Joanna Lewczuk

The purpose of this study is to identify the predominant difficulties in the functioning of "emerging adults" in Poland during the COVID-19 and to determine whether the pandemic has had an impact on reconciling one's education with other commitments. In addition, an attempt was made to answer the question about the association between changes in leisure time and difficulties in studying and about its affect the life satisfaction of students. 433 students (18-29), were examined via original questionnaire and the Life Satisfaction scale. The results of the analyses show that shifting education to a virtual learning environment creates difficulties when it comes to paying attention to the transmitted content, online interaction, and carrying out tasks assigned by lecturers. Forced isolation has challenged students' skills regarding leisure time management. The overall increase in difficulties would suggest a decrease in life satisfaction amongst the respondents and an increase in negative emotions.

The aim of the study was to identify the personality traits (according to the so-called Big Five personality model) in relation to healthy behaviour among amateur athletes. One hundred physically active men participated in the study. Health Behaviour Inventory questionnaire developed by Juczyński was used to assess health-related behavior, and the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) developed by Costa and McCrae, in the Polish adaptation, was used to determine principal personality dimensions. Significant correlations between the level of health-related behavior or some kind of them and personality dimensions were observed. Two clusters (personality profiles) related to prohealthy behaviours were separated. Observed correlations between health behaviours and personality traits of physically active men confirm the validity of the research and a need for healthy behaviour education. Understanding the associations between healthy behaviours and personality traits can be used in health ...

Wybuch globalnej pandemii COVID-19 przyczynił się do rejestrowanego
także w Polsce nasilenia stanów depresyjnych i lękowych szczególnie wśród osób młodych. Pandemia całkowicie zmieniła edukację, co również nie pozostało bez wpływu na satysfakcję z życia. Głównym celem edukacji zdalnej w pandemii stało się wspieranie ciągłości nauczania, a nie jak dotychczas zapewnienie dostępu do wiedzy osobom, które z różnych powodów nie mogły uczestniczyć w tradycyjnym kształceniu. Ta zmiana wpłynęła również na ekosystem uczenia się, co rzutuje również na poziom odczuwanej satysfakcji z życia. Jednym ze sposobów radzenia sobie z trudnościami jest czerpanie ze sfery religijnej, pozostającej w związku z dobrostanem i zadowoleniem z życia ludzi znajdujących się w obliczu nieoczekiwanych
zagrożeń. Literatura przedmiotu dostarcza argumentów, iż doświadczenie pandemii przekłada się na siłę wiary w Boga, a sfera religijna wiąże się odczuwaną satysfakcją z życia. Kwestia wiary w Boga współwystępuje z praktykami religijnymi, które zostały w czasie pandemii znacznie ograniczone, redukując tym samym możliwość czerpania z pozytywnego wpływu praktykowania obrzędów religijnych na zadowolenie z życia. To możliwość aktywnego uczestnictwa we wspólnocie wiernych, nie zaś sama wiara czy modlitwa w pojedynkę, okazuje się być kluczowa dla odczuwania satysfakcji z życia. W artykule nawiązano do wyników badań własnych, wskazujących,
że w trakcie pandemii wśród osób wierzących satysfakcja z życia mierzona na skali SWLS była niższa niż u osób niewierzących (n=501).

Th e global pandemic-induced crisis has caused the diff erences that exist between the sexes in many areas of life to become more extreme. Apart from its infl uence on mental health, the necessity to adjust to the obligation of social distancing has also infl uenced the possibilities of students' development as regards relationships. It has also limited their ability to earn money, which directly aff ects one's economic status and other related areas such as the availability of healthcare, etc. Th is study, which aims to present the psychosocial state of women who have been studying in Poland during the pandemic, shows that it is women, more than men, who have experienced the changes caused by the pandemic, both in the context of how they function and their fears. Life satisfaction amongst female students depends largely on their economic and material independence, and any hardships experienced infl uence, more oft en than in the case of men, the emotions that are dominant in women. Th e results of the study clearly show that in the long run establishing a network of psychological support for women will be necessary as a response to their psychosocial health, which has worsened during the pandemic. Additionally, educated people who, in these diffi cult times, have not had

The article is about the impact of social orientation on the relationship between generated assessments of the characteristics of another individual and emotion presented on his/her face. An omnibus type representative survey was carried out according to the experimental scheme, entirely via the Internet (N = 972). The following tools were used: a modifi ed version of the Ring Measure of Social Values (Liebrand, 1984) for the measurement of social value orientations; photographs of facial expressions (happiness, anger, neutrality) for the experimental manipulation; a scale for the assessment of perception of the individuals presented on the photographs. As expected, the link was demonstrated between social value orientations and the assessment about someone displaying various emotions on the face. Moderating nature of social orientation was connected with the degree of the orientation on the others as well as with the category of social orientation, but in relation to two of the ele...

Th e global pandemic-induced crisis has caused the diff erences that exist between the sexes in many areas of life to become more extreme. Apart from its infl uence on mental health, the necessity to adjust to the obligation of social distancing has also infl uenced the possibilities of students' development as regards relationships. It has also limited their ability to earn money, which directly aff ects one's economic status and other related areas such as the availability of healthcare, etc. Th is study, which aims to present the psychosocial state of women who have been studying in Poland during the pandemic, shows that it is women, more than men, who have experienced the changes caused by the pandemic, both in the context of how they function and their fears. Life satisfaction amongst female students depends largely on their economic and material independence, and any hardships experienced infl uence, more oft en than in the case of men, the emotions that are dominant in women. Th e results of the study clearly show that in the long run establishing a network of psychological support for women will be necessary as a response to their psychosocial health, which has worsened during the pandemic. Additionally, educated people who, in these diffi cult times, have not had

Kształtowanie wartości zdrowia bazą poszanowania życia ludzkiego i zobowiązaniem etycznym współczesnych rodzin Shaping the values of health as the basis of the respect of life and the ethical obligation of a modern family Słowa kluczowe: wartości w życiu człowieka, zdrowie, postrzeganie zdrowia, wartość zdrowia, wartość życia, zachowania zdrowotne, zdrowy styl życia, wychowanie do zdrowia. Key words: values in human life, health, health perception, the value of health, the value of life, health behaviours, healthy lifestyle, education to health. Streszczenie: Choć pojęcie zdrowia leży na styku różnych nauk, to najczęściej analizowane jest w kategoriach aksjologicznych i opisywane jako podstawowa wartość egzystencjalna i motywacyjna. Kształtowanie postaw prozdrowotnych wy-daje się być zatem podstawowym elementem budowania systemu etycznego człowieka, warunkując również poszanowanie dla wartości samego życia. Tymczasem, badania wskazują na rozbieżność między wysoką, deklaro-waną wartością zdrowia, a dość małą dbałością o zdrowie, co może mieć związek z różnym postrzeganiem zdrowia. Istnieje potrzeba wychowywania 1

The issues addressed in this paper relate to a possible change in the observer’s social value orientation under the influence of a specific emotional expression being perceived on another individual’s face. The paper fits into the trend in the research into the link between social value orientations and the perception of a facial emotional expression.
An “omnibus” type representative survey was carried out according to the experimental scheme, entirely via the Internet (N = 972). The following tools were used: for the measurement of social value orientations, a modified version of the Ring Measure of Social Values ; for the experimental manipulation, photographs of facial expressions (happiness, anger, neutrality).
In the light of the data obtained, one may, for the very first time, speak of social value orientations as of a dimension being susceptible to a change under the influence of a facial expression. A diversity of the indicators of the orientation on the others was shown, as well as of the distribution of the groups of the dominant social value orientations before and after the experimental manipulation, depending on the type of a basic facial emotional expression being presented (happiness vs anger). Directional predictions were confirmed with regard to the negative manipulation which was followed by a reduction in the orientation on the others and a reduction in the total number of altruists, while the positive manipulation resulted in a general increase being observed in the number of altruists, which remains in line with the trend in predictions that observation of a positive facial expression triggers prosocial tendencies, while observation of a negative facial expression undermines prosocial tendencies.

Pracę poświęcono zagadnieniu zaburzeń konwersyjnych, stanowiących jedne z objawów nerwicy histerycznej. Dokonano ogólnej charakterystyki zjawiska konwersji, przedstawiono rys historyczny, klasyfikację i opis objawów. Zaprezentowano koncepcję etiopatogenezy i znaczenia objawów konwersyjnych w nurcie teorii psychoanalitycznej. W końcowej części pracy zamieszczono studium przypadku pacjentki z konwersyjnymi objawami przypominającymi padaczkę, którą w wyniku błędnej diagnozy przez 6 lat leczono przy użyciu leków przeciwpadaczkowych. Fakt ten wskazuje na konieczność popularyzowania wiedzy na temat rzadkiego dziś zjawiska konwersji także w środowiskach lekarskich. Konwersje są objawami nerwicy histerycznej i zależnie od socjokulturowych warunków przybierają najróżniejsze formy (Freud, 1966). W przekazach z XII i XIII w. pochodzą opisy histerycznych zachowań, gdzie chory chodzi na czworaka, szczeka, pieje, wyje, chłepcze z miski itp.-tzw. "zespół dzikiego człowieka". Doniesienia z XIX w. przytaczają przykłady "łuków histerycznych"-charakterystyczne wygięcie ciała poprzedzone "rzucaniem się" i wykonywaniem bezładnych ruchów (dziś rzadkie) (Jakubik, 1979). Typowymi objawami konwersji są przede wszystkim zaburzenia motoryczne lub czuciowe, powstające bez jakiegokolwiek uszkodzenia organicznego, np: zaburzenia koordynacji ruchów, ślepota, głuchota, utrata czucia, smaku lub węchu, osłabienie, porażenie mięśniowe, itp. Zaburzenia te częściej obserwuje się u kobiet, choć ogólnie pojawiają się one rzadziej niż dawniej (Haslam, 1997). Ich mniejsza popularność przyczynia się do interpretowania

This article discusses the development of the ability to recognize facial expression of emotion and the arguments in favor of its congenital nature. It also presents the methods with which this ability can be measured. The neurophysiological basis of emotion identification on the basis of facial expression is discussed. The author also devotes considerable space to the review of the variables, including individual attributes, which affect the recognition of facial expression, such as culture, sex, mood, emotional modality, personality and temperament, and medical diagnostic units.

The investigations - with using the technique of the graded change of the expression: morphing - tested the perceptive sensibility of the process of recognizing mimic expressions of basic emotions, according from level of neuroticalness and the manipulation of the mood.
Intensification of neuroticalness did not differentiate the accuracy of recognizing of negative emotions and the perceptive sensibility of the process of recognizing the positive emotion. Low and high results on the scale of neuroticalness conditioned the quickest pace of the accurate recognition of negative emotions. Neurotics most quickly accurately recognised the emotion of shame. High neuroticalness in the connection with the negative mood extended the time of the concentration on the disgust emotion.

The paper fits into the trend in the research into the link between social value orientations and the perception of a facial emotional expression. The issues addressed in this paper relate to two topic areas: the link between social value orientations and the assessment of the characteristics of another individual displaying various emotions on their face, and a possible change in the observer’s social value orientation under the influence of a specific emotional expression being perceived on another individual’s face.
An “omnibus” type representative survey was carried out according the the experimental scheme, entirely via the Internet (N = 972). The following tools were used: for the measurement of social value orientations, a modified version of the Ring Measure of Social Values (Liebrand, 1984); for the experimental manipulation, photographs of facial expressions (happiness, anger, neutrality); a scale for the assessment of the perception of the individuals presented on the photographs.
As expected, a link was demonstrated between the cooperative orientation and a high level of trust in, and positive assessments of a person displaying a facial expression of happiness. What was also revealed was the diversity of the perception of a person displaying various facial expressions (especially neutrality and happiness) depending on the type of (general and specific) indicators of social value orientations. In general, a person with a smiling and neutral facial expression was assessed significantly more positively (and more trust was put in that person) by prosocials (those with a high degree of the orientation on the others; cooperators and altruists) than by those oriented proself (those with a high degree of the orientation on oneself; competitors and individualists).
In the light of the data obtained, one may, for the very first time, speak of social value orientations as of a dimension being susceptible to a change under the influence of a facial expression. A diversity of the indicators of the orientation on the others was shown, as well as of the distribution of the groups of the dominant social value orientations before and after the experimental manipulation, depending on the type of a basic facial emotional expression being presented (happiness vs anger). Directional predictions were confirmed with regard to the negative manipulation which was followed by a reduction in the orientation on the others and a reduction in the total number of altruists, while the positive manipulation resulted in a general increase being observed in the number of altruists, which remains in line with the trend in predictions that observation of a positive facial expression triggers prosocial tendencies, while observation of a negative facial expression undermines prosocial tendencies.
The results were given an interpretation, and areas were suggested in which it was worth planning additional researches that might provide the knowledge required to draw final conclusions. The fact was highlighted that specific methodological solutions which might have influenced the structure of results were applied. 

Keywords: social value orientations; prosociality; perception of people; variability of social value orientations; Ring Measure of Social Values; facial emotional expressions.

Article is about the impact of social orientation on the relationship between generated assessments of the characteristics of another individual and emotion presented by his on the face.
An “omnibus” type representative survey was carried out according to the experimental scheme, entirely via the Internet (N = 972). The following tools were used: a modified version of the Ring Measure of Social Values (Liebrand, 1984) for the measurement of social value orientations; photographs of facial expressions (happiness, anger, neutrality) for the experimental manipulation; a scale for the assessment of the perception of the individuals presented on the photographs.
As expected, the link was demonstrated between social value orientations and the assessment about someone displaying various emotions on the face. Moderating nature of social orientation was connected with the degree of the orientation on the others as well as with the category of social orientation, but in relation to two of the eleven dimensions of features: "willing to cooperate" and "predictable". The results seem to indicate the altruism orientation as the distinctive on the background of the other groups in terms of moderating the relationship between observed emotion and generated evaluation. 
The results were given an interpretation, and areas were suggested in which it was worth planning additional researches that might provide the knowledge required to draw final conclusions. The fact was highlighted that specific methodological solutions which might have influenced the structure of results were applied.

Artykuł dotyczy zmiany orientacji społecznej obserwatora pod wpływem postrzeganej na czyjejś twarzy określonej ekspresji emocjonalnej.
Badanie przeprowadzono w schemacie eksperymentalnym za pośrednictwem Internetu (N = 972). W świetle uzyskanych danych można po raz pierwszy mówić o orientacjach społecznych jako wymiarze podatnym na zmianę pod wpływem obserwowanej ekspresji mimicznej. Wskazano na zróżnicowanie wskaźników orientacji na innych oraz rozkładu grup dominujących orientacji społecznych sprzed i po manipulacji eksperymentalnej, zależnie od rodzaju prezentowanej mimicznej ekspresji emocji podstawowej (radość vs złość). Kierunkowe przewidywania uzyskały potwierdzenie w odniesieniu do manipulacji emocją złości, po której nastąpiło zmniejszenie się orientacji na innych i zmniejszenie się ogólnej liczby altruistów, natomiast w wyniku manipulacji emocją radości zaobserwowano ogólny wzrost liczby altruistów.

The theoretical part of the article gives an overview of basic knowledge in the areas of: the perception of a human face, recognition of facial expression of basic emotions and differences in social functioning between genders.
The study concerned the specificity of recognition of facial expression of basic emotions presented in the form of degraded, depending on the modality of emotions and gender of the observer.
For the measurement of perceptual sensitivity to emotional mimic signals used the computer program "morphs", which uses pictures essential expression of emotion created using morphing techniques.
The results indicated that the expression of joy and disgust most differentiate perceptual sensitivities in the process of recognition of emotions.
Women more accurately than men recognize sadness.

The paper fits into the trend in the research into the link between social value orientations and the perception of a facial emotional expression. The issues addressed in this paper relate to main topic area: the link between social value orientations and the assessment of the characteristics of another individual displaying various emotions on their face.
An “omnibus” type representative survey was carried out according the experimental scheme, entirely via the Internet (N = 972). The following tools were used: for the measurement of social value orientations, a modified version of the Ring Measure of Social Values ; for the experimental manipulation, photographs of facial expressions (happiness, anger, neutrality); a scale for the assessment of the perception of the individuals presented on the photographs.
As expected, a link was demonstrated between the cooperative orientation and a high level of trust in, and positive assessments of a person displaying a facial expression of happiness. What was also revealed was the diversity of the perception of a person displaying various facial expressions (especially neutrality and happiness) depending on the type of (general and specific) indicators of social value orientations. In general, a person with a smiling and neutral facial expression was assessed significantly more positively (and more trust was put in that person) by prosocials (those with a high degree of the orientation on the others; cooperators and altruists) than by those oriented proself (those with a high degree of the orientation on oneself; competitors and individualists).

The aim of the study was to characterize energy drinks: their composition, scale of consumption, legally assigned status among foodstuffs, availability and the impact of the substances contained in these drinks (primarily caffeine) on human health. The article uses the descriptive method and presents selected data from the literature on the subject. Based on the analysis of available studies, the authors conclude that energy drinks may pose a threat to public health, due to the possible connection of their consumption with the development of diet-related civilization diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, tooth decay, addiction. The risks arising from the consumption of energy drinks by children and young people were highlighted, and the necessity of early implementation of educational programs on the actual operation of energy dinks was emphasized, as juveniles are the main group of consumers of energy drinks.

Article is about the complexity of the issues of recognition of emotional expression in the context of the intercultural differences and selected individual factors (gender, level of neuroticism, the level of cooperative orientation, personality traits, health units, pharmaceuticals). It was described the socio-cultural context of facial emotions recognition (the role of the learning process associated with the acquisition of skills recognition of facial emotional expression, the fact of the presence of emotions typical of the cultural community, recognizing emotions influenced by cultural gender stereotypes, the role of context in the interpretation of facial emotions).  There are the arguments in favour of innate, automatic and pancultural character of basic emotions from face decoding, taking into account described in the literature concerns and differences concerning the number, names and status of those emotions within the meaning of the different researchers and cultural communities.

Problematyka podjęta w zaprezentowanym badaniu odnosi się do dwóch obszarów zagadnień: percepcji (interpretacji) mimicznych ekspresji emocji mieszanych przez osoby o wysokim i niskim natężeniu orientacji kooperacyjnej oraz specyfiki postrzegania osób prezentujących na twarzy ekspresje mieszane zależnie od natężenia orientacji kooperacyjnej obserwatora.
W badaniu wykorzystano dostępne, standaryzowane narzędzia: do określenia natężenia orientacji kooperacyjnej - Metoda Warszawska (Grzelak, Ossewska, Wyszogrodzki i Bobrowski, 1994; Wojciechowski, 2001), do pomiaru percepcji emocji mieszanych - Skala Inteligencji Emocjonalnej - Twarze (SIE-T) (Matczak, Piekarska i Studniarek, 2005).
Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na orientację kooperacyjną jako sprzyjającą interpretowaniu niejednoznacznej (mieszanej) emocjonalnej ekspresji mimicznej (zarówno bardziej pozytywnej jak i negatywnej) w kategoriach pozytywnych oraz pozytywnemu ocenianiu, w tym zaufaniu, w stosunku do osób prezentujących na twarzy pozytywne stany emocjonalne. Skłonność do kooperacji zdaje się też wiązać, choć w mniejszym stopniu niż w przypadku mimicznych ekspresji pozytywnych, z kredytem zaufania i pozytywną oceną w stosunku do osób eksponujących na twarzy negatywny stan emocjonalny.