Mr Confred Godfrey Musuka was born in Lusaka, Zambia, in a family of twelve. He is a Writer, Fisheries/Aquaculture scientist, Mentor/Mindset Transformer, Leadership trainer and Lecturer in the Department of Agriculture and Aquatic Sciences at Kapasa Makasa University campus in Chinsali. A Fish Nutritionist by training Supervisors: Supervisor to undergraduate students
A research study was conducted in the Kasempa district of the NorthWestern Province of Zambia to ... more A research study was conducted in the Kasempa district of the NorthWestern Province of Zambia to evaluate the effectiveness of aquaculture extension services and the degree to which policies and plans were being implemented regarding the growth of aquaculture. A sample of 55 aquaculture farmers was selected at random using simple random sampling in five areas within the district to measure the impact of extension services on rural residents' incomes and living standards. The study revealed that a lack of proper information for farmers could have a negative impact on the growth of the aquaculture sector. Inadequate advisory services could also lead to lower quality and quantity of aquaculture products. Aquaculture was being promoted in Zambia to provide high-income opportunities for poor rural residents and reduce the pressure on capture fisheries. Through extension services, 90% of the respondents had acquired technical skills such as fish farming methods, pond construction, fish health and nutrition, feeding and marketing, and accounting skills, which were used to ensure smooth operations and helped the farmers overcome various challenges they faced. Accordingly, 82% of the respondents indicated that their fish yield increased due to the increase in the number of their ponds. The results also showed that 65% of respondents improved their social well-being and earned enough incomes from aquaculture to meet various challenges, such as paying their children's school fees and buying roofing materials for their homes. Moreover, the extension service agencies' performance in implementing policies and plans was rated as good. However, more than half of the respondents experienced a number of challenges that hindered further aquaculture growth, such as lack of start-up capital, clogged waterways, stunted fish growth, lack of fishing gear, attacks by piscivorous animals, etc. Overall, the study found that 60% of respondents could not raise market-size fish (>250g) due to high feed Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 4 The Effect of Extension Services on the Growth of Aquaculture in Kasempa District of NorthWestern Province, Zambia 69 costs, while 40% of respondents were able to raise fish close to market size because they had more knowledge and were interested in that area.
International journal of research and innovation in social science, Dec 31, 2022
A study was conducted to assess the performance of aquaculture in Chinsali and Shiwangandu distri... more A study was conducted to assess the performance of aquaculture in Chinsali and Shiwangandu districts of Muchinga Province. A total of 162 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire in both locations. In addition to primary data, conclusions were drawn from supplementary sources such as journals and reports. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The survey results revealed that 10% of the respondents were between 20 and 30 years old, 43% were between 31 and 40 years old, and 33% were between 41 and 50 years old. Smallscale farmers constituted the vast majority (96%) of respondents, while medium-scale farmers accounted for only 4%. The majority of respondents either hired labourers or constructed earthen ponds with their families. Despite the recommended stocking density of 3 fish/m 2 , many farmers relied on vendor recommendations to find high-quality seeds and set their prices between ZMK0.5 and ZMK1, respectively. More than 50% of participants believed that selling fish provided an opportunity to make money. However, due to a lack of education, farmers did not keep records of the fish they raised, making it difficult to predict the exact fish yield after sale in ponds at prices ranging from 20 to 40 ZMK per kg. Most of the respondents used only one ingredient or additive in their feed and occasionally applied manure fertilizer to their ponds. Complete feed was very expensive, and farmers' inability to access lines of credit for financing and expansion was another problem. Despite these challenges, there is great potential for a thriving and highly productive aquaculture sub-sector to benefit an increasing number of government officials, as the fish market is known for providing high-quality protein and services to an increasing number of stakeholders.
Journal of Agriculture and Aquaculture Research Article, 2023
This review analyses the challenges and opportunities of using commercially produced aquafeeds in... more This review analyses the challenges and opportunities of using commercially produced aquafeeds in Zambia for tilapia cultivation, considering population growth, income, and cultural preferences, while also highlighting potential advantages. High-quality aquafeed is essential for optimal growth, feed conversion efficiency, and fish health, promoting increased utilization in the country. The establishment of modern facilities by Skretting, Aller Aqua, and Novatek is having a positive impact on Zambia's fish feed production. These companies are dedicated to achieving a sustainable balance between commercial expansion and smallholder development, while also fostering growth in the aquaculture value chain. Challenges such as substandard feed production, rising costs, limited access to affordable raw materials, and insufficient funding are being faced by the industry. These obstacles have the potential to significantly influence the industry's growth and economic contribution.
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2023
A study was conducted to assess the performance of aquaculture in Chinsali and Shiwangandu distri... more A study was conducted to assess the performance of aquaculture in Chinsali and Shiwangandu districts of Muchinga Province. A total of 162 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire in both locations. In addition to primary data, conclusions were drawn from supplementary sources such as journals and reports. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The survey results revealed that 10% of the respondents were between 20 and 30 years old, 43% were between 31 and 40 years old, and 33% were between 41 and 50 years old. Smallscale farmers constituted the vast majority (96%) of respondents, while medium-scale farmers accounted for only 4%. The majority of respondents either hired labourers or constructed earthen ponds with their families. Despite the recommended stocking density of 3 fish/m 2 , many farmers relied on vendor recommendations to find high-quality seeds and set their prices between ZMK0.5 and ZMK1, respectively. More than 50% of participants believed that selling fish provided an opportunity to make money. However, due to a lack of education, farmers did not keep records of the fish they raised, making it difficult to predict the exact fish yield after sale in ponds at prices ranging from 20 to 40 ZMK per kg. Most of the respondents used only one ingredient or additive in their feed and occasionally applied manure fertilizer to their ponds. Complete feed was very expensive, and farmers' inability to access lines of credit for financing and expansion was another problem. Despite these challenges, there is great potential for a thriving and highly productive aquaculture sub-sector to benefit an increasing number of government officials, as the fish market is known for providing high-quality protein and services to an increasing number of stakeholders.
A study was conducted using structured questionnaires and personal interviews to determine how im... more A study was conducted using structured questionnaires and personal interviews to determine how imported fish contributes towards reduction of fish deficit in Zambia. Data was collected from those involved in fish imports through two entry points into Zam-bia; namely Chirundu and Katima Mulilo, as well as the Department of Fisheries (DOF) headquarters in Chilanga. The site selection was based on the anticipated high level of fish imports coming from the Southern part of Zambia. This study has shown that the country imports up to 12% of all the fish consumed in Zambia, despite production from aquaculture having increased from 10 to 24%. The study further revealed that imported fish were of different preservation forms; Sun-died, Smoked, Salted, Frozen and chilled to prolong their shelf life. Frozen form constituted the largest amount, followed by salted and then chilled form. In terms of size preference , small fish of about 50g to 100g were mostly on demand in places of high populati...
A study to assess the availability, quality and quantity of fish seed and its significance to the... more A study to assess the availability, quality and quantity of fish seed and its significance to the aquaculture industry was conducted on the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. The study further determined how many farmers were involved in fish seed production, their performance, distribution networks and challenges faced. The information was obtained through administering of structured questionnaires , observations and personal interviews to 30 farmers and 4 producers of fingerlings. Farmers were selected using random sampling method, while purposive sampling method was used for the seed producers, whose number was small. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics with Microsoft Excel being used to come up with tables and graphs. The finding of this study showed that availability, quality and quantity of fish seed had a significant effect on the aquaculture industry. Equally, a number of challenges that prevented producers of fingerlings from meeting their production demand were...
A study to determine the impact of closed fishing season on the livelihood of fishers was conduct... more A study to determine the impact of closed fishing season on the livelihood of fishers was conducted in Stratum I of the Kafue fishery. A simple random sampling method was used to pick 34 respondents from different fishing villages/camp out of a list of 136 registered fishers obtained from the Department of Fisheries. Questionnaires were administered to the selected respondents who were involved in fishing as their source of income, employment and food. The results evidently showed that fifty eight (58%) percent of the fishers were negatively impacted by the closed fishing season. Furthermore, another 55% of the respondents also indicated that complete stoppage of fishing denied them the opportunity to have a regular income. Most fishers considered fishing to be an important occupation that provided their main source of income to keep their families well, considering that there were no viable alternative income generating activities. Furthermore, it was observed that those that conti...
Tilapia species are among the major group of fish species commonly traded for consumption in Zamb... more Tilapia species are among the major group of fish species commonly traded for consumption in Zambia. They have a wide market acceptance throughout the country. As such, they are extensively fished in all the country's major water bodies. In recent years, population growth has led to the increase in fishing pressure on the major lakes and rivers to the extent where some of them are being overexploited. A study was carried out in 2015 to assess the abundance and distribution of Tilapia species in Lake Kariba based on Catch Assessment survey (CAS) and Gillnet survey (GNS) conducted on the lake from 2012 to 2014 using relative abundance. Lake Kariba is divided into four strata (I, II, III and IV) based on the geographic and ecological characteristics, limnological structure and other given information of the lake. The results of the study showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in catch percentage of Tilapia species for the years considered. However, the study showed a signifi...
An experiment was conducted for 6 weeks (between August and September 2010) with 4 treatments (T1... more An experiment was conducted for 6 weeks (between August and September 2010) with 4 treatments (T1: poultry manure, T2: cattle manure, T3: poultry and cattle manure and T4: control-no manure) assigned to 8 concrete ponds at random to determine chlorophyll a and total phosphorus abundance in organic manured fish ponds. Results of the study suggest that T1, T2, and T3 had an effect on chlorophyll a and total phosphorus abundance in organic manured ponds. The final mean average for chlorophyll a ranged from 0.0105mg/m to 0.045mg/m and that of total phosphorus ranged from 0.024mg/50mL to 0.522mg/50mL. Chlorophyll a and phosphorus were positively correlated with a coefficient of 0.92 and it was significant (p ≤ 0.05). However, weekly performance of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus was higher in T3 compared to other treatments. The treatments also showed differences in the number of plankton species available. Phytoplankton species in T3 increased from 888 in week three to 933 in week si...
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ammonia on growth and survival rate of T... more This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ammonia on growth and survival rate of Tilapia rendalli reared in concrete tanks for 14 weeks using quail manure. It was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments; T1 (control, without quail manure), T2 (0.32kg quail manure/tank/week), T3 (0.40kg quail manure/ tank/week), T4 (0.48kg quail manure/tank/week) and T5 (0.64kg quail manure/tank/ week), replicated two times. Twenty-five fish, with an average individual initial weight of 14 g were stocked per tank, each measuring, 2m × 2m (4m 2 ). Every fortnight individual fish were weighed on a sensitive scale and the length measured on a measuring board to the nearest 0.1 cm. The results of the experiment indicated that fish raised under treatment 4 (T4) grew much faster (ANOVA, P<0.05) than the other groups with weight gain of 246%. T2 had the lowest mean weight gain of 86.08%. The final mean weights ranged from 26.23 g to 47.55 g, while total length ranged from 111mm ± 2.29mm to 140.1mm ± 2.29mm respectively . The study further revealed that in order to achieve table size growth and survival of fish, 0.48 kg quail manure/week/4m 2 should be used as optimum for better growth of fish, although no primary productivity was measured to estimate zooplankton biomass. At the same time, daily growth rate was good and within acceptable range for fish of the same size. Survival rate in all treatments was very high, with the lowest being above 60%. The study further demonstrated that higher amounts of ammonia affected growth and survival of the fish in treatment 5 (T5), a tank with the highest amount of quail manure added per week.
A research study was conducted in the Kasempa district of the NorthWestern Province of Zambia to ... more A research study was conducted in the Kasempa district of the NorthWestern Province of Zambia to evaluate the effectiveness of aquaculture extension services and the degree to which policies and plans were being implemented regarding the growth of aquaculture. A sample of 55 aquaculture farmers was selected at random using simple random sampling in five areas within the district to measure the impact of extension services on rural residents&#39; incomes and living standards. The study revealed that a lack of proper information for farmers could have a negative impact on the growth of the aquaculture sector. Inadequate advisory services could also lead to lower quality and quantity of aquaculture products. Aquaculture was being promoted in Zambia to provide high-income opportunities for poor rural residents and reduce the pressure on capture fisheries. Through extension services, 90% of the respondents had acquired technical skills such as fish farming methods, pond construction, fish health and nutrition, feeding and marketing, and accounting skills, which were used to ensure smooth operations and helped the farmers overcome various challenges they faced. Accordingly, 82% of the respondents indicated that their fish yield increased due to the increase in the number of their ponds. The results also showed that 65% of respondents improved their social well-being and earned enough incomes from aquaculture to meet various challenges, such as paying their children&#39;s school fees and buying roofing materials for their homes. Moreover, the extension service agencies&#39; performance in implementing policies and plans was rated as good. However, more than half of the respondents experienced a number of challenges that hindered further aquaculture growth, such as lack of start-up capital, clogged waterways, stunted fish growth, lack of fishing gear, attacks by piscivorous animals, etc. Overall, the study found that 60% of respondents could not raise market-size fish (&gt;250g) due to high feed Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 4 The Effect of Extension Services on the Growth of Aquaculture in Kasempa District of NorthWestern Province, Zambia 69 costs, while 40% of respondents were able to raise fish close to market size because they had more knowledge and were interested in that area.
International journal of research and innovation in social science, Dec 31, 2022
A study was conducted to assess the performance of aquaculture in Chinsali and Shiwangandu distri... more A study was conducted to assess the performance of aquaculture in Chinsali and Shiwangandu districts of Muchinga Province. A total of 162 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire in both locations. In addition to primary data, conclusions were drawn from supplementary sources such as journals and reports. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The survey results revealed that 10% of the respondents were between 20 and 30 years old, 43% were between 31 and 40 years old, and 33% were between 41 and 50 years old. Smallscale farmers constituted the vast majority (96%) of respondents, while medium-scale farmers accounted for only 4%. The majority of respondents either hired labourers or constructed earthen ponds with their families. Despite the recommended stocking density of 3 fish/m 2 , many farmers relied on vendor recommendations to find high-quality seeds and set their prices between ZMK0.5 and ZMK1, respectively. More than 50% of participants believed that selling fish provided an opportunity to make money. However, due to a lack of education, farmers did not keep records of the fish they raised, making it difficult to predict the exact fish yield after sale in ponds at prices ranging from 20 to 40 ZMK per kg. Most of the respondents used only one ingredient or additive in their feed and occasionally applied manure fertilizer to their ponds. Complete feed was very expensive, and farmers&#39; inability to access lines of credit for financing and expansion was another problem. Despite these challenges, there is great potential for a thriving and highly productive aquaculture sub-sector to benefit an increasing number of government officials, as the fish market is known for providing high-quality protein and services to an increasing number of stakeholders.
Journal of Agriculture and Aquaculture Research Article, 2023
This review analyses the challenges and opportunities of using commercially produced aquafeeds in... more This review analyses the challenges and opportunities of using commercially produced aquafeeds in Zambia for tilapia cultivation, considering population growth, income, and cultural preferences, while also highlighting potential advantages. High-quality aquafeed is essential for optimal growth, feed conversion efficiency, and fish health, promoting increased utilization in the country. The establishment of modern facilities by Skretting, Aller Aqua, and Novatek is having a positive impact on Zambia's fish feed production. These companies are dedicated to achieving a sustainable balance between commercial expansion and smallholder development, while also fostering growth in the aquaculture value chain. Challenges such as substandard feed production, rising costs, limited access to affordable raw materials, and insufficient funding are being faced by the industry. These obstacles have the potential to significantly influence the industry's growth and economic contribution.
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 2023
A study was conducted to assess the performance of aquaculture in Chinsali and Shiwangandu distri... more A study was conducted to assess the performance of aquaculture in Chinsali and Shiwangandu districts of Muchinga Province. A total of 162 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire in both locations. In addition to primary data, conclusions were drawn from supplementary sources such as journals and reports. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The survey results revealed that 10% of the respondents were between 20 and 30 years old, 43% were between 31 and 40 years old, and 33% were between 41 and 50 years old. Smallscale farmers constituted the vast majority (96%) of respondents, while medium-scale farmers accounted for only 4%. The majority of respondents either hired labourers or constructed earthen ponds with their families. Despite the recommended stocking density of 3 fish/m 2 , many farmers relied on vendor recommendations to find high-quality seeds and set their prices between ZMK0.5 and ZMK1, respectively. More than 50% of participants believed that selling fish provided an opportunity to make money. However, due to a lack of education, farmers did not keep records of the fish they raised, making it difficult to predict the exact fish yield after sale in ponds at prices ranging from 20 to 40 ZMK per kg. Most of the respondents used only one ingredient or additive in their feed and occasionally applied manure fertilizer to their ponds. Complete feed was very expensive, and farmers' inability to access lines of credit for financing and expansion was another problem. Despite these challenges, there is great potential for a thriving and highly productive aquaculture sub-sector to benefit an increasing number of government officials, as the fish market is known for providing high-quality protein and services to an increasing number of stakeholders.
A study was conducted using structured questionnaires and personal interviews to determine how im... more A study was conducted using structured questionnaires and personal interviews to determine how imported fish contributes towards reduction of fish deficit in Zambia. Data was collected from those involved in fish imports through two entry points into Zam-bia; namely Chirundu and Katima Mulilo, as well as the Department of Fisheries (DOF) headquarters in Chilanga. The site selection was based on the anticipated high level of fish imports coming from the Southern part of Zambia. This study has shown that the country imports up to 12% of all the fish consumed in Zambia, despite production from aquaculture having increased from 10 to 24%. The study further revealed that imported fish were of different preservation forms; Sun-died, Smoked, Salted, Frozen and chilled to prolong their shelf life. Frozen form constituted the largest amount, followed by salted and then chilled form. In terms of size preference , small fish of about 50g to 100g were mostly on demand in places of high populati...
A study to assess the availability, quality and quantity of fish seed and its significance to the... more A study to assess the availability, quality and quantity of fish seed and its significance to the aquaculture industry was conducted on the Copperbelt Province of Zambia. The study further determined how many farmers were involved in fish seed production, their performance, distribution networks and challenges faced. The information was obtained through administering of structured questionnaires , observations and personal interviews to 30 farmers and 4 producers of fingerlings. Farmers were selected using random sampling method, while purposive sampling method was used for the seed producers, whose number was small. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics with Microsoft Excel being used to come up with tables and graphs. The finding of this study showed that availability, quality and quantity of fish seed had a significant effect on the aquaculture industry. Equally, a number of challenges that prevented producers of fingerlings from meeting their production demand were...
A study to determine the impact of closed fishing season on the livelihood of fishers was conduct... more A study to determine the impact of closed fishing season on the livelihood of fishers was conducted in Stratum I of the Kafue fishery. A simple random sampling method was used to pick 34 respondents from different fishing villages/camp out of a list of 136 registered fishers obtained from the Department of Fisheries. Questionnaires were administered to the selected respondents who were involved in fishing as their source of income, employment and food. The results evidently showed that fifty eight (58%) percent of the fishers were negatively impacted by the closed fishing season. Furthermore, another 55% of the respondents also indicated that complete stoppage of fishing denied them the opportunity to have a regular income. Most fishers considered fishing to be an important occupation that provided their main source of income to keep their families well, considering that there were no viable alternative income generating activities. Furthermore, it was observed that those that conti...
Tilapia species are among the major group of fish species commonly traded for consumption in Zamb... more Tilapia species are among the major group of fish species commonly traded for consumption in Zambia. They have a wide market acceptance throughout the country. As such, they are extensively fished in all the country's major water bodies. In recent years, population growth has led to the increase in fishing pressure on the major lakes and rivers to the extent where some of them are being overexploited. A study was carried out in 2015 to assess the abundance and distribution of Tilapia species in Lake Kariba based on Catch Assessment survey (CAS) and Gillnet survey (GNS) conducted on the lake from 2012 to 2014 using relative abundance. Lake Kariba is divided into four strata (I, II, III and IV) based on the geographic and ecological characteristics, limnological structure and other given information of the lake. The results of the study showed no significant differences (P>0.05) in catch percentage of Tilapia species for the years considered. However, the study showed a signifi...
An experiment was conducted for 6 weeks (between August and September 2010) with 4 treatments (T1... more An experiment was conducted for 6 weeks (between August and September 2010) with 4 treatments (T1: poultry manure, T2: cattle manure, T3: poultry and cattle manure and T4: control-no manure) assigned to 8 concrete ponds at random to determine chlorophyll a and total phosphorus abundance in organic manured fish ponds. Results of the study suggest that T1, T2, and T3 had an effect on chlorophyll a and total phosphorus abundance in organic manured ponds. The final mean average for chlorophyll a ranged from 0.0105mg/m to 0.045mg/m and that of total phosphorus ranged from 0.024mg/50mL to 0.522mg/50mL. Chlorophyll a and phosphorus were positively correlated with a coefficient of 0.92 and it was significant (p ≤ 0.05). However, weekly performance of chlorophyll a and total phosphorus was higher in T3 compared to other treatments. The treatments also showed differences in the number of plankton species available. Phytoplankton species in T3 increased from 888 in week three to 933 in week si...
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ammonia on growth and survival rate of T... more This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ammonia on growth and survival rate of Tilapia rendalli reared in concrete tanks for 14 weeks using quail manure. It was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments; T1 (control, without quail manure), T2 (0.32kg quail manure/tank/week), T3 (0.40kg quail manure/ tank/week), T4 (0.48kg quail manure/tank/week) and T5 (0.64kg quail manure/tank/ week), replicated two times. Twenty-five fish, with an average individual initial weight of 14 g were stocked per tank, each measuring, 2m × 2m (4m 2 ). Every fortnight individual fish were weighed on a sensitive scale and the length measured on a measuring board to the nearest 0.1 cm. The results of the experiment indicated that fish raised under treatment 4 (T4) grew much faster (ANOVA, P<0.05) than the other groups with weight gain of 246%. T2 had the lowest mean weight gain of 86.08%. The final mean weights ranged from 26.23 g to 47.55 g, while total length ranged from 111mm ± 2.29mm to 140.1mm ± 2.29mm respectively . The study further revealed that in order to achieve table size growth and survival of fish, 0.48 kg quail manure/week/4m 2 should be used as optimum for better growth of fish, although no primary productivity was measured to estimate zooplankton biomass. At the same time, daily growth rate was good and within acceptable range for fish of the same size. Survival rate in all treatments was very high, with the lowest being above 60%. The study further demonstrated that higher amounts of ammonia affected growth and survival of the fish in treatment 5 (T5), a tank with the highest amount of quail manure added per week.
Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 4, 2023
A research study was conducted in the Kasempa district of the NorthWestern Province of Zambia to ... more A research study was conducted in the Kasempa district of the NorthWestern Province of Zambia to evaluate the effectiveness of aquaculture extension services and the degree to which policies and plans were being implemented regarding the growth of aquaculture. A sample of 55 aquaculture farmers was selected at random using simple random sampling in five areas within the district to measure the impact of extension services on rural residents' incomes and living standards. The study revealed that a lack of proper information for farmers could have a negative impact on the growth of the aquaculture sector. Inadequate advisory services could also lead to lower quality and quantity of aquaculture products. Aquaculture was being promoted in Zambia to provide high-income opportunities for poor rural residents and reduce the pressure on capture fisheries. Through extension services, 90% of the respondents had acquired technical skills such as fish farming methods, pond construction, fish health and nutrition, feeding and marketing, and accounting skills, which were used to ensure smooth operations and helped the farmers overcome various challenges they faced. Accordingly, 82% of the respondents indicated that their fish yield increased due to the increase in the number of their ponds. The results also showed that 65% of respondents improved their social well-being and earned enough incomes from aquaculture to meet various challenges, such as paying their children's school fees and buying roofing materials for their homes. Moreover, the extension service agencies' performance in implementing policies and plans was rated as good. However, more than half of the respondents experienced a number of challenges that hindered further aquaculture growth, such as lack of start-up capital, clogged waterways, stunted fish growth, lack of fishing gear, attacks by piscivorous animals, etc. Overall, the study found that 60% of respondents could not raise market-size fish (>250g) due to high feed Advances and Challenges in Science and Technology Vol. 4 The Effect of Extension Services on the Growth of Aquaculture in Kasempa District of NorthWestern Province, Zambia 69 costs, while 40% of respondents were able to raise fish close to market size because they had more knowledge and were interested in that area.
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