Socio-economic change and human migration remained interactive processes throughout human history... more Socio-economic change and human migration remained interactive processes throughout human history. The economic and social disparity is considered a primary reason for migration from poorer towards more prosperous areas. People leave their homeland due to social, ethnic, religious, and political reasons. Natural disasters, environmental devastation, and development projects also force people to migrate from one place to another. Both internal and International migration play a vital role in the development of family, community, and the nation at a broader level. Highly skilled and business migrants fill the gap of skilled professional labor in the receiving areas, but they may also cause a brain drain in the home country. Migration is considered beneficial for the development, but in some instances, it creates underdevelopment and dependency on other states. Migrants develop and maintain social, economic, political, religious and organizational relations with other communities and nationalities thus creating and maintaining a new culture. This paper is a review of migration and development literature and argues that migration is a source of development at personal, family, community and state level; but in some cases, it causes a brain drain, cultural transformation, and underdevelopment in the society.
The concept of development remained vague and prone to change throughout the history in true mean... more The concept of development remained vague and prone to change throughout the history in true meaning and its usage from discipline to discipline. From the 1950s, post World War II divide of the World into developed and underdeveloped to the concepts of immanent and intentional development, and new Livelihood and Participatory Approaches, governments and international development agencies introduced a lot more in theorizing the concept of development. Introduction of Human Development Index (HDI) in the early 1990s was a novelty in development discourse that transformed the understanding of development and conceptualized “human development” as progress towards greater human well-being. In the decade of 2000s, poverty reduction became a primary goal of development and Multilateral organizations conceptualized and operationalized poverty reduction through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which gave rise to the “development theory for participatory development”. MDGs not only changed the thinking of development, but also introduced new development practices such as bottom-up approaches, participatory methods, and local ownership. After MDG’s, the world moved to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s), and the development intends for the “Well-being” of all in society (raising the standards of living, poverty alleviation). Opting the theoretical concepts of HDI (Mahboob ul Haq), capability theory (Amartya Sen) and development for all (Chambers), this paper describes the historical evolution of defining the development and provides an operational definition of development, i.e., sustainable human development.
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of an International conflict, i.e. East
Pakistan Crisi... more This paper presents a theoretical analysis of an International conflict, i.e. East Pakistan Crisis, 1971, and reveals that unequal development creates conflict in society. Natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation can also become a source of conflict, so marginalised and excluded people fight for their rights through non-peaceful means. This essay supports the theoretical approaches of poverty, environment, and conflict nexus and reveals that unequal development and resource scarcity deepens the poverty and creates conflicts in the society, causing harm to the environment. The degraded environment increases the poverty as environment and poverty are interlinked, and the poor have limited choices other than to degrade the environment for their survival. This vicious downward spiral link between poverty and degradation of the environment requires working extensively for poverty alleviation to reverse the environmental decline.
This essay supports the theoretical approaches of conflict and development and reveals that unequ... more This essay supports the theoretical approaches of conflict and development and reveals that unequal development and resources scarcity deepens the poverty and creates conflicts in the society. Resource scarcity and unequal distribution of available resource create new marginalization and grievances. The marginalized, deprived, and excluded people struggle for their rights through non-peaceful means. This case study presents a theoretical analysis of an International conflict, i.e., East Pakistan Crisis, 1971, and reveals that political, economic and social inequalities create an understanding of deprivation among the masses causing large-scale violence and conflict in society.
Socio-economic change and human migration remained interactive processes throughout human history... more Socio-economic change and human migration remained interactive processes throughout human history. The economic and social disparity is considered a primary reason for migration from poorer towards more prosperous areas. People leave their homeland due to social, ethnic, religious, and political reasons. Natural disasters, environmental devastation, and development projects also force people to migrate from one place to another. Both internal and International migration play a vital role in the development of family, community, and the nation at a broader level. Highly skilled and business migrants fill the gap of skilled professional labor in the receiving areas, but they may also cause a brain drain in the home country. Migration is considered beneficial for the development, but in some instances, it creates underdevelopment and dependency on other states. Migrants develop and maintain social, economic, political, religious and organizational relations with other communities and nationalities thus creating and maintaining a new culture. This paper is a review of migration and development literature and argues that migration is a source of development at personal, family, community and state level; but in some cases, it causes a brain drain, cultural transformation, and underdevelopment in the society.
The concept of development remained vague and prone to change throughout the history in true mean... more The concept of development remained vague and prone to change throughout the history in true meaning and its usage from discipline to discipline. From the 1950s, post World War II divide of the World into developed and underdeveloped to the concepts of immanent and intentional development, and new Livelihood and Participatory Approaches, governments and international development agencies introduced a lot more in theorizing the concept of development. Introduction of Human Development Index (HDI) in the early 1990s was a novelty in development discourse that transformed the understanding of development and conceptualized “human development” as progress towards greater human well-being. In the decade of 2000s, poverty reduction became a primary goal of development and Multilateral organizations conceptualized and operationalized poverty reduction through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which gave rise to the “development theory for participatory development”. MDGs not only changed the thinking of development, but also introduced new development practices such as bottom-up approaches, participatory methods, and local ownership. After MDG’s, the world moved to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s), and the development intends for the “Well-being” of all in society (raising the standards of living, poverty alleviation). Opting the theoretical concepts of HDI (Mahboob ul Haq), capability theory (Amartya Sen) and development for all (Chambers), this paper describes the historical evolution of defining the development and provides an operational definition of development, i.e., sustainable human development.
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of an International conflict, i.e. East
Pakistan Crisi... more This paper presents a theoretical analysis of an International conflict, i.e. East Pakistan Crisis, 1971, and reveals that unequal development creates conflict in society. Natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation can also become a source of conflict, so marginalised and excluded people fight for their rights through non-peaceful means. This essay supports the theoretical approaches of poverty, environment, and conflict nexus and reveals that unequal development and resource scarcity deepens the poverty and creates conflicts in the society, causing harm to the environment. The degraded environment increases the poverty as environment and poverty are interlinked, and the poor have limited choices other than to degrade the environment for their survival. This vicious downward spiral link between poverty and degradation of the environment requires working extensively for poverty alleviation to reverse the environmental decline.
This essay supports the theoretical approaches of conflict and development and reveals that unequ... more This essay supports the theoretical approaches of conflict and development and reveals that unequal development and resources scarcity deepens the poverty and creates conflicts in the society. Resource scarcity and unequal distribution of available resource create new marginalization and grievances. The marginalized, deprived, and excluded people struggle for their rights through non-peaceful means. This case study presents a theoretical analysis of an International conflict, i.e., East Pakistan Crisis, 1971, and reveals that political, economic and social inequalities create an understanding of deprivation among the masses causing large-scale violence and conflict in society.
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Pakistan Crisis, 1971, and reveals that unequal development creates conflict in society.
Natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation can also become a source of
conflict, so marginalised and excluded people fight for their rights through non-peaceful
means. This essay supports the theoretical approaches of poverty, environment, and
conflict nexus and reveals that unequal development and resource scarcity deepens the
poverty and creates conflicts in the society, causing harm to the environment. The degraded
environment increases the poverty as environment and poverty are interlinked, and the
poor have limited choices other than to degrade the environment for their survival. This
vicious downward spiral link between poverty and degradation of the environment requires
working extensively for poverty alleviation to reverse the environmental decline.
Pakistan Crisis, 1971, and reveals that unequal development creates conflict in society.
Natural resource scarcity and environmental degradation can also become a source of
conflict, so marginalised and excluded people fight for their rights through non-peaceful
means. This essay supports the theoretical approaches of poverty, environment, and
conflict nexus and reveals that unequal development and resource scarcity deepens the
poverty and creates conflicts in the society, causing harm to the environment. The degraded
environment increases the poverty as environment and poverty are interlinked, and the
poor have limited choices other than to degrade the environment for their survival. This
vicious downward spiral link between poverty and degradation of the environment requires
working extensively for poverty alleviation to reverse the environmental decline.