Egyptian cultural heritage both for their artistic and documentary value and as a record of the history of photography, as a technique as well as a form of artistic expression. Due to their significance, the interest in photographs is growing worldwide and institutions are making great efforts to increase access to photographic collection, as well as preserve originals for future generations. The threats to photographs are many. They are very sensitive to fluctuating temperatures and relative humidity, frequent handling, air pollution, light, and improper storage and display. Unlike other paper objects, photographs have special conservation requirements due to their complex and unique nature. A private collection was selected for this study. The collection consists of five black and white photographic prints documenting one of the most valuable structures of architectural heritage in the city of El-Mansoura. This pape...
Many mural paintings stored in museums suffer from the heavy loaded added gypsum layers to the ba... more Many mural paintings stored in museums suffer from the heavy loaded added gypsum layers to the background. Currently anew way will be used for support the back ground of mural painting using the nanocalcium hydroxide which added to the background of it. This nanomaterial is smoothly penetrate inside the mural painting structure then it combines with CO2 producing CaCO3 the original binder in all mural paintings especially fresco paintings, The mechanical characteristics were tested to determine the change in properties of the interior structure of the treated Coptic fresco painting
A major objective of all conservation treatments is to increase the physical and chemical stabili... more A major objective of all conservation treatments is to increase the physical and chemical stability of the objects being treated. Given that photographic gelatin emulsions are highly susceptible to different forms of damage such as flaking, cracking, and powdering, consolidation treatments often form an important part of the stabilization process. The application of nanomaterials is a new approach in photograph conservation, which will hopefully enable the control of the properties of traditional consolidants, thus improving their performance. In this study, gelatin nanoparticles and nanolayers were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering for testing on damaged gelatin emulsion. The nanolayers were prepared by a two-step desolvation method, in order to obtain gelatin nanoparticles, followed by a third step involving rapid solvent evaporation. The prepared particles were found to have a spherical shape with sizes varying from 33 to 216 nm and a mean size of 42 nm depending on the conditions of synthesis. This research showed that both pH and temperature are very effective on particle size. Further studies are being planned to evaluate the benefits and potential problems of in situ consolidation of damaged gelatin emulsion using gelatin nanolayer technique.
EMC 2008 14th European Microscopy Congress 1–5 September 2008, Aachen, Germany
The temple of Seti I in Abydos, a sacred city noted as the most venerated place in Egypt, was bui... more The temple of Seti I in Abydos, a sacred city noted as the most venerated place in Egypt, was built by the 19th dynasty (ca.1294-1279 BCE). The temple is famous for its remarkably unique design; it is in the shape of an “L” and its wall paintings are decorated with the most complete series of Kings and Gods in Egypt,
Particle Proton–Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) is one of the most sensitive analytical methods whi... more Particle Proton–Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) is one of the most sensitive analytical methods which can be used in the study of ancient mural paintings - especially pigments. It requires small samples or tiny fragments of the paint layer. It is a non-destructive technique and provides data on elemental concentrations. Analysis can be performed in vacuum or in air. The major advantage of this technique is the ability to analyze simultaneously both elements and trace elements present in the sample. Another advantage is the short data acquisition time. This research studies red, yellow, blue and green pigments used in the tomb of Ramesses III (N.11 - 1198 BC), the tomb of Tohthmous III- (N.34 - 1504 BC), both located at the Valley of the Kings Luxor, and also, Medinet Habu temple of Ramesses II (1198 -1166 BC) located at the West Bank of Luxor. The study was performed by using light Optical Microscope (LOM) and Particle Proton–Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE).
With the progress of nanoscience and its applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become o... more With the progress of nanoscience and its applications, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become one of the most interesting nanoparticles owing to their use in different fields. However, the excessive use of AgNPs and its products may cause toxicity in both the environment and in human health. The main goal of this research is to study the toxic and photochemical effects of AgNPs against Sarcophaga argyrostoma larvae through ultrastructure, morphological change, and DNA damage. Treating midgut epithelium with AgNPs led to many alterations in dark conditions, disintegrated epithelium, swollen cells, and shrunken nucleus. Organelles appeared in a loose manner and mitochondria were without cristae, endoplasmic reticulum had dark spots, and peritrophic membrane was loose in appearance. Fatty tissues were vacuolized and muscle fibers lacked normal striations and had many gaps and lysosomal bodies. In the light conditions, the epithelium appeared with detached cells and many vacuoles, organelles were ruptured with many gaps in between, and secretory vesicles were scattered. Peritrophic membrane disappeared. Muscles collapsed and vacuolized loosed fatty tissues were detected. On the other hand, control larvae epithelium appeared regularly distinct, with organelles intact and muscles had clear normal striations. Data showed that AgNPs caused ultrastructural and morphological changes of the external cuticle of the 4th instar larvae along with a significant effect on DNA damage that occurred after the larval treatment, reflecting the toxicity of AgNPs.
Greywacke is a very important ornamental stone that was widely used in ancient Egypt for various ... more Greywacke is a very important ornamental stone that was widely used in ancient Egypt for various purposes such as statues and sarcophaguses in addition to the rock-cut panels which suffered from the aggressive damage as the result of the physical-chemical and anthropogenic deterioration factors. The present study used the techniques of X Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope -energy dispersive X rays (SEM-EDX) and polarised microscope (PM) to identify the deterioration phenomena of weathered greywacke. Several chemical consolidates have been used for treatment of the greywacke rock art at Wadi-Hammamat site. The aim of this paper is evaluation the effectiveness of those consolidates after the cycles of artificial aging using the examination by scanning electron microscope. SEM technique reveals the assessment of the treated greywacke samples after artificial thermal aging and artificial salt weathering using sodium sulfate Na2SO4. From obtained results, it is found tha...
The magnetic nano particles (MNP's) presented in cobalt ferrite CoFe2O3 and magnetic nano wir... more The magnetic nano particles (MNP's) presented in cobalt ferrite CoFe2O3 and magnetic nano wires (MNW's) presented in spinel nickel zinc ferrite magnetic nanowires NiZnFe2O3 are popularly used in medicine field and in electronics. In present work they have been used in conservation field for consolidation of 2 models (one for application of MNP and other for MNW ) of an Egyptian fresco painting kept in Coptic museum. They are filling the gaps inside the structure and improve the way of penetration of the magnetic nano materials through surface. The two treated models were studied by Fourier transform infrared( FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Spectrophotometer to determine the visual properties, and morphological and physical properties of the treated two models. The effect of different morphology of magnetic nano wires and magnetic nano particles on the mechanical characteristics of treated models using means of mechanical tests was eval...
Cleaning artworks is a very difficult process as the usage of pure organic solvents increases the... more Cleaning artworks is a very difficult process as the usage of pure organic solvents increases the toxicity and environmental impact of the cleaning techniques. Magnetic gels are very promising materials for cleaning movable and immovable artwork surfaces. The synthesis of a well-known magnetic nanoparticle gel was initiated by esterifying polyethylene glycol with anhydride concurrently. The new magnetic gel, made by cross-linking magnetic nanoparticles of CoFe2O4 into a copolymer based network of 3-octadecyl -1-vinyl imidazolium bromide (C18VIBr) and N,N′-Methylenebis acrylamide, was used in cleaning Coptic fresco painting models. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope, polarized microscope and the Optical microscope were used to monitor the success of synthesis of the new gel with the magnetic nanoparticles in cleaning the artwork surfaces.
Cleaning mural paintings using microemulsions were applied by means of export poultice technique ... more Cleaning mural paintings using microemulsions were applied by means of export poultice technique (50:50) mixture of Arbocel BC 1000 and Arbocel BC 200 (type of pure cellulous fibers). The cleaning fluid is added to pure cellulose until the saturation of pulp is converted into compress which apply to the cleaned surface. In current study, three global successful microemulsions were chosen to be used in cleaning models of fresco paintings from the monastery of saint Jeremiah using three kinds of available local low cost pulps (paper pulps – cotton fiber – wood mulch (sawdust)) instead of the Arbocel. The results are supported by optical microscope, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra for the poultices after treatment to define the sol-ubilizing spots in the compresses after treatment. The paper pulp is the most successful compress as it con-tained the wax and glue spots with the three kinds of microemulsions compared to sawdust and cotton fiber.
In the present study, a comprehensive investigation has been undertaken into an Egyptian Coptic f... more In the present study, a comprehensive investigation has been undertaken into an Egyptian Coptic fresco with geometric decoration and the reasons for its damage. It dates back to the 6th century AD and was initially located in the Saint Apollo monastery south Egypt in Asyut, and currently it is found at the Cop-tic Museum, Cairo. The analytical instruments used for investigation were portable digital microscope, Fourier transforms infrared coupled with attenuated total reflectance FTIR-ATR, scanning electron mi-croscopy with EDX, X-ray diffraction and Optical microscope. The results indicated that the painting was executed in a true fresco technique, which prepared on mud brick support with ground consisting of gypsum with a small percentage of lime, hematite used as red color and carbon used as black color.
Nano technology produce new materials with new properties in compared with the known material (Bu... more Nano technology produce new materials with new properties in compared with the known material (Bulk) as the nano calcium hydroxide became to be the successful consolidation material as it converted into calcium carbonate which connected the insidious structure together. There is no doubt that nano materials have many advantages as they are pure and less weight, bright, without salts and impurities. Currently in this paper a comparison is made between natural Calcium carbonate, nano Calcium carbonate and the converted calcium hydroxide in to calcium carbonate (new born) regarding appearance, color, weight, porosity, absorption, the hardness of samples, the bursting strength to detect the advantages of the nano materials, and the major reason behind the great success of nano lime which converted in to calcium carbonate after application.
Paper-based photographic collections are an essential part of the Egyptian cultural heritage both... more Paper-based photographic collections are an essential part of the Egyptian cultural heritage both for their artistic and documentary value and as a record of the history of photography, as a technique as well as a form of artistic expression. Due to their significance, the interest in photographs is growing worldwide and institutions are making great efforts to increase access to photographic collection, as well as preserve originals for future generations. The threats to photographs are many. They are very sensitive to fluctuating temperatures and relative humidity, frequent handling, air pollution, light, and improper storage and display. Unlike other paper objects, photographs have special conservation requirements due to their complex and unique nature. A private collection was selected for this study. The collection consists of five black and white photographic prints documenting one of the most valuable structures of architectural heritage in the city of El-Mansoura. This pape...
Many mural paintings stored in museums suffer from the heavy loaded added gypsum layers to the ba... more Many mural paintings stored in museums suffer from the heavy loaded added gypsum layers to the background. Currently anew way will be used for support the back ground of mural painting using the nanocalcium hydroxide which added to the background of it. This nanomaterial is smoothly penetrate inside the mural painting structure then it combines with CO2 producing CaCO3 the original binder in all mural paintings especially fresco paintings, The mechanical characteristics were tested to determine the change in properties of the interior structure of the treated Coptic fresco painting
A major objective of all conservation treatments is to increase the physical and chemical stabili... more A major objective of all conservation treatments is to increase the physical and chemical stability of the objects being treated. Given that photographic gelatin emulsions are highly susceptible to different forms of damage such as flaking, cracking, and powdering, consolidation treatments often form an important part of the stabilization process. The application of nanomaterials is a new approach in photograph conservation, which will hopefully enable the control of the properties of traditional consolidants, thus improving their performance. In this study, gelatin nanoparticles and nanolayers were prepared and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering for testing on damaged gelatin emulsion. The nanolayers were prepared by a two-step desolvation method, in order to obtain gelatin nanoparticles, followed by a third step involving rapid solvent evaporation. The prepared particles were found to have a spherical shape with sizes varying from 33 to 216 nm and a mean size of 42 nm depending on the conditions of synthesis. This research showed that both pH and temperature are very effective on particle size. Further studies are being planned to evaluate the benefits and potential problems of in situ consolidation of damaged gelatin emulsion using gelatin nanolayer technique.
EMC 2008 14th European Microscopy Congress 1–5 September 2008, Aachen, Germany
The temple of Seti I in Abydos, a sacred city noted as the most venerated place in Egypt, was bui... more The temple of Seti I in Abydos, a sacred city noted as the most venerated place in Egypt, was built by the 19th dynasty (ca.1294-1279 BCE). The temple is famous for its remarkably unique design; it is in the shape of an “L” and its wall paintings are decorated with the most complete series of Kings and Gods in Egypt,
Particle Proton–Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) is one of the most sensitive analytical methods whi... more Particle Proton–Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) is one of the most sensitive analytical methods which can be used in the study of ancient mural paintings - especially pigments. It requires small samples or tiny fragments of the paint layer. It is a non-destructive technique and provides data on elemental concentrations. Analysis can be performed in vacuum or in air. The major advantage of this technique is the ability to analyze simultaneously both elements and trace elements present in the sample. Another advantage is the short data acquisition time. This research studies red, yellow, blue and green pigments used in the tomb of Ramesses III (N.11 - 1198 BC), the tomb of Tohthmous III- (N.34 - 1504 BC), both located at the Valley of the Kings Luxor, and also, Medinet Habu temple of Ramesses II (1198 -1166 BC) located at the West Bank of Luxor. The study was performed by using light Optical Microscope (LOM) and Particle Proton–Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE).
Encaustic painting uncovered in the hermitage of Apa Apollo at Baouit-Assuit, was studied by mean... more Encaustic painting uncovered in the hermitage of Apa Apollo at Baouit-Assuit, was studied by means of spectroscopic, chromatography as well as elemental x-ray fluorescence, the analysis revealed unique information's about the composition of the organic binding medium, as well as it deformation and alteration pattern. The elemental analysis highlights also the types of pigments used in the artistic palette used by the painter in order to execute his paintings. Beeswax was proved to be used, from bees which feed on sunflower, lead was the major component of the orange pigment indicating the usage of minium, arsenic sulphide mixed with hema-tite was used for the brownish red color, a copper based blue pigment, probably the Egyptian blue as well as the green earth mixed with Attachmate was also used for green colors. The results of the study gives a new information's about a unique paintings executed with a rare technique, in Egypt.
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Papers by prof.Mona F O U A D Ali