Drought is one of the most prevalent limiting factors causing considerable losses in crop product... more Drought is one of the most prevalent limiting factors causing considerable losses in crop productivity, inflicting economic as well as nutritional insecurity. One of the greatest challenges faced by the scientific community in the next few years is to minimize the yield losses caused by drought. Drought resistance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes. Thus, introgression of drought resistance traits into high yielding genotypes has been a challenge to plant breeders. Vegetable grafting using rootstocks has emerged as a rapid tool in tailoring plants to better adapt to suboptimal growing conditions. This has induced changes in shoot physiology. Grafting applications have expanded mainly in Solanaceous crops and cucurbits, which are commonly grown in arid and semi-arid areas characterized by long drought periods. The current review gives an overview of the recent scientific literature on root-shoot interaction and rootstock-driven alteration of growth, yield, and fruit quality in grafted vegetable plants under drought stress. Further, we elucidate the drought resistance mechanisms of grafted vegetables at the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels.
Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in ... more Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land. This technology was introduced to Europe and other countries in the late 20th century along with improved grafting methods suitable for commercial production of grafted vegetable seedlings. Tomato grafting is becoming a well-developed practice worldwide with many horticultural advantages. The primary motivation for grafting tomato has been to prevent the damage caused by soilborne pathogens under intensive production system. However, recent reports suggest that grafting onto suitable rootstocks can also alleviate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses such as salinity, water, temperature, and heavy metals besides enhancing the efficiency of water and nutrient use of tomato plants. This review gives an overview of the scientific literatures on the various aspects of tomato grafting including important steps of grafting, grafting methods, scion–rootstock interaction, and rootstock-derived changes in vegetative growth, fruit yield, and quality in grafted plants under different growing conditions. This review also highlights the economic significance of grafted tomato cultivation and offers discussion on the future thrust and technical issues that need to be addressed for the effective adoption of grafting.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of long-term cadmium (Cd) exposu... more A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of long-term cadmium (Cd) exposure (0, 25, or 50 mM of Cd) on crop productivity, fruit quality, leaf chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and mineral composition in plants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ikram), either nongrafted, self-grafted, or grafted onto rootstocks of tomato (Maxifort or Unifort) and eggplant (Black Beauty). Both moderate (25 mM) and high (50 mM) concentration of Cd in root environment considerably decreased the fruit yield and fruit number in response to Cd levels, whereas mean fruit weight decreased but was similar to both Cd supply levels. The fruit yield, shoot and root biomass, and leaf area (LA) were higher in plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks and especially onto Maxifort in comparison with nongrafted or self-grafted plants and especially grafted onto Black Beauty. The higher plant performance of tomato rootstock–grafted plants were related to higher chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments concentration in leaves associated with better nutrient translocation and availability (higher Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu) in leaves. The content of Cd was also lower in leaves and fruits of Maxifort-grafted plants. Concerning fruit quality, especially peel color, toxicity symptoms, and Cd concentration, Black Beauty followed by Maxifort-grafted plants were better than the other grafting combinations. However, plants grafted onto Black Beauty rootstock resulted in lowest fruit yield and plant growth attributes due to lower nutrient uptake and translocation indicating some incompatibility reaction between Black Beauty rootstock and Ikram scion.
Physiological, biochemical, metabolite changes, and gene expression analysis of greenhouse tomato... more Physiological, biochemical, metabolite changes, and gene expression analysis of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were investigated in two grafting combinations (self-grafted 'Ikram' and 'Ikram' grafted onto interspecific hybrid rootstock 'Maxifort'), with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), exposed to 0 and 25 μM Cd. Tomato plants responded to moderate Cadmium (Cd) concentration by decreasing yield and crop growth parameters due to the accumulation of Cd in leaf tissue, inhibition of the PS II activity, reduced nutrients translocation, and also to the oxidative stress as evidenced by enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) generation, ion leakage, and lipid peroxidation. AM inoculation significantly enhanced the metal concentration in shoots and reduced growth and yield. The Ikram/Maxifort combination induced higher antioxidant enzymes, higher accumulation of proline and reduction of lipid peroxidation products. This suggests that the use of Maxifort rootstock in tomato has a high reactive oxygen species scavenging activity since lower H 2 O 2 concentrations were observed in the presence of Cd. The higher crop performance of Ikram/Maxifort in comparison to Ikram/Ikram combination was also due to the improved nutritional status (higher P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and increased availability of metabolites involved in cadmium tolerance (phytochelatin PC2, fructans, and inulins). The up-regulation of LeNRAMP3 gene in leaf of Ikram/Maxifort could explain the better nutritional status of interspecific grafting combination (higher Fe, Mn, and Zn).
Soil contamination by heavy metals negatively affects crop productivity, besides representing ser... more Soil contamination by heavy metals negatively affects crop productivity, besides representing serious threat to human health. Grafting tomato onto appropriate rootstocks may raise Ni tolerance through limiting heavy metal uptake by roots and/or its translocation to the shoot and by detoxification. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of long-term Ni exposure (0, 25, or 50 µM) on crop productivity, fruit quality, leaf chlorophyll content, fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities in leaf, proline content, membrane lipid peroxidation, and mineral composition of tomato plants cv. Ikram, either self-grafted or grafted onto three rootstocks: Black Beauty, Unifort, and Maxifort. Significant reduction in yield was observed in response to an increase in Ni concentration with more detrimental effects at 50 µM Ni. The fruit dry matter and total soluble solids content increased under severe Ni stress. The depression of crop performance under Ni toxicity was attributed to a decrease in leaf pigments (SPAD index), efficiency of PSII, macro- and microelements, and increase in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks Maxifort and Unifort exhibited higher chlorophyll content, photochemical activity of PSII, antioxidant activity of APX and GPX, lower accumulation of MDA, and a better nutritional status (higher Ca and Fe, and lower Ni) in the leaf tissues in comparison with self-grafted plants and those grafted onto Black Beauty. Plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks Unifort and especially Maxifort could minimize the nickel toxicity by improving nutritional status and detoxification processes.
hysiological, biochemical, metabolite changes, and gene expression analysis of greenhouse tomato ... more hysiological, biochemical, metabolite changes, and gene expression analysis of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were investigated in two grafting combinations (self-grafted ‘Ikram’ and ‘Ikram’ grafted onto interspecific hybrid rootstock ‘Maxifort’), with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), exposed to 0 and 25 μM Cd. Tomato plants responded to moderate Cadmium (Cd) concentration by decreasing yield and crop growth parameters due to the accumulation of Cd in leaf tissue, inhibition of the PS II activity, reduced nutrients translocation, and also to the oxidative stress as evidenced by enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, ion leakage, and lipid peroxidation. AM inoculation significantly enhanced the metal concentration in shoots and reduced growth and yield. The Ikram/Maxifort combination induced higher antioxidant enzymes, higher accumulation of proline and reduction of lipid peroxidation products. This suggests that the use of Maxifort rootstock in tomato has a high reactive oxygen species scavenging activity since lower H2O2 concentrations were observed in the presence of Cd. The higher crop performance of Ikram/Maxifort in comparison to Ikram/Ikram combination was also due to the improved nutritional status (higher P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and increased availability of metabolites involved in cadmium tolerance (phytochelatin PC2, fructans, and inulins). The up-regulation of LeNRAMP3 gene in leaf of Ikram/Maxifort could explain the better nutritional status of interspecific grafting combination (higher Fe, Mn, and Zn).
Ber is one of the most important fruit crops in arid areas. Though it is drought resistant, its f... more Ber is one of the most important fruit crops in arid areas. Though it is drought resistant, its fruit yield is not satisfactory under extreme rainfed conditions. The studies were therefore, conducted to determine the frequency of supplemental irrigation and efficacy of mulching with black polythene and date palm leaves in conserving the moisture and its impact on fruit yield and quality of ber cv. Gola. The treatments comprised of four irrigation intervals (no irrigation, 60, 90 and 120 CPE) and three mulching materials (no mulch, black polythene and date palm leaf) with a total of 12 combinations. It emerged that supplementary irrigation at 60 or 90 CPE from September to November with mulching (black polythene or date palm leaves) significantly enhanced fruit yield by 21.8-43.88% over control. It was concluded that supplementary irrigation at 90 CPE from September to November along with mulching with leaves if available, can be adopted to enhance yield and quality of be
tPlant-derived protein hydrolysates represent new biostimulant products able to improve crop tole... more tPlant-derived protein hydrolysates represent new biostimulant products able to improve crop toler-ance to abiotic stresses. The aim of the study was to determine growth, root morphology, SPAD index,chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf mineral composition, and metabolic profiling of greenhouse lettuce eitheruntreated or treated (root or leaf-root application) with a plant-derived protein hydrolysate. For foliarapplication, plants were sprayed with a solution containing 2.5 ml L−1of biostimulant, whereas for rootapplication, 100 mL of solution with the same concentration was applied to the growing medium atweekly intervals. Lettuce plants were supplied with two nutrient solutions: non-salt control (1 mM NaCl)or 25 mM NaCl. Salt stress decreased shoot and root dry biomass, SPAD index, chlorophyll fluorescence,leaf mineral composition and increased foliar proline concentration. Root and leaf-root application ofthe biostimulant increased fresh yield, dry biomass and root dry weight of lettuce under salinity con-ditions. This was associated with an improvement of plant nitrogen metabolism and an increase of theFv/Fm-ratio efficiency in biostimulant-treated plants. Oxidative stress mitigation, increase in osmolytes,changes in sterols and terpenes composition, as well as the less expected increase in glucosinolates werealso observed in biostimulant-treated plants grown under saline conditions. The present study provesthat the application of plant-derived protein hydrolysate increases plant performance when plants aregrown under salinity conditions. The most favorable metabolic profile was obtained when biostimulantwas applied to both roots and leaves.
A study was conducted to evaluate high yielding gonda selections on three rootstocks, viz. large ... more A study was conducted to evaluate high yielding gonda selections on three rootstocks, viz. large fruited gonda, small fruited gonda and goondi. The genotype CAZRI-G-2025 showed vigorous growth compared to others on all the three rootstocks. Goondi rootstock showed dwarfing effect with more lateral spread resulting in increased canopy area. The higher scion/stock ratio on goondi rootstock resulted in inverted bottleneck symptom at bud union compared to scion:stock ratio close to one on other two rootstocks. The mean fruit yield of gonda was higher on small fruited gonda compared to its own seedling rootstock irrespective of genotypes. The mean fruit yield over the years was highest in genotype G-2025 followed by G-2012 and G-2011 irrespective of rootstocks. Significantly higher fruit yield was recorded in genotype G-2025 as compared to other two genotypes. Contrary to other characters fruit yield showed decline in all the three genotypes when budded on goondi during 2010 to 2012, while it exhibited progressive increase on the other two rootstocks.
Field experiments were conducted at CAZRI, Jodhpur during rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-2010 t... more Field experiments were conducted at CAZRI, Jodhpur during rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-2010 to study the effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on carrot grown under irrigated conditions. Experiments were laid out in a RBD with eight treatments in three replications. Treatments comprising of 75% NPK through fertilizers + 25% N through VC (T4) or compost (T5), though were at par with 100% NPK through fertilizers (T1) exhibited slightly higher values for root yield and its attributes and was vice versa for green top yield. Carrot quality attributes such as reducing sugar, total sugars and ascorbic acid content significantly increased with the higher level of N substitution (i.e., for 100 and 75%) through compost or VC. Soil quality indicators such as soil pH, organic C, penetration resistance and FC moisture responded significantly better to organic manures at 100 or 75% N substitution as compared to solely inorganic fertilizers.
Cordia myxa L. locally known as Gonda,
Lasora or lehsua belongs to family Boraginaceae. It
grows ... more Cordia myxa L. locally known as Gonda, Lasora or lehsua belongs to family Boraginaceae. It grows throughout India except in high hills and temperate climates. This is a perennial, medium sized tree with crooked stem. It bears small sized fruits in bunches, used as traditional vegetable and pickles. Besides, it has number of other uses including medicine, fuel wood and ornamental wood work. Due to its drought tolerance ability, it is abundantly found in arid and semi arid regions of North and North West India. Its cultivation as planned orchards is limited and only scanty information about various aspects of the species is available. This paper therefore, deals with synthesised information on its distribution, taxonomy, traditional knowledge and experimental findings on diversity, propagation, improvement and utilization. The information on production and consumption may open new vistas in dietary supplement, thus opening a new window of commercial opportunity in arid and semi arid regions of India and isoclimatic regions of the world.
Drought is one of the most prevalent limiting factors causing considerable losses in crop product... more Drought is one of the most prevalent limiting factors causing considerable losses in crop productivity, inflicting economic as well as nutritional insecurity. One of the greatest challenges faced by the scientific community in the next few years is to minimize the yield losses caused by drought. Drought resistance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes. Thus, introgression of drought resistance traits into high yielding genotypes has been a challenge to plant breeders. Vegetable grafting using rootstocks has emerged as a rapid tool in tailoring plants to better adapt to suboptimal growing conditions. This has induced changes in shoot physiology. Grafting applications have expanded mainly in Solanaceous crops and cucurbits, which are commonly grown in arid and semi-arid areas characterized by long drought periods. The current review gives an overview of the recent scientific literature on root-shoot interaction and rootstock-driven alteration of growth, yield, and fruit quality in grafted vegetable plants under drought stress. Further, we elucidate the drought resistance mechanisms of grafted vegetables at the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels.
Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in ... more Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land. This technology was introduced to Europe and other countries in the late 20th century along with improved grafting methods suitable for commercial production of grafted vegetable seedlings. Tomato grafting is becoming a well-developed practice worldwide with many horticultural advantages. The primary motivation for grafting tomato has been to prevent the damage caused by soilborne pathogens under intensive production system. However, recent reports suggest that grafting onto suitable rootstocks can also alleviate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses such as salinity, water, temperature, and heavy metals besides enhancing the efficiency of water and nutrient use of tomato plants. This review gives an overview of the scientific literatures on the various aspects of tomato grafting including important steps of grafting, grafting methods, scion–rootstock interaction, and rootstock-derived changes in vegetative growth, fruit yield, and quality in grafted plants under different growing conditions. This review also highlights the economic significance of grafted tomato cultivation and offers discussion on the future thrust and technical issues that need to be addressed for the effective adoption of grafting.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of long-term cadmium (Cd) exposu... more A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of long-term cadmium (Cd) exposure (0, 25, or 50 mM of Cd) on crop productivity, fruit quality, leaf chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and mineral composition in plants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Ikram), either nongrafted, self-grafted, or grafted onto rootstocks of tomato (Maxifort or Unifort) and eggplant (Black Beauty). Both moderate (25 mM) and high (50 mM) concentration of Cd in root environment considerably decreased the fruit yield and fruit number in response to Cd levels, whereas mean fruit weight decreased but was similar to both Cd supply levels. The fruit yield, shoot and root biomass, and leaf area (LA) were higher in plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks and especially onto Maxifort in comparison with nongrafted or self-grafted plants and especially grafted onto Black Beauty. The higher plant performance of tomato rootstock–grafted plants were related to higher chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments concentration in leaves associated with better nutrient translocation and availability (higher Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu) in leaves. The content of Cd was also lower in leaves and fruits of Maxifort-grafted plants. Concerning fruit quality, especially peel color, toxicity symptoms, and Cd concentration, Black Beauty followed by Maxifort-grafted plants were better than the other grafting combinations. However, plants grafted onto Black Beauty rootstock resulted in lowest fruit yield and plant growth attributes due to lower nutrient uptake and translocation indicating some incompatibility reaction between Black Beauty rootstock and Ikram scion.
Physiological, biochemical, metabolite changes, and gene expression analysis of greenhouse tomato... more Physiological, biochemical, metabolite changes, and gene expression analysis of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were investigated in two grafting combinations (self-grafted 'Ikram' and 'Ikram' grafted onto interspecific hybrid rootstock 'Maxifort'), with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), exposed to 0 and 25 μM Cd. Tomato plants responded to moderate Cadmium (Cd) concentration by decreasing yield and crop growth parameters due to the accumulation of Cd in leaf tissue, inhibition of the PS II activity, reduced nutrients translocation, and also to the oxidative stress as evidenced by enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) generation, ion leakage, and lipid peroxidation. AM inoculation significantly enhanced the metal concentration in shoots and reduced growth and yield. The Ikram/Maxifort combination induced higher antioxidant enzymes, higher accumulation of proline and reduction of lipid peroxidation products. This suggests that the use of Maxifort rootstock in tomato has a high reactive oxygen species scavenging activity since lower H 2 O 2 concentrations were observed in the presence of Cd. The higher crop performance of Ikram/Maxifort in comparison to Ikram/Ikram combination was also due to the improved nutritional status (higher P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and increased availability of metabolites involved in cadmium tolerance (phytochelatin PC2, fructans, and inulins). The up-regulation of LeNRAMP3 gene in leaf of Ikram/Maxifort could explain the better nutritional status of interspecific grafting combination (higher Fe, Mn, and Zn).
Soil contamination by heavy metals negatively affects crop productivity, besides representing ser... more Soil contamination by heavy metals negatively affects crop productivity, besides representing serious threat to human health. Grafting tomato onto appropriate rootstocks may raise Ni tolerance through limiting heavy metal uptake by roots and/or its translocation to the shoot and by detoxification. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of long-term Ni exposure (0, 25, or 50 µM) on crop productivity, fruit quality, leaf chlorophyll content, fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities in leaf, proline content, membrane lipid peroxidation, and mineral composition of tomato plants cv. Ikram, either self-grafted or grafted onto three rootstocks: Black Beauty, Unifort, and Maxifort. Significant reduction in yield was observed in response to an increase in Ni concentration with more detrimental effects at 50 µM Ni. The fruit dry matter and total soluble solids content increased under severe Ni stress. The depression of crop performance under Ni toxicity was attributed to a decrease in leaf pigments (SPAD index), efficiency of PSII, macro- and microelements, and increase in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks Maxifort and Unifort exhibited higher chlorophyll content, photochemical activity of PSII, antioxidant activity of APX and GPX, lower accumulation of MDA, and a better nutritional status (higher Ca and Fe, and lower Ni) in the leaf tissues in comparison with self-grafted plants and those grafted onto Black Beauty. Plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks Unifort and especially Maxifort could minimize the nickel toxicity by improving nutritional status and detoxification processes.
hysiological, biochemical, metabolite changes, and gene expression analysis of greenhouse tomato ... more hysiological, biochemical, metabolite changes, and gene expression analysis of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were investigated in two grafting combinations (self-grafted ‘Ikram’ and ‘Ikram’ grafted onto interspecific hybrid rootstock ‘Maxifort’), with and without arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), exposed to 0 and 25 μM Cd. Tomato plants responded to moderate Cadmium (Cd) concentration by decreasing yield and crop growth parameters due to the accumulation of Cd in leaf tissue, inhibition of the PS II activity, reduced nutrients translocation, and also to the oxidative stress as evidenced by enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation, ion leakage, and lipid peroxidation. AM inoculation significantly enhanced the metal concentration in shoots and reduced growth and yield. The Ikram/Maxifort combination induced higher antioxidant enzymes, higher accumulation of proline and reduction of lipid peroxidation products. This suggests that the use of Maxifort rootstock in tomato has a high reactive oxygen species scavenging activity since lower H2O2 concentrations were observed in the presence of Cd. The higher crop performance of Ikram/Maxifort in comparison to Ikram/Ikram combination was also due to the improved nutritional status (higher P, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn) and increased availability of metabolites involved in cadmium tolerance (phytochelatin PC2, fructans, and inulins). The up-regulation of LeNRAMP3 gene in leaf of Ikram/Maxifort could explain the better nutritional status of interspecific grafting combination (higher Fe, Mn, and Zn).
Ber is one of the most important fruit crops in arid areas. Though it is drought resistant, its f... more Ber is one of the most important fruit crops in arid areas. Though it is drought resistant, its fruit yield is not satisfactory under extreme rainfed conditions. The studies were therefore, conducted to determine the frequency of supplemental irrigation and efficacy of mulching with black polythene and date palm leaves in conserving the moisture and its impact on fruit yield and quality of ber cv. Gola. The treatments comprised of four irrigation intervals (no irrigation, 60, 90 and 120 CPE) and three mulching materials (no mulch, black polythene and date palm leaf) with a total of 12 combinations. It emerged that supplementary irrigation at 60 or 90 CPE from September to November with mulching (black polythene or date palm leaves) significantly enhanced fruit yield by 21.8-43.88% over control. It was concluded that supplementary irrigation at 90 CPE from September to November along with mulching with leaves if available, can be adopted to enhance yield and quality of be
tPlant-derived protein hydrolysates represent new biostimulant products able to improve crop tole... more tPlant-derived protein hydrolysates represent new biostimulant products able to improve crop toler-ance to abiotic stresses. The aim of the study was to determine growth, root morphology, SPAD index,chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf mineral composition, and metabolic profiling of greenhouse lettuce eitheruntreated or treated (root or leaf-root application) with a plant-derived protein hydrolysate. For foliarapplication, plants were sprayed with a solution containing 2.5 ml L−1of biostimulant, whereas for rootapplication, 100 mL of solution with the same concentration was applied to the growing medium atweekly intervals. Lettuce plants were supplied with two nutrient solutions: non-salt control (1 mM NaCl)or 25 mM NaCl. Salt stress decreased shoot and root dry biomass, SPAD index, chlorophyll fluorescence,leaf mineral composition and increased foliar proline concentration. Root and leaf-root application ofthe biostimulant increased fresh yield, dry biomass and root dry weight of lettuce under salinity con-ditions. This was associated with an improvement of plant nitrogen metabolism and an increase of theFv/Fm-ratio efficiency in biostimulant-treated plants. Oxidative stress mitigation, increase in osmolytes,changes in sterols and terpenes composition, as well as the less expected increase in glucosinolates werealso observed in biostimulant-treated plants grown under saline conditions. The present study provesthat the application of plant-derived protein hydrolysate increases plant performance when plants aregrown under salinity conditions. The most favorable metabolic profile was obtained when biostimulantwas applied to both roots and leaves.
A study was conducted to evaluate high yielding gonda selections on three rootstocks, viz. large ... more A study was conducted to evaluate high yielding gonda selections on three rootstocks, viz. large fruited gonda, small fruited gonda and goondi. The genotype CAZRI-G-2025 showed vigorous growth compared to others on all the three rootstocks. Goondi rootstock showed dwarfing effect with more lateral spread resulting in increased canopy area. The higher scion/stock ratio on goondi rootstock resulted in inverted bottleneck symptom at bud union compared to scion:stock ratio close to one on other two rootstocks. The mean fruit yield of gonda was higher on small fruited gonda compared to its own seedling rootstock irrespective of genotypes. The mean fruit yield over the years was highest in genotype G-2025 followed by G-2012 and G-2011 irrespective of rootstocks. Significantly higher fruit yield was recorded in genotype G-2025 as compared to other two genotypes. Contrary to other characters fruit yield showed decline in all the three genotypes when budded on goondi during 2010 to 2012, while it exhibited progressive increase on the other two rootstocks.
Field experiments were conducted at CAZRI, Jodhpur during rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-2010 t... more Field experiments were conducted at CAZRI, Jodhpur during rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-2010 to study the effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on carrot grown under irrigated conditions. Experiments were laid out in a RBD with eight treatments in three replications. Treatments comprising of 75% NPK through fertilizers + 25% N through VC (T4) or compost (T5), though were at par with 100% NPK through fertilizers (T1) exhibited slightly higher values for root yield and its attributes and was vice versa for green top yield. Carrot quality attributes such as reducing sugar, total sugars and ascorbic acid content significantly increased with the higher level of N substitution (i.e., for 100 and 75%) through compost or VC. Soil quality indicators such as soil pH, organic C, penetration resistance and FC moisture responded significantly better to organic manures at 100 or 75% N substitution as compared to solely inorganic fertilizers.
Cordia myxa L. locally known as Gonda,
Lasora or lehsua belongs to family Boraginaceae. It
grows ... more Cordia myxa L. locally known as Gonda, Lasora or lehsua belongs to family Boraginaceae. It grows throughout India except in high hills and temperate climates. This is a perennial, medium sized tree with crooked stem. It bears small sized fruits in bunches, used as traditional vegetable and pickles. Besides, it has number of other uses including medicine, fuel wood and ornamental wood work. Due to its drought tolerance ability, it is abundantly found in arid and semi arid regions of North and North West India. Its cultivation as planned orchards is limited and only scanty information about various aspects of the species is available. This paper therefore, deals with synthesised information on its distribution, taxonomy, traditional knowledge and experimental findings on diversity, propagation, improvement and utilization. The information on production and consumption may open new vistas in dietary supplement, thus opening a new window of commercial opportunity in arid and semi arid regions of India and isoclimatic regions of the world.
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not satisfactory under extreme rainfed conditions. The studies were therefore, conducted to determine the
frequency of supplemental irrigation and efficacy of mulching with black polythene and date palm leaves in
conserving the moisture and its impact on fruit yield and quality of ber cv. Gola. The treatments comprised
of four irrigation intervals (no irrigation, 60, 90 and 120 CPE) and three mulching materials (no mulch, black
polythene and date palm leaf) with a total of 12 combinations. It emerged that supplementary irrigation at 60
or 90 CPE from September to November with mulching (black polythene or date palm leaves) significantly
enhanced fruit yield by 21.8-43.88% over control. It was concluded that supplementary irrigation at 90 CPE
from September to November along with mulching with leaves if available, can be adopted to enhance yield
and quality of be
gonda, small fruited gonda and goondi. The genotype CAZRI-G-2025 showed vigorous growth compared to
others on all the three rootstocks. Goondi rootstock showed dwarfing effect with more lateral spread resulting
in increased canopy area. The higher scion/stock ratio on goondi rootstock resulted in inverted bottleneck
symptom at bud union compared to scion:stock ratio close to one on other two rootstocks. The mean fruit
yield of gonda was higher on small fruited gonda compared to its own seedling rootstock irrespective of
genotypes. The mean fruit yield over the years was highest in genotype G-2025 followed by G-2012 and G-2011
irrespective of rootstocks. Significantly higher fruit yield was recorded in genotype G-2025 as compared to
other two genotypes. Contrary to other characters fruit yield showed decline in all the three genotypes when
budded on goondi during 2010 to 2012, while it exhibited progressive increase on the other two rootstocks.
the effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on carrot grown under irrigated conditions. Experiments
were laid out in a RBD with eight treatments in three replications. Treatments comprising of 75% NPK through
fertilizers + 25% N through VC (T4) or compost (T5), though were at par with 100% NPK through fertilizers (T1)
exhibited slightly higher values for root yield and its attributes and was vice versa for green top yield. Carrot
quality attributes such as reducing sugar, total sugars and ascorbic acid content significantly increased with
the higher level of N substitution (i.e., for 100 and 75%) through compost or VC. Soil quality indicators such as
soil pH, organic C, penetration resistance and FC moisture responded significantly better to organic manures
at 100 or 75% N substitution as compared to solely inorganic fertilizers.
Lasora or lehsua belongs to family Boraginaceae. It
grows throughout India except in high hills and
temperate climates. This is a perennial, medium sized
tree with crooked stem. It bears small sized fruits in
bunches, used as traditional vegetable and pickles.
Besides, it has number of other uses including medicine,
fuel wood and ornamental wood work. Due to its
drought tolerance ability, it is abundantly found in arid
and semi arid regions of North and North West India.
Its cultivation as planned orchards is limited and only
scanty information about various aspects of the species
is available. This paper therefore, deals with synthesised
information on its distribution, taxonomy, traditional
knowledge and experimental findings on
diversity, propagation, improvement and utilization.
The information on production and consumption may
open new vistas in dietary supplement, thus opening a
new window of commercial opportunity in arid and
semi arid regions of India and isoclimatic regions of the
world.
not satisfactory under extreme rainfed conditions. The studies were therefore, conducted to determine the
frequency of supplemental irrigation and efficacy of mulching with black polythene and date palm leaves in
conserving the moisture and its impact on fruit yield and quality of ber cv. Gola. The treatments comprised
of four irrigation intervals (no irrigation, 60, 90 and 120 CPE) and three mulching materials (no mulch, black
polythene and date palm leaf) with a total of 12 combinations. It emerged that supplementary irrigation at 60
or 90 CPE from September to November with mulching (black polythene or date palm leaves) significantly
enhanced fruit yield by 21.8-43.88% over control. It was concluded that supplementary irrigation at 90 CPE
from September to November along with mulching with leaves if available, can be adopted to enhance yield
and quality of be
gonda, small fruited gonda and goondi. The genotype CAZRI-G-2025 showed vigorous growth compared to
others on all the three rootstocks. Goondi rootstock showed dwarfing effect with more lateral spread resulting
in increased canopy area. The higher scion/stock ratio on goondi rootstock resulted in inverted bottleneck
symptom at bud union compared to scion:stock ratio close to one on other two rootstocks. The mean fruit
yield of gonda was higher on small fruited gonda compared to its own seedling rootstock irrespective of
genotypes. The mean fruit yield over the years was highest in genotype G-2025 followed by G-2012 and G-2011
irrespective of rootstocks. Significantly higher fruit yield was recorded in genotype G-2025 as compared to
other two genotypes. Contrary to other characters fruit yield showed decline in all the three genotypes when
budded on goondi during 2010 to 2012, while it exhibited progressive increase on the other two rootstocks.
the effects of organic and inorganic nutrient sources on carrot grown under irrigated conditions. Experiments
were laid out in a RBD with eight treatments in three replications. Treatments comprising of 75% NPK through
fertilizers + 25% N through VC (T4) or compost (T5), though were at par with 100% NPK through fertilizers (T1)
exhibited slightly higher values for root yield and its attributes and was vice versa for green top yield. Carrot
quality attributes such as reducing sugar, total sugars and ascorbic acid content significantly increased with
the higher level of N substitution (i.e., for 100 and 75%) through compost or VC. Soil quality indicators such as
soil pH, organic C, penetration resistance and FC moisture responded significantly better to organic manures
at 100 or 75% N substitution as compared to solely inorganic fertilizers.
Lasora or lehsua belongs to family Boraginaceae. It
grows throughout India except in high hills and
temperate climates. This is a perennial, medium sized
tree with crooked stem. It bears small sized fruits in
bunches, used as traditional vegetable and pickles.
Besides, it has number of other uses including medicine,
fuel wood and ornamental wood work. Due to its
drought tolerance ability, it is abundantly found in arid
and semi arid regions of North and North West India.
Its cultivation as planned orchards is limited and only
scanty information about various aspects of the species
is available. This paper therefore, deals with synthesised
information on its distribution, taxonomy, traditional
knowledge and experimental findings on
diversity, propagation, improvement and utilization.
The information on production and consumption may
open new vistas in dietary supplement, thus opening a
new window of commercial opportunity in arid and
semi arid regions of India and isoclimatic regions of the
world.