Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at ht... more Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/23/1-1-1/4 The 23rd International Grassland Congress (Sustainable use of Grassland Resources for Forage Production, Biodiversity and Environmental Protection) took place in New Delhi, India from November 20 through November 24, 2015. Proceedings Editors: M. M. Roy, D. R. Malaviya, V. K. Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, D. Vijay, and A. Radhakrishna Published by Range Management Society of India
There is an enormous stress on livelihood analysis of rural communities and their economies. Vill... more There is an enormous stress on livelihood analysis of rural communities and their economies. Village common property resources (CPRs) have played a substantial economic role for the sustenance in rural areas of the drylands. The CPRs of drylands of western Rajasthan shows a varied range of habitats due to strong functional disparities in topographic, geomorphological, climatic, edaphic and physiographic characteristics. The situation is aggravated due to severe biotic pressure on local ecosystem exists due to overgrazing and anthropogenic activities. There is an interplay between rural communities and their dependency for livelihood on the CPRs. It is a well-known fact that CPRs, more or less, act as a village ecosystem service provider in the life and economy of the rural communities of the drylands of India. The main objective of the present study is to make an evaluation of the role of CPRs as a village ecosystem, emphasizing its functioning as a service provider and the socio-ec...
Food Security and Land Use Change under conditions of climate variability, 2020
This chapter from the Springer book ‘Food Security and Land Use Change under conditions of climat... more This chapter from the Springer book ‘Food Security and Land Use Change under conditions of climate variability” reviews and clarifies the relationship between climate change and food security with special reference to livestock production, human nutrition and health. Micronutrient deficiency remains a serious problem in Indonesia with approximately 100 million people, or 40% of the population, suffering from one or more micronutrient deficiencies. In rural areas with poor market access, forests and trees may provide an essential source of nutritious food. Issues canvassed here include: (i) impact and implications of population growth at the regional and global level (ii) nutrition and nutrient (including vitamin) deficiency and stunting of growth in young humans (iii) Role of smallholders in providing subsistence/survival rations and (iv) the significance of livestock (ruminant and non-ruminant) and unconventional food sources (amphibians, rodents, reptiles, insects etc) in providin...
The annual aggregate spatially normal rainfall is extremely variable and most erratic in the west... more The annual aggregate spatially normal rainfall is extremely variable and most erratic in the western arid region of Rajasthan state. As a result, it frequently experiences spells of drought. Surface water resources are also meagre and distributed unevenly. Drought is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and its direct impacts include like withering of crops, drying of watering points, reduction in fodder for livestock, etc. Such crisis eventually compels Rebari pastoralists to migrate to other places and regions as a coping mechanism against the scarcity of fodder and water in the arid zone of Rajasthan. The scarcity of fodder at any time is a function of stocking rate and carrying capacity of the system at that time, which is affected mainly by the amount of precipitation and livestock population. This has been covered through analysing migration routes and determinants by using the data collected from the ATS plus GPS Collars. It has been found that biomass density changed following grazing across gradients and ground cover. Also, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was 5-10% lower inside the grazing area than outside the grazing area.
Satellite-based technique of global positioning systems (GPS) is useful for tracking long-distanc... more Satellite-based technique of global positioning systems (GPS) is useful for tracking long-distance livestock movement across the grazing routes md to study the specific needs of livestock herders. There are two kinds of GPS tracking systems: live md real-time tracking, and passive tracking. Real-time GPS tracking is used to keep an eye on livestock and it has the ability to monitor spatial movements and spatial activities. Such GPS devices provide information for multiple benefits i.e, movements of livestock throughout the landscape, grazing and watering patterns, and areas where the livestock deplete nutrients in the soil. Passive GPS tracking systems are able to record information on livestock mobility md identify key areas activity utilized by livestock- In the present study, Clark Animal Tracking System (Clark ATS plus) was deployed to study the migration pattern of livestock (cattle, sheep and goat) of Western Rajasthan, which records data at hourly intervals and position (lati...
Poverty and land degradation are major problems in majority of world dry lands, where meagre vege... more Poverty and land degradation are major problems in majority of world dry lands, where meagre vegetative coverage (of forests and trees) contribute significantly to rural livelihoods. In order to eradicate poverty in the dry lands, it is important to protect the land from deforestation, fragmentation, degradation, drought and sometimes flash floods. Satellite remote sensing is a critical need for India - for spatial and temporal inter-linking of poverty and land degradation nexus and its prioritization. Remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) is often used to generate and apply knowledge in the complex local context. Connecting natural resources and ecosystem services with attributes of poverty is amenable through Remote Sensing and GIS. Such linkages in a typical local context are important to recognize while building rural assets and natural resources conservation leading to poverty alleviation. A large proportion of the poor in the Rajasthan state live in resource...
A policy goal of many governments around the world is to increase the efficiency with which they ... more A policy goal of many governments around the world is to increase the efficiency with which they deliver services such as water, electricity, transportation and communication to the public. A wide variety of methods can be used to accomplish this goal, and it useful to categorize and distinguish some of these methods. To privatize an organization or an asset is to turn its ownership or control over from the public, or the government sector, to the private sector. To commercialize an organization or an asset is to operate it more along the lines of a business than a bureaucracy. This means that profitability and efficiency in the operation of the organization or asset assumes greater importance. (Bakker, 2003) This also means letting "the market" aggregate supply and demand and determine the prices. Privatized entities are usually commercialized as well, but it is possible to commercialize something without privatizing it. Most private sector involvement in water distributi...
Livestock rearing is an important pathway out of poverty for both pastoralist communities and mix... more Livestock rearing is an important pathway out of poverty for both pastoralist communities and mixed crop-livestock farmers in drylands. Pastoral enterprises make an important contribution to the state, as well as to the national economy, despite their location in the most drought-prone part of India Livestock keepers move their animals in search of better forage and water resources during scarcity periods. Thus livestock mobility allows pastoralists to maintain their flocks and lead productive lives. The objective of this study was to analyze the existing and emerging trends with respect to livestock mobility, issues of animal management and problems faced during migration. A stratified random sampling method was used for household surveys. The results revealed that the main community rearing livestock in western Rajasthan was the Raika The flock/herd size varied from 42 to 250 small ruminants and 35 to 220 cattle. Three kinds of livestock migration were prevalent in the study areas: 1) local/temporary 2) semi-migration in large size flocks and 3) permanent migration where animals are permanently moved from the home tract to other districts or states. It is important to understand livestock migration within the context of the larger agricultural, environmental, and sociological systems so that rational policies can be formulated and implemented
Satellite-based technique of global positioning systems (GPS) is useful for tracking long-distanc... more Satellite-based technique of global positioning systems (GPS) is useful for tracking long-distance livestock movement across the grazing routes and to study the specific needs of livestock herders. There are two kinds of GPS tracking systems: live and real-time tracking, and passive tracking. Real-time GPS tracking is used to keep an eye on livestock and it has the ability to monitor spatial movements and spatial activities. Such GPS devices provide information for multiple benefits i.e., movements of livestock throughout the landscape, grazing and watering patterns, and areas where the livestock deplete nutrients in the soil. Passive GPS tracking systems are able to record information on livestock mobility and identify key areas actively utilized by livestock. In the present study, Clark Animal Tracking System (Clark ATS Plus) was deployed to study the migration pattern of livestock (cattle, sheep and goat) of Western Rajasthan, which records data at hourly intervals and position (latitude and longitude), date, time, fix quality, and animal velocity on secure digital cards in the collar. Present paper discusses the use of satellite tracking in studying animal migration by elucidating migration routes, stopover sites, average speeds, and total migration time and distance for formulating appropriate range management strategies.
Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at ht... more Part of the Plant Sciences Commons, and the Soil Science Commons This document is available at https://uknowledge.uky.edu/igc/23/1-1-1/4 The 23rd International Grassland Congress (Sustainable use of Grassland Resources for Forage Production, Biodiversity and Environmental Protection) took place in New Delhi, India from November 20 through November 24, 2015. Proceedings Editors: M. M. Roy, D. R. Malaviya, V. K. Yadav, Tejveer Singh, R. P. Sah, D. Vijay, and A. Radhakrishna Published by Range Management Society of India
There is an enormous stress on livelihood analysis of rural communities and their economies. Vill... more There is an enormous stress on livelihood analysis of rural communities and their economies. Village common property resources (CPRs) have played a substantial economic role for the sustenance in rural areas of the drylands. The CPRs of drylands of western Rajasthan shows a varied range of habitats due to strong functional disparities in topographic, geomorphological, climatic, edaphic and physiographic characteristics. The situation is aggravated due to severe biotic pressure on local ecosystem exists due to overgrazing and anthropogenic activities. There is an interplay between rural communities and their dependency for livelihood on the CPRs. It is a well-known fact that CPRs, more or less, act as a village ecosystem service provider in the life and economy of the rural communities of the drylands of India. The main objective of the present study is to make an evaluation of the role of CPRs as a village ecosystem, emphasizing its functioning as a service provider and the socio-ec...
Food Security and Land Use Change under conditions of climate variability, 2020
This chapter from the Springer book ‘Food Security and Land Use Change under conditions of climat... more This chapter from the Springer book ‘Food Security and Land Use Change under conditions of climate variability” reviews and clarifies the relationship between climate change and food security with special reference to livestock production, human nutrition and health. Micronutrient deficiency remains a serious problem in Indonesia with approximately 100 million people, or 40% of the population, suffering from one or more micronutrient deficiencies. In rural areas with poor market access, forests and trees may provide an essential source of nutritious food. Issues canvassed here include: (i) impact and implications of population growth at the regional and global level (ii) nutrition and nutrient (including vitamin) deficiency and stunting of growth in young humans (iii) Role of smallholders in providing subsistence/survival rations and (iv) the significance of livestock (ruminant and non-ruminant) and unconventional food sources (amphibians, rodents, reptiles, insects etc) in providin...
The annual aggregate spatially normal rainfall is extremely variable and most erratic in the west... more The annual aggregate spatially normal rainfall is extremely variable and most erratic in the western arid region of Rajasthan state. As a result, it frequently experiences spells of drought. Surface water resources are also meagre and distributed unevenly. Drought is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and its direct impacts include like withering of crops, drying of watering points, reduction in fodder for livestock, etc. Such crisis eventually compels Rebari pastoralists to migrate to other places and regions as a coping mechanism against the scarcity of fodder and water in the arid zone of Rajasthan. The scarcity of fodder at any time is a function of stocking rate and carrying capacity of the system at that time, which is affected mainly by the amount of precipitation and livestock population. This has been covered through analysing migration routes and determinants by using the data collected from the ATS plus GPS Collars. It has been found that biomass density changed following grazing across gradients and ground cover. Also, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was 5-10% lower inside the grazing area than outside the grazing area.
Satellite-based technique of global positioning systems (GPS) is useful for tracking long-distanc... more Satellite-based technique of global positioning systems (GPS) is useful for tracking long-distance livestock movement across the grazing routes md to study the specific needs of livestock herders. There are two kinds of GPS tracking systems: live md real-time tracking, and passive tracking. Real-time GPS tracking is used to keep an eye on livestock and it has the ability to monitor spatial movements and spatial activities. Such GPS devices provide information for multiple benefits i.e, movements of livestock throughout the landscape, grazing and watering patterns, and areas where the livestock deplete nutrients in the soil. Passive GPS tracking systems are able to record information on livestock mobility md identify key areas activity utilized by livestock- In the present study, Clark Animal Tracking System (Clark ATS plus) was deployed to study the migration pattern of livestock (cattle, sheep and goat) of Western Rajasthan, which records data at hourly intervals and position (lati...
Poverty and land degradation are major problems in majority of world dry lands, where meagre vege... more Poverty and land degradation are major problems in majority of world dry lands, where meagre vegetative coverage (of forests and trees) contribute significantly to rural livelihoods. In order to eradicate poverty in the dry lands, it is important to protect the land from deforestation, fragmentation, degradation, drought and sometimes flash floods. Satellite remote sensing is a critical need for India - for spatial and temporal inter-linking of poverty and land degradation nexus and its prioritization. Remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) is often used to generate and apply knowledge in the complex local context. Connecting natural resources and ecosystem services with attributes of poverty is amenable through Remote Sensing and GIS. Such linkages in a typical local context are important to recognize while building rural assets and natural resources conservation leading to poverty alleviation. A large proportion of the poor in the Rajasthan state live in resource...
A policy goal of many governments around the world is to increase the efficiency with which they ... more A policy goal of many governments around the world is to increase the efficiency with which they deliver services such as water, electricity, transportation and communication to the public. A wide variety of methods can be used to accomplish this goal, and it useful to categorize and distinguish some of these methods. To privatize an organization or an asset is to turn its ownership or control over from the public, or the government sector, to the private sector. To commercialize an organization or an asset is to operate it more along the lines of a business than a bureaucracy. This means that profitability and efficiency in the operation of the organization or asset assumes greater importance. (Bakker, 2003) This also means letting "the market" aggregate supply and demand and determine the prices. Privatized entities are usually commercialized as well, but it is possible to commercialize something without privatizing it. Most private sector involvement in water distributi...
Livestock rearing is an important pathway out of poverty for both pastoralist communities and mix... more Livestock rearing is an important pathway out of poverty for both pastoralist communities and mixed crop-livestock farmers in drylands. Pastoral enterprises make an important contribution to the state, as well as to the national economy, despite their location in the most drought-prone part of India Livestock keepers move their animals in search of better forage and water resources during scarcity periods. Thus livestock mobility allows pastoralists to maintain their flocks and lead productive lives. The objective of this study was to analyze the existing and emerging trends with respect to livestock mobility, issues of animal management and problems faced during migration. A stratified random sampling method was used for household surveys. The results revealed that the main community rearing livestock in western Rajasthan was the Raika The flock/herd size varied from 42 to 250 small ruminants and 35 to 220 cattle. Three kinds of livestock migration were prevalent in the study areas: 1) local/temporary 2) semi-migration in large size flocks and 3) permanent migration where animals are permanently moved from the home tract to other districts or states. It is important to understand livestock migration within the context of the larger agricultural, environmental, and sociological systems so that rational policies can be formulated and implemented
Satellite-based technique of global positioning systems (GPS) is useful for tracking long-distanc... more Satellite-based technique of global positioning systems (GPS) is useful for tracking long-distance livestock movement across the grazing routes and to study the specific needs of livestock herders. There are two kinds of GPS tracking systems: live and real-time tracking, and passive tracking. Real-time GPS tracking is used to keep an eye on livestock and it has the ability to monitor spatial movements and spatial activities. Such GPS devices provide information for multiple benefits i.e., movements of livestock throughout the landscape, grazing and watering patterns, and areas where the livestock deplete nutrients in the soil. Passive GPS tracking systems are able to record information on livestock mobility and identify key areas actively utilized by livestock. In the present study, Clark Animal Tracking System (Clark ATS Plus) was deployed to study the migration pattern of livestock (cattle, sheep and goat) of Western Rajasthan, which records data at hourly intervals and position (latitude and longitude), date, time, fix quality, and animal velocity on secure digital cards in the collar. Present paper discusses the use of satellite tracking in studying animal migration by elucidating migration routes, stopover sites, average speeds, and total migration time and distance for formulating appropriate range management strategies.
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