This article examines challenges for effective statebuilding in relation to welfare governance in... more This article examines challenges for effective statebuilding in relation to welfare governance in Russia. The focus is the contested role of non-state commercial actors in outsourcing reforms of welfare for older people. The findings suggest that authorities recognise the necessity of reforming the welfare system and its governance in line with international principles but face challenges for developing an effective mixed economy of care while bolstering statebuilding in the post-Soviet context. The article draws critical attention to the role of healthcare reform in statebuilding efforts and draws inferences for the public health governance and statebuilding nexus in a post-Soviet country.
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research , 2023
The roundtable is a response to the state of distress in which many researchers of post-Soviet pr... more The roundtable is a response to the state of distress in which many researchers of post-Soviet processes, spaces, and transformations found themselves after the start of the war in Ukraine in February 2022. The nature of this anguish can be found, first of all, in the realization of the irreversibility of the events. But it also captured social scientists' professional sphere. The crisis of post-Soviet studies, which had already been discussed for a long time, has manifested itself in full force. Many of the foundational, widely accepted concepts that were used to explaine the post-Soviet transformations-and seemed dependable-have been discredited or called into question. The roundtable, which took place in Helsinki in October 2022, was not so naive as to seek to solve any problems. The discussion that took place was an attempt to feel out and confront the underlying concepts and assumptions that have failed, as well as an attempt to capture scholarly reflections on the difficult situation that we are living through now.
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research, 2021
How Do Russian people prefer to solve problems of public services—together or separately? Do the ... more How Do Russian people prefer to solve problems of public services—together or separately? Do the institutional conditions, determined by private property rights, the specifics of privatization carried out in the 1990s, the structure of the housing and communal services system, or the memory of the Soviet model of communal services play any role in the emergence of sustainable forms of solidarity among neighbors? This article considers these questions through the prism of a case study conducted in the historical part of Saint Petersburg, in a residential building built in 1905. The study is based on two years of ethnographic observations of the everyday life in the apartment building and the practices of everyday interactions among neighbors, investigation of the history of the house, the analysis of the correspondence between residents and service companies about the residents’ complaints, and 10 in-depth, semistructured interviews with inhabitants of the apartment building. The study was triggered by the real-life situation of the establishment of a neighbor association in the form of the house council (domovoi sovet), in accordance with the 2011 amendment to the Russian Housing Code. This became the first experience of cooperation in an “old neighborhood,” as well as the first attempt of collective care for the building’s common areas. Efforts, achievements, and failures of the house council are analyzed through the prism of collective action theory and the concept of materiality. The article demonstrates that a collective strategy of care for the common areas of a multiunit residential building can be successfully implemented, although institutional conditions make it compete with individual strategies for improving living spaces. Alternative solutions—such as calling helplines or informally contacting local officials— may lead to positive changes for individual households or groups of neighbors. Yet, such uncoordinated individual efforts disrupt the common schedule for repairs and other improvements in the building, as approved by the house council, and redirect financing from common to individual needs. The overall conclusion is that in the conditions of contemporary Russian society, an association of neighbors of a democratic type turns into a risky project, which can serve as an extended metaphor for democratic initiatives in the country and resembles a futile attempt to “dissolve sand in water.”
Purpose-This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neol... more Purpose-This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neoliberal project of ageing, based on a notion of a healthy, active, working older person. A long-term struggle to include older people has been (temporarily) replaced with a struggle to exclude them. This seems to be one of the most sensitive sore spots of the coronavirus crisis and one of the most serious challenges to social policy and welfare systems the world over. The purpose of this paper is to consider where the concepts of ageing and the action on ageing were at right before the crisis and what their further development may look like. Design/methodology/approach-This paper provides a critical overview of main conceptions based on the neoliberal project of ageing. Findings-The main principle of the neoliberal project of ageing, which had been formed on the crossroad of social theory and policy through decades, became vulnerable in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. The new forced ageing reveals its repressive nature through ensuring seniors' safety from exposure, their removal from work and isolation. The theory now faces new challenges of meshing a neoliberal actoractive, independent and productivewith an older person in isolation, who needs safeguarding, of reconceptualizing social exclusion of seniors in a situation where exclusion is equated with safety, of resolving a dilemma between isolation and respect of human rights and of keeping progress in anti-ageism. Research limitations/implications-This paper presents an overview of the main conceptions, underlying the neoliberal project of ageing. It aims to designate the vulnerabilities of the project, which were revealed under the situation of pandemic. Further development of the discussion needs detailed analysis of theoretical conceptions of ageing. Practical implications-Theoretical debate reflects policy of ageing. Discussion of theoretical problems of ageism, social exclusion, safeguarding of the elderly and compulsion are necessary for improvement of social policy of ageing. Social implications-When the neoliberal project of ageing comes into collision with the reality with the reality, the authors recognize it as a crisis. It moves the society, and especially the elderly, to the situation of uncertainty. This paper calls for discussion and search for a new balance among the generations in a society. Originality/value-This paper relies upon the current debate on neoliberal project of ageing and responds immediately to the situation of pandemic. Now conceptual problems in theories of ageing and policy projects became visible, and the authors suppose it is time to initiate this discussion.
Purpose-This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neol... more Purpose-This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neoliberal project of ageing, based on a notion of a healthy, active, working older person. A long-term struggle to include older people has been (temporarily) replaced with a struggle to exclude them. This seems to be one of the most sensitive sore spots of the coronavirus crisis and one of the most serious challenges to social policy and welfare systems the world over. The purpose of this paper is to consider where the concepts of ageing and the action on ageing were at right before the crisis and what their further development may look like. Design/methodology/approach-This paper provides a critical overview of main conceptions based on the neoliberal project of ageing. Findings-The main principle of the neoliberal project of ageing, which had been formed on the crossroad of social theory and policy through decades, became vulnerable in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. The new forced ageing reveals its repressive nature through ensuring seniors' safety from exposure, their removal from work and isolation. The theory now faces new challenges of meshing a neoliberal actoractive, independent and productivewith an older person in isolation, who needs safeguarding, of reconceptualizing social exclusion of seniors in a situation where exclusion is equated with safety, of resolving a dilemma between isolation and respect of human rights and of keeping progress in anti-ageism. Research limitations/implications-This paper presents an overview of the main conceptions, underlying the neoliberal project of ageing. It aims to designate the vulnerabilities of the project, which were revealed under the situation of pandemic. Further development of the discussion needs detailed analysis of theoretical conceptions of ageing. Practical implications-Theoretical debate reflects policy of ageing. Discussion of theoretical problems of ageism, social exclusion, safeguarding of the elderly and compulsion are necessary for improvement of social policy of ageing. Social implications-When the neoliberal project of ageing comes into collision with the reality with the reality, the authors recognize it as a crisis. It moves the society, and especially the elderly, to the situation of uncertainty. This paper calls for discussion and search for a new balance among the generations in a society. Originality/value-This paper relies upon the current debate on neoliberal project of ageing and responds immediately to the situation of pandemic. Now conceptual problems in theories of ageing and policy projects became visible, and the authors suppose it is time to initiate this discussion.
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research, 2020
Social scientists along with policy makers attempt to explain older people’s place in society and... more Social scientists along with policy makers attempt to explain older people’s place in society and their role in the labor and consumer markets, as well as to determine the state’s and younger generations’ obligations toward seniors. Some approaches suggest redefining old age; others erase age boundaries completely and suggest ignoring the peculiarities of old age. Along with age divisions, the conventional norms and patterns of aging are also erased and redefined. Age and aging come not only to challenge globalization and national systems of administration, but also to give rise to personal issues linked with finding new identities and socially relevant models of behavior. The term normativity with its multiple meanings may help facilitate dialogue between the different layers of this phenomenon, from personal to global.
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research, 2020
Социальные ученые вместе с авторами концепций социальной политики пытаются объяснять место пожилы... more Социальные ученые вместе с авторами концепций социальной политики пытаются объяснять место пожилых в обществе, их роль в сфере трудовой занятости и потребления, определять обязанности государства и молодых поколений по отношению к пожилым. Одни подходы предлагают переопределять возрастные показатели старости. Другие вовсе размывают возрастные границы и предлагают не замечать специфики старшего возраста. Одновременно с возрастными границами размываются и переопределяются и привычные нормативные основания и паттерны старения. Возраст и старение возникают не только как вызовы глобализации и национальных систем управления, но и как личностные проблемы, связанные с поиском новых идентичностей и социально релевантных моделей поведения. Благодаря многослойности смыслов нормативность может служить инструментом, обеспечивающим диалог между разными уровнями существования явления: от персонального до глобального.
Laboratorium: Russan Review of Social Research, 2020
Эссе является реакцией на кризис, проявляющийся в теории и политике решения проблемы старения общ... more Эссе является реакцией на кризис, проявляющийся в теории и политике решения проблемы старения общества в европейских странах и в России. Около двадцати лет определяющими международными ориентирами считались концепция активного старения и неолиберальная политика старения, сформулированные в Мадридском плане действий. В последние годы Россия интегрировала нормы и принципы Мадридского плана в свою национальную политику старения. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции поставила под вопрос состоятельность основ концепции, представляющей процессы старения с позиций социального конструктивизма и сглаживающей границы между возрастными группами. Важнейшая связка всего неолиберального проекта старения «активность – социальная включенность», которая призвана интегрировать пожилых в рынок труда и потребления и тем самым решать проблемы социального исключения пожилых и негативного образа их как обузы общества, в текущей ситуации оказывается нереализуема. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции актуализировала возрастные границы и заставила вспомнить о физиологических особенностях стареющего организма. Борьба за инклюзию пожилых (временно) сменилась борьбой за их эксклюзию. В эссе разбираются теоретические подходы, лежащие в основе концепции активного старения в том варианте, в котором они были сформированы в западном контексте, и в версии, воспринятой в России. Кульминацией эссе является вопрос о том, сформирует ли коронакризис запрос на новую концепцию старения.
This article examines the options for redressing abuse of office available to citizens in Soviet ... more This article examines the options for redressing abuse of office available to citizens in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. I consider the courts, the procuracy, and the complaint mechanism as sites for citizens to lodge claims against abuse of office in late-Soviet and post-Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet system there was an attempt to overcome the Soviet legacy, to strengthen legal institutions and establish administrative justice. Analysis of Soviet and post-Soviet normative documents and statistical data allows us to argue that opportunities for Russian citizens to combat service crimes in the courts have improved substantially. However, the system for coping with abuse of office remains imperfect, and retains features of the Soviet legacy despite vague legislation about administrative justice and dual ways of coping with abuse through legal and quasi-legal mechanisms. The re-establishment of the complaint mechanism in the conditions of contemporary Russia exacerbates this imperfection. Overall, the complaint mechanism occupies a significant place in people's options for making claims against officials, especially claims against high-ranking officials.
This article describes how Russian law schools understand their objectives today and whether ther... more This article describes how Russian law schools understand their objectives today and whether there is an ideal model of a jurist to which law schools should conform. Different qualitative methods were used in this study, including a review of the post-Soviet legal education reforms, analysis of regulations governing higher legal education, analysis of websites, and expert semi-structured interviews with heads of law schools. The results demonstrate the difficulties faced by law schools, which are forced to balance the state standards of higher education and external legal, social, economic, and political challenges. The study concludes that law schools are experiencing serious difficulties with respect to understandings of their objectives as well as the current redefinition of the normative ideal model of a jurist. The study also makes it possible to draw conclusions about the importance of legal knowledge, different ways of understanding prestige in the legal profession, and the revival of features of the Soviet model of the "ideal jurist."
This collection of essays is devoted to analysis of current trends in Russian civil society devel... more This collection of essays is devoted to analysis of current trends in Russian civil society development after the recent changes in the state policy that both restricts and supports the activities of Russian civil society organisations (CSOs). Many of the essays in this collection were first presented at the international conference ‘“Between the Carrot and the Stick”: Emerging Needs and Forms for Non-State Actors including NGOs and Informal Organisations in Contemporary Russia’. The conference was organised by the Centre for Independent Social Research in collaboration with the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Russian Studies at the Aleksanteri Institute (University of Helsinki), and took place in January 2016.1 The essays focus on CSOs and state–society relations in contemporary Russia. Nearly all are based on recent field research including interviews with CSO leaders, activists, and other actors connected with the sector. Overall, they paint a negative but nuanced picture of organisations confronting restrictive government legislation, particularly the so-called ‘Foreign Agents Law’ (Federal Law No. 121), which controls Russian CSOs that receive international funding and engage in political activity.2
This article explores the issue of the major reform of the
child welfare sector that has been car... more This article explores the issue of the major reform of the child welfare sector that has been carried out in Russia in recent years. Focusing on deinstitutionalization and a child’s right to a family, this reform moves Russia in the direction of international trends in this area and represents a break with previous state- and institution-dominated approach to “problem families.” The article explores how and why this process has come about in a traditionally topdown hybrid regime and applies the Multiple Streams Framework first developed by Kingdon to argue that Russian child welfare nongovernmental organizations have acted in concert with government officials to act as policy entrepreneurs in framing the policy problem and presenting solutions to it in a way that has influenced national priorities in this area. At the same time, the article acknowledges that major challenges remain in terms of implementing the reform at the regional level of government in Russia.
КРИТИЧЕСКАЯ СОЦИОЛОГИЯ ЗАБОТЫ перекрестки социального неравенства: сборник статей, 2019
Современная Россия входит в ряд стран, в которых активно происходят процессы старения населения.... more Современная Россия входит в ряд стран, в которых активно происходят процессы старения населения. Проблема организации ухода за пожилыми становится все более заметной. Особенно это касается группы пожилых старше 75 лет, испытывающих проблемы с мобильностью и нуждающихся в сторонней помощи. Еще более остро она встает в российских поселениях, отдаленных от крупных урбанизированных центров. Почему происходит так, кто и как пытается решать эту проблему — изучению этих вопросов посвящена данная статья.
NGOs under State Regulation: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Russian Civil Society. Special Issue of Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research , 2017
This article examines how Russian SOS Villages are undergoing foster reform, which prescribes a t... more This article examines how Russian SOS Villages are undergoing foster reform, which prescribes a transition from institutional care for children deprived of parental care to family care model. The article analyses the problems and transformations experienced by SOS Villages, outlining the aims, instruments, and priorities of the reform. Empirically, the article is based on qualitative investigation of two Russian SOS Villages. Officially, SOS villages have the status of non-state children's homes. However, they were originally concep-tualised as a means to implement family care by specially arranged SOS families (headed by SOS mothers). Comparing the activities of SOS Villages with the theoretical concepts of development, resilience, and attachment shows that children raised in SOS Villages avoid the typical problems associated with institutional care. SOS families provide favourable conditions for sociali-sation, protection, overcoming of social isolation, while maintaining sustainable contact with a significant adult. The normative context created by Decree 481, which changed the status of children's homes, alongside innovations in family policy and the general upsurge of traditionalist discourse, has made SOS Villages vulnerable. As a result, they are forced to protect both forms of their existence: institutional and family. Despite their conceptual adherence to the goals of the reform, in the eyes of the state the SOS Villages remain institutional entities targeted for closure or transformation into temporary residences for children. My research shows that under these new conditions SOS Villages have developed various strategies of involuntary mimicry. The most significant is the re-registration of SOS families as foster families. This helps keep children with their SOS families but significantly increases the level of responsibility and risks for SOS mothers. SOS Villages have also developed new activities, which may be useful in these new conditions. The establishment of consulting
This article is an attempt to apply the concept of the soundscape to studying the division betwee... more This article is an attempt to apply the concept of the soundscape to studying the division between public and private spheres in the contemporary Russian countryside. The empirical basis of the study consists of a series of ethnographic observations made over the course of 15 years in a single village in the Northwestern region of Russia. The analysis of sound production and perception by the local populace shows the village to be an acoustic community, wherein background sounds serve as carriers of socially meaningful information. The study finds that the prominent functionality of the village’s acoustic environment as a means of communication blurs the line between public and private, reducing privacy while simultaneously curtailing publicity. Depending on the situation, the same space may be either private or public. To help differentiate between the public and the private, the acoustic community of this Russian village prescribes specific conventions, shared by the local residents.
This article examines challenges for effective statebuilding in relation to welfare governance in... more This article examines challenges for effective statebuilding in relation to welfare governance in Russia. The focus is the contested role of non-state commercial actors in outsourcing reforms of welfare for older people. The findings suggest that authorities recognise the necessity of reforming the welfare system and its governance in line with international principles but face challenges for developing an effective mixed economy of care while bolstering statebuilding in the post-Soviet context. The article draws critical attention to the role of healthcare reform in statebuilding efforts and draws inferences for the public health governance and statebuilding nexus in a post-Soviet country.
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research , 2023
The roundtable is a response to the state of distress in which many researchers of post-Soviet pr... more The roundtable is a response to the state of distress in which many researchers of post-Soviet processes, spaces, and transformations found themselves after the start of the war in Ukraine in February 2022. The nature of this anguish can be found, first of all, in the realization of the irreversibility of the events. But it also captured social scientists' professional sphere. The crisis of post-Soviet studies, which had already been discussed for a long time, has manifested itself in full force. Many of the foundational, widely accepted concepts that were used to explaine the post-Soviet transformations-and seemed dependable-have been discredited or called into question. The roundtable, which took place in Helsinki in October 2022, was not so naive as to seek to solve any problems. The discussion that took place was an attempt to feel out and confront the underlying concepts and assumptions that have failed, as well as an attempt to capture scholarly reflections on the difficult situation that we are living through now.
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research, 2021
How Do Russian people prefer to solve problems of public services—together or separately? Do the ... more How Do Russian people prefer to solve problems of public services—together or separately? Do the institutional conditions, determined by private property rights, the specifics of privatization carried out in the 1990s, the structure of the housing and communal services system, or the memory of the Soviet model of communal services play any role in the emergence of sustainable forms of solidarity among neighbors? This article considers these questions through the prism of a case study conducted in the historical part of Saint Petersburg, in a residential building built in 1905. The study is based on two years of ethnographic observations of the everyday life in the apartment building and the practices of everyday interactions among neighbors, investigation of the history of the house, the analysis of the correspondence between residents and service companies about the residents’ complaints, and 10 in-depth, semistructured interviews with inhabitants of the apartment building. The study was triggered by the real-life situation of the establishment of a neighbor association in the form of the house council (domovoi sovet), in accordance with the 2011 amendment to the Russian Housing Code. This became the first experience of cooperation in an “old neighborhood,” as well as the first attempt of collective care for the building’s common areas. Efforts, achievements, and failures of the house council are analyzed through the prism of collective action theory and the concept of materiality. The article demonstrates that a collective strategy of care for the common areas of a multiunit residential building can be successfully implemented, although institutional conditions make it compete with individual strategies for improving living spaces. Alternative solutions—such as calling helplines or informally contacting local officials— may lead to positive changes for individual households or groups of neighbors. Yet, such uncoordinated individual efforts disrupt the common schedule for repairs and other improvements in the building, as approved by the house council, and redirect financing from common to individual needs. The overall conclusion is that in the conditions of contemporary Russian society, an association of neighbors of a democratic type turns into a risky project, which can serve as an extended metaphor for democratic initiatives in the country and resembles a futile attempt to “dissolve sand in water.”
Purpose-This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neol... more Purpose-This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neoliberal project of ageing, based on a notion of a healthy, active, working older person. A long-term struggle to include older people has been (temporarily) replaced with a struggle to exclude them. This seems to be one of the most sensitive sore spots of the coronavirus crisis and one of the most serious challenges to social policy and welfare systems the world over. The purpose of this paper is to consider where the concepts of ageing and the action on ageing were at right before the crisis and what their further development may look like. Design/methodology/approach-This paper provides a critical overview of main conceptions based on the neoliberal project of ageing. Findings-The main principle of the neoliberal project of ageing, which had been formed on the crossroad of social theory and policy through decades, became vulnerable in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. The new forced ageing reveals its repressive nature through ensuring seniors' safety from exposure, their removal from work and isolation. The theory now faces new challenges of meshing a neoliberal actoractive, independent and productivewith an older person in isolation, who needs safeguarding, of reconceptualizing social exclusion of seniors in a situation where exclusion is equated with safety, of resolving a dilemma between isolation and respect of human rights and of keeping progress in anti-ageism. Research limitations/implications-This paper presents an overview of the main conceptions, underlying the neoliberal project of ageing. It aims to designate the vulnerabilities of the project, which were revealed under the situation of pandemic. Further development of the discussion needs detailed analysis of theoretical conceptions of ageing. Practical implications-Theoretical debate reflects policy of ageing. Discussion of theoretical problems of ageism, social exclusion, safeguarding of the elderly and compulsion are necessary for improvement of social policy of ageing. Social implications-When the neoliberal project of ageing comes into collision with the reality with the reality, the authors recognize it as a crisis. It moves the society, and especially the elderly, to the situation of uncertainty. This paper calls for discussion and search for a new balance among the generations in a society. Originality/value-This paper relies upon the current debate on neoliberal project of ageing and responds immediately to the situation of pandemic. Now conceptual problems in theories of ageing and policy projects became visible, and the authors suppose it is time to initiate this discussion.
Purpose-This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neol... more Purpose-This paper aims to consider how the situation of the COVID-19 pandemic questions the neoliberal project of ageing, based on a notion of a healthy, active, working older person. A long-term struggle to include older people has been (temporarily) replaced with a struggle to exclude them. This seems to be one of the most sensitive sore spots of the coronavirus crisis and one of the most serious challenges to social policy and welfare systems the world over. The purpose of this paper is to consider where the concepts of ageing and the action on ageing were at right before the crisis and what their further development may look like. Design/methodology/approach-This paper provides a critical overview of main conceptions based on the neoliberal project of ageing. Findings-The main principle of the neoliberal project of ageing, which had been formed on the crossroad of social theory and policy through decades, became vulnerable in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. The new forced ageing reveals its repressive nature through ensuring seniors' safety from exposure, their removal from work and isolation. The theory now faces new challenges of meshing a neoliberal actoractive, independent and productivewith an older person in isolation, who needs safeguarding, of reconceptualizing social exclusion of seniors in a situation where exclusion is equated with safety, of resolving a dilemma between isolation and respect of human rights and of keeping progress in anti-ageism. Research limitations/implications-This paper presents an overview of the main conceptions, underlying the neoliberal project of ageing. It aims to designate the vulnerabilities of the project, which were revealed under the situation of pandemic. Further development of the discussion needs detailed analysis of theoretical conceptions of ageing. Practical implications-Theoretical debate reflects policy of ageing. Discussion of theoretical problems of ageism, social exclusion, safeguarding of the elderly and compulsion are necessary for improvement of social policy of ageing. Social implications-When the neoliberal project of ageing comes into collision with the reality with the reality, the authors recognize it as a crisis. It moves the society, and especially the elderly, to the situation of uncertainty. This paper calls for discussion and search for a new balance among the generations in a society. Originality/value-This paper relies upon the current debate on neoliberal project of ageing and responds immediately to the situation of pandemic. Now conceptual problems in theories of ageing and policy projects became visible, and the authors suppose it is time to initiate this discussion.
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research, 2020
Social scientists along with policy makers attempt to explain older people’s place in society and... more Social scientists along with policy makers attempt to explain older people’s place in society and their role in the labor and consumer markets, as well as to determine the state’s and younger generations’ obligations toward seniors. Some approaches suggest redefining old age; others erase age boundaries completely and suggest ignoring the peculiarities of old age. Along with age divisions, the conventional norms and patterns of aging are also erased and redefined. Age and aging come not only to challenge globalization and national systems of administration, but also to give rise to personal issues linked with finding new identities and socially relevant models of behavior. The term normativity with its multiple meanings may help facilitate dialogue between the different layers of this phenomenon, from personal to global.
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research, 2020
Социальные ученые вместе с авторами концепций социальной политики пытаются объяснять место пожилы... more Социальные ученые вместе с авторами концепций социальной политики пытаются объяснять место пожилых в обществе, их роль в сфере трудовой занятости и потребления, определять обязанности государства и молодых поколений по отношению к пожилым. Одни подходы предлагают переопределять возрастные показатели старости. Другие вовсе размывают возрастные границы и предлагают не замечать специфики старшего возраста. Одновременно с возрастными границами размываются и переопределяются и привычные нормативные основания и паттерны старения. Возраст и старение возникают не только как вызовы глобализации и национальных систем управления, но и как личностные проблемы, связанные с поиском новых идентичностей и социально релевантных моделей поведения. Благодаря многослойности смыслов нормативность может служить инструментом, обеспечивающим диалог между разными уровнями существования явления: от персонального до глобального.
Laboratorium: Russan Review of Social Research, 2020
Эссе является реакцией на кризис, проявляющийся в теории и политике решения проблемы старения общ... more Эссе является реакцией на кризис, проявляющийся в теории и политике решения проблемы старения общества в европейских странах и в России. Около двадцати лет определяющими международными ориентирами считались концепция активного старения и неолиберальная политика старения, сформулированные в Мадридском плане действий. В последние годы Россия интегрировала нормы и принципы Мадридского плана в свою национальную политику старения. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции поставила под вопрос состоятельность основ концепции, представляющей процессы старения с позиций социального конструктивизма и сглаживающей границы между возрастными группами. Важнейшая связка всего неолиберального проекта старения «активность – социальная включенность», которая призвана интегрировать пожилых в рынок труда и потребления и тем самым решать проблемы социального исключения пожилых и негативного образа их как обузы общества, в текущей ситуации оказывается нереализуема. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции актуализировала возрастные границы и заставила вспомнить о физиологических особенностях стареющего организма. Борьба за инклюзию пожилых (временно) сменилась борьбой за их эксклюзию. В эссе разбираются теоретические подходы, лежащие в основе концепции активного старения в том варианте, в котором они были сформированы в западном контексте, и в версии, воспринятой в России. Кульминацией эссе является вопрос о том, сформирует ли коронакризис запрос на новую концепцию старения.
This article examines the options for redressing abuse of office available to citizens in Soviet ... more This article examines the options for redressing abuse of office available to citizens in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. I consider the courts, the procuracy, and the complaint mechanism as sites for citizens to lodge claims against abuse of office in late-Soviet and post-Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet system there was an attempt to overcome the Soviet legacy, to strengthen legal institutions and establish administrative justice. Analysis of Soviet and post-Soviet normative documents and statistical data allows us to argue that opportunities for Russian citizens to combat service crimes in the courts have improved substantially. However, the system for coping with abuse of office remains imperfect, and retains features of the Soviet legacy despite vague legislation about administrative justice and dual ways of coping with abuse through legal and quasi-legal mechanisms. The re-establishment of the complaint mechanism in the conditions of contemporary Russia exacerbates this imperfection. Overall, the complaint mechanism occupies a significant place in people's options for making claims against officials, especially claims against high-ranking officials.
This article describes how Russian law schools understand their objectives today and whether ther... more This article describes how Russian law schools understand their objectives today and whether there is an ideal model of a jurist to which law schools should conform. Different qualitative methods were used in this study, including a review of the post-Soviet legal education reforms, analysis of regulations governing higher legal education, analysis of websites, and expert semi-structured interviews with heads of law schools. The results demonstrate the difficulties faced by law schools, which are forced to balance the state standards of higher education and external legal, social, economic, and political challenges. The study concludes that law schools are experiencing serious difficulties with respect to understandings of their objectives as well as the current redefinition of the normative ideal model of a jurist. The study also makes it possible to draw conclusions about the importance of legal knowledge, different ways of understanding prestige in the legal profession, and the revival of features of the Soviet model of the "ideal jurist."
This collection of essays is devoted to analysis of current trends in Russian civil society devel... more This collection of essays is devoted to analysis of current trends in Russian civil society development after the recent changes in the state policy that both restricts and supports the activities of Russian civil society organisations (CSOs). Many of the essays in this collection were first presented at the international conference ‘“Between the Carrot and the Stick”: Emerging Needs and Forms for Non-State Actors including NGOs and Informal Organisations in Contemporary Russia’. The conference was organised by the Centre for Independent Social Research in collaboration with the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Russian Studies at the Aleksanteri Institute (University of Helsinki), and took place in January 2016.1 The essays focus on CSOs and state–society relations in contemporary Russia. Nearly all are based on recent field research including interviews with CSO leaders, activists, and other actors connected with the sector. Overall, they paint a negative but nuanced picture of organisations confronting restrictive government legislation, particularly the so-called ‘Foreign Agents Law’ (Federal Law No. 121), which controls Russian CSOs that receive international funding and engage in political activity.2
This article explores the issue of the major reform of the
child welfare sector that has been car... more This article explores the issue of the major reform of the child welfare sector that has been carried out in Russia in recent years. Focusing on deinstitutionalization and a child’s right to a family, this reform moves Russia in the direction of international trends in this area and represents a break with previous state- and institution-dominated approach to “problem families.” The article explores how and why this process has come about in a traditionally topdown hybrid regime and applies the Multiple Streams Framework first developed by Kingdon to argue that Russian child welfare nongovernmental organizations have acted in concert with government officials to act as policy entrepreneurs in framing the policy problem and presenting solutions to it in a way that has influenced national priorities in this area. At the same time, the article acknowledges that major challenges remain in terms of implementing the reform at the regional level of government in Russia.
КРИТИЧЕСКАЯ СОЦИОЛОГИЯ ЗАБОТЫ перекрестки социального неравенства: сборник статей, 2019
Современная Россия входит в ряд стран, в которых активно происходят процессы старения населения.... more Современная Россия входит в ряд стран, в которых активно происходят процессы старения населения. Проблема организации ухода за пожилыми становится все более заметной. Особенно это касается группы пожилых старше 75 лет, испытывающих проблемы с мобильностью и нуждающихся в сторонней помощи. Еще более остро она встает в российских поселениях, отдаленных от крупных урбанизированных центров. Почему происходит так, кто и как пытается решать эту проблему — изучению этих вопросов посвящена данная статья.
NGOs under State Regulation: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Russian Civil Society. Special Issue of Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research , 2017
This article examines how Russian SOS Villages are undergoing foster reform, which prescribes a t... more This article examines how Russian SOS Villages are undergoing foster reform, which prescribes a transition from institutional care for children deprived of parental care to family care model. The article analyses the problems and transformations experienced by SOS Villages, outlining the aims, instruments, and priorities of the reform. Empirically, the article is based on qualitative investigation of two Russian SOS Villages. Officially, SOS villages have the status of non-state children's homes. However, they were originally concep-tualised as a means to implement family care by specially arranged SOS families (headed by SOS mothers). Comparing the activities of SOS Villages with the theoretical concepts of development, resilience, and attachment shows that children raised in SOS Villages avoid the typical problems associated with institutional care. SOS families provide favourable conditions for sociali-sation, protection, overcoming of social isolation, while maintaining sustainable contact with a significant adult. The normative context created by Decree 481, which changed the status of children's homes, alongside innovations in family policy and the general upsurge of traditionalist discourse, has made SOS Villages vulnerable. As a result, they are forced to protect both forms of their existence: institutional and family. Despite their conceptual adherence to the goals of the reform, in the eyes of the state the SOS Villages remain institutional entities targeted for closure or transformation into temporary residences for children. My research shows that under these new conditions SOS Villages have developed various strategies of involuntary mimicry. The most significant is the re-registration of SOS families as foster families. This helps keep children with their SOS families but significantly increases the level of responsibility and risks for SOS mothers. SOS Villages have also developed new activities, which may be useful in these new conditions. The establishment of consulting
This article is an attempt to apply the concept of the soundscape to studying the division betwee... more This article is an attempt to apply the concept of the soundscape to studying the division between public and private spheres in the contemporary Russian countryside. The empirical basis of the study consists of a series of ethnographic observations made over the course of 15 years in a single village in the Northwestern region of Russia. The analysis of sound production and perception by the local populace shows the village to be an acoustic community, wherein background sounds serve as carriers of socially meaningful information. The study finds that the prominent functionality of the village’s acoustic environment as a means of communication blurs the line between public and private, reducing privacy while simultaneously curtailing publicity. Depending on the situation, the same space may be either private or public. To help differentiate between the public and the private, the acoustic community of this Russian village prescribes specific conventions, shared by the local residents.
Release of the International Conference “Between the Carrot and the Stick”: Emerging needs and f... more Release of the International Conference “Between the Carrot and the Stick”: Emerging needs and forms for non-state actors including NGOs and informal organizations in contemporary Russia", which was held in January 28 - 29, 2016 in Helsinki.
Organization Committee: Dr. Linda Cook – Brown University Dr. Ann-Mari Sätre – Uppsala University Dr. Elena Bogdanova – Centre for Independent Social Research Dr. Meri Kulmala – Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki Dr. Aadne Aasland – Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Studies Dr. Eleanor Bindman – Queen Mary University of London
Chapter Six is devoted to the analysis of contemporary complaints. It appears as an artificial pr... more Chapter Six is devoted to the analysis of contemporary complaints. It appears as an artificial project reflecting features of the Soviet and pre-Soviet modifications of the complaint mechanism. The contemporary complaint mechanism is a political project created primarily to solve political problems of governance. It allows for the strengthening of authoritarianism, and reinforces patterns of patriarchic monarchical power. The space in which it can demonstrate its effectiveness are issues that cannot be resolved by legal means. To strengthen the position of the complaint mechanism, the government is forced to expand the scope of informality. It turns informality into a space of state expertise and control. The influence of the complaint mechanism on legal modernization is negative, but rather derivative from political effects. In this chapter my empirical data includes regulations (laws, decrees, instructions), interviews, statistical reports, and the texts of complaints from different sources.
This is a chapter from forthcoming book By Elena Bogdanova "Complaints to the Authorities in Russ... more This is a chapter from forthcoming book By Elena Bogdanova "Complaints to the Authorities in Russia: A Trap Between Tradition and Legal Modernization." In this I formulate the definition of a complaint and clarify the phenomenon of complaint to the authorities from historical, socio-political, and normative perspectives. The main mission of this chapter is to define what ‘a complaint’ is in the Russian context, how it can be analyzed, and what its heuristic potential is. I discuss how the complaint differs from other genres of appeal to the authorities, and how it compares to a lawsuit. I take a critical capacity approach to the analysis of complaints addressed to the authorities. Before beginning my analysis, I clarify what we can definitively learn by investigating complaints, what we might be able to infer, and of what we can never be sure.
Этот текст был подготовлен для публикации в "Огоньке", но по странным причинам опубликована оказа... more Этот текст был подготовлен для публикации в "Огоньке", но по странным причинам опубликована оказалась другая версия. Эта мне нравится больше, поэтому повешу здесь. *** Уточню сразу: я собираюсь говорить о жалобах. Это особый жанр обращения в органы власти, который содержит запрос на восстановление справедливости. Именно так жалоба определялась в советском законодательстве, примерно так она определяется в законодательстве и сейчас. Практика писания во власть известна в России с незапамятных времен. Писали всегда много, по разным поводам, с разными целями, но далеко не все обращения можно считать жалобами. Среди них могли быть предложения, благодарности, заявления, критические письма или просто письма-такие, какие мы пишем родным и друзьям. Каждый из этих жанров по-своему уникален и потрясающе богат информацией о власти, об авторах этих посланий и об обществе, в условиях которого возникают подобные виды коммуникации. Мой интерес связан именно с жалобой как с инструментом восстановления справедливости. Я начала изучать советский механизм жалоб в начале 2000-х. Тогда казалось, что это исчерпавшая себя практика, любопытная примета отжившего строя. Однако, по иронии судьбы, как раз в 2006 году, когда мое исследование было закончено и я защитила диссертацию о жалобах в советской системе, был принят закон «О порядке рассмотрения обращений граждан Российский Федерации» (№ 59-ФЗ), при одном взгляде на который стало понятно: бюрократия жалоб возвращается. В 2008-2010 годах заработала основная инфраструктура «жалобного механизма», причем она следовала в фарватере тогдашней кремлевской политики. Сначала появилась сеть общественных приемных председателя партии «Единая Россия» и правительства РФ, место которого в тот момент занимал Владимир Путин. Незадолго до выборов 2012 г. возникла параллельная сеть-общественных приемных президента. 59-й закон не запрещал жаловаться в правительство, в министерства высшего уровня, президенту, однако по какой-то причине структурно во всей создающейся бюрократии жалоб важно было выделить двух самых важных адресатов. К сегодняшнему дню механизм жалоб подошел с солидным багажом: более 30 правовых документов, находящихся в открытом доступе, регулируют бюрократию жалоб в России, а кроме того-ряд распоряжений и постановлений, имеющих силу внутри самого механизма и превращающих его в сложный и многоуровневый канал связи между властью и обществом. За 12 лет существования механизм прошел интенсивный путь становления и получил существенную поддержку со стороны государства. Параллельно усилен был и институт прокуратуры, который имеет историческую связь с механизмом жалоб. В советские годы прокуратура выполняла функции надзора и контроля за рассмотрением жалоб. Ныне мы имеем схожую органическую связь двух ведомств-«жалобного» и силового. Важно то, что обновленный институт жалоб прижился в России. Если сравнить
Инвестиционный климат современной России – сложная тема, требующая разностороннего междисциплинар... more Инвестиционный климат современной России – сложная тема, требующая разностороннего междисциплинарного изучения. Для реализации задач проекта была сформирована международная команда, в состав которой были включены экономист, правовед и два социолога. Такой состав позволил обеспечить объемный взгляд на проблему. В докладе представлены разносторонние результаты работы, однако акцент исследования все же был сделан на наименее изученном - социологическом - аспекте инвестиционного климата.
This article describes how selected Russian law schools understand their objectives in the 2010s ... more This article describes how selected Russian law schools understand their objectives in the 2010s and whether there is an 'ideal model' of a jurist to which law schools should conform. Different qualitative methods were used in this study, including a review of post-Soviet legal education reforms, an analysis of regulations governing higher legal education and of the law school's websites, and expert semi-structured interviews with heads of these law schools. The results demonstrate the difficulties faced by law schools, which are forced to balance the state standards of higher education and external legal, social, economic, and political challenges. The study concludes that law schools are experiencing serious difficulties with respect to understandings of their objectives as well as the current redefinition of the normative ideal model of a jurist. The study also makes it possible to draw conclusions about the importance of legal knowledge, different ways of understanding prestige in the legal profession, and the revival of features of the Soviet model of the " ideal jurist. "
В отчете представлены результаты исследования проблемы слабой интеграции маломобильных пожилых лю... more В отчете представлены результаты исследования проблемы слабой интеграции маломобильных пожилых людей, пострадавших он национал-социализма (МЛПНС) в общество. Исследование было поддержано филиалом британского фонда Charities aid Foundation «CAF» в России. Исследование было реализовано в 2015 г. в Санкт-Петербурге и Тосненском районе Ленинградской области группой исследователей из Центра независимых социологических исследований . Для реализации цели исследования был выбран метод рефлексивной качественной социологии с элементами биографического исследования. Эмпирическая база исследования составила 16 биографических интервью с маломобильными пожилыми людьми, пострадавшими от националсоциализма, 12 проблемноориентированных интервью с членами семей МЛПНС или профессионалами, осуществляющими заботу о пожилых, 5 интервью с руководителями и сотрудниками НКО, и 10 проблемноориентированных интервью с экспертами, в число которых попали психологи, специализирующиеся на проблемах маломобильных пожилых людей, исследователи, заведующая КЦСО одного из районов Санкт-Петербурга, и пр. Помимо интервью в ходе проекта был также осуществлен обзор законодательства, обзор российских и зарубежных исследований в области заботы о маломобильных пожилых людей, переживших травматичный опыт насилия, плена, угрозы жизни в детском или молодом возрасте, обзор сайтов НКО, осуществляющих услуги заботы о пожилых. Итоги проекта представляют анализ актуальных потребностей группы МЛПНС, основанный на анализе интервью с самими пожилыми маломобильными людьми и теми, кто осуществляет уход за ними. При анализе потребностей были учтены такие специфические для изучаемой группы аспекты жизнедеятельности, как ограничения в передвижении, преклонный возраст, утрата большинства социальных связей, зависимости от других людей, наличие травматичной памяти. Из перспективы актуальных потребностей был проведен анализ возможностей и ресурсов обслуживания данной группы, предлагаемый государственными социальными службами, некоммерческими организациями, и семьей. На основании результатов исследования сформулированы рекомендации для российских НКО относительного того, как эффективнее использовать имеющиеся ресурсы для более успешной интеграции МЛПНС в общество.
This book considers the process of legal modernization in Russia from the development of the mech... more This book considers the process of legal modernization in Russia from the development of the mechanism of complaints addressed to the authorities from the pre-revolutionary period to today. It analyzes wide-ranging data and sources, collected over 17 years, such as legislation, in-depth interviews, archival materials, original texts, and examples of different methods of complaints in Soviet and contemporary Russia. Being marginal to the legal system and almost invisible for researchers of legal development, the complaint mechanism has functioned as an extremely important way of restoring justice, available to the majority of people in Russia for centuries. It has survived several historical gaps and, in a sense, acts as a thread that stitches together different eras, coexisting with the establishment and modernization of legal institutions, compensating, accompanying, and sometimes substituting for them. The research covers a period of over 100 years, and shows how and why at major historical crossroads, Russia chooses between full-fledged legal modernization and saving the authoritarian social contract between the state and society. This book will be especially useful to scholars researching Soviet society and Post-Soviet transformations, socio-legal studies, and liberal legal reforms, but will also appeal to those working in the broader fields of Russian politics, the history of Soviet society and justice issues more generally.
Вдали от городов. Жизнь постсоветской деревни / под ред. Е. Богдановой, О. Бредниковой. – СПб... more Вдали от городов. Жизнь постсоветской деревни / под ред. Е. Богдановой, О. Бредниковой. – СПб.: Алетейя, 2013
В сборник включены социологические статьи и эссе, посвященные проблемам постсоветского села (армянский, несколько российских и эстонский кейсы). Мозаика из разных контекстов и кейсов позволяет представить множественность траекторий трансформации постсоветского села, которое в настоящее время являет собой сложный социальный феномен, сочетающий в себе черты советского, постмодернистского, рыночного, а также национального, европейского и глобального обществ.
Все исследования, представленные в книге, выполнены в качественной парадигме. Некоторые из статей имеют методологическое значение и предлагают новые подходы к изучению и пониманию сельского социального пространства. Сборник обращен как к специалистам
в области социологии села, так и к широкой аудитории, интересующейся данной тематикой.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ:
Е. Богданова, О. Бредникова Что же находится «вдали от городов»? Предисловие от редакторов . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Ингрид Освальд. Индустриализированная деревня. К трансформации сельского образа жизни в постсоциалистических обществах . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Ольга Бредникова. Деревня умерла? Да здравствует деревня! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Иван Гололобов. Деревня как не-политическое сообщество:
социальная (дис)организации мира собственных имен .... 59
Оане Виссер. «Пустые» права, социальные обязанности и рабочие отношения.Застой или изменение трудовых отношений на сельхоз предприятиях? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Елена Богданова. Антропология деревенской двухэтажки:
от исследования жилища к исследованию сообщества ... 105
Анна Папян. Женщина-руководитель армянского села ....126
Елена Никифорова. «Торговцы красотой»: заметки о ребрендинге эстонской деревни . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Ольга Фадеева. Феномен многоукладности экономики сибирского села. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Татьяна Тимофеева. Деревенские «практики воды» . . . . . 185
Татьяна Тимофеева. «Искаженное» пространство жизни.204
Сергей Карнаухов, Наталья Черемных. Пациент скорее мертв?(история одного сибирского сельхозпредприятия)216
Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research, 2020
This issue of the journal focuses mainly on the problem of normativity of old age and aging in Ru... more This issue of the journal focuses mainly on the problem of normativity of old age and aging in Russia. Contemporary Russian society constitutes a unique blend of premodern natural aging, Soviet ascetic paternalism, and attempts to actualize the neoliberal project of aging. The current issue presents works in a variety of scholarly genres: articles, essays, field notes, reviews of monographs and collected works. To find answers to questions regarding the normativity of old age, authors employ variety of approaches in sociological and culturological research, discourse analysis, literary gerontology, and so on. An assortment of genres, topics, and approaches will allow the reader to observe the evolution of discussion around the normativity of aging, to see what topics are of interest to the authors published in this issue, what problems researchers face in studying the process of aging, and what methods they use in their work.
The publication of this issue was provoked by the international conference “‘Between the Carrot a... more The publication of this issue was provoked by the international conference “‘Between the Carrot and the Stick’: Emerging Needs and Forms for Non-State Actors including NGOs and Informal Organizations in Contemporary Russia,” organized by the Centre for Independent Social Research in collaboration with colleagues from the Aleksanteri Institute of the University of Helsinki on January 28–29, 2016. Problems of NGOs, caused by the set of legislative initiatives, including a famous law 'on foreign agent'. This special issue contains four articles, all of which discuss the weakening Russian civil society, focusing on its different aspects. Svetlana Tulaeva, Maria Tysiachniouk, and Laura A. Henry investigate one type of NGO—the environmental protection organization—which suffered greatly from the law on “foreign agents.” The authors consider different aspects of adaptation, used by the NGOs for transforming political conditions. Aadne Aasland, Linda J. Cook, and Daria Prisyazhnyuk pay attention to the protest potential of society against the pension reform ongoing in Russia. The authors question the weak reaction of the society on the measures of the reform, which promise really hard consequences for the next generations. Among the others the they find the answer in that pension rights are protected in Russia by the state social bloc, not by civil rights protection organizations. Ann-Mari Sätre and Leo Granberg consider local initiatives in the Russian rural communities, which are balancing between the support and strong control from the side of the state. The article by Nina Ivashinenko and Alla Varyzgina analyze how local NGOs protecting children and families make connections and develop their relationships with families who potentially need their assistance. The authors argue that de facto local NGOs are not acting as representatives of the local communities because they rely more on a customer-oriented approach.
Consumption in Russia and the former USSR has been lately studied as regards the pre-revolutionar... more Consumption in Russia and the former USSR has been lately studied as regards the pre-revolutionary and early Soviet period. The history of Soviet consumption and the Soviet variety of consumerism in the 1950s-1990s has hardly been studied at all. This book concentrates on the late Soviet period but it also considers pre-WWII and even pre-revolutionary times.The book consists of articles, which survey the longue durée of Russian and Soviet consumer attitudes, Soviet ideology of consumption as indicated in texts concerning fashion, the world of Soviet fashion planning and the survival strategies of the Soviet consumer complaining against sub-standard goods and services in a command economy. There's also a case study concerning the uses of concepts with anti-consumerist content.
Социология еще со времен Макса Вебера — суть наука городская, и подавляющая часть социологических... more Социология еще со времен Макса Вебера — суть наука городская, и подавляющая часть социологических исследований связана с горо дом. Возможно поэтому социологические разговоры о деревне вести достаточно сложно — существует опасность угодить в ловушку кли шированных дихотомий, в рамках которых и развивается, по сути, всякое исследование деревни. Одна из них — оппозиция города и де ревни. Деревня так или иначе связывается и сравнивается с городом. Порою складывается впечатление, что деревня — это Другой города, столь необходимый для конституирования самости, конструирова ния феномена. Как и всякий Другой, деревня не просто отличается, она оказывается чуждой городу — наделяется опасными для города характеристиками или же экзотизируется. Вторая дихотомия, уча ствующая в формировании дискурса о деревне, напрямую связана с первой. Это оппозиция традиционности/ модернизированности деревни. Зачастую речь о деревне ведется именно в этих концепту альных рамках, которые позволяют говорить о ее консерватизме или о запаздывающей модернизации и пр. Однако время любых статичных границ, в том числе и классифи кационных, уходит. Границы ныне понимаются как условные, кон текстуальные и подвижные. Предлагаемый сборник статей, посвя щенных анализу современной деревни, — попытка уйти от строгих дихотомий, воспроизводящих иерархии, или, по крайней мере, под вергнуть сомнению, деконструировать их и попробовать представить иную оптику — оптику самих жителей села. Подобные задачи требу ют особого методологического подхода.
In this issue, we publish several papers presented at the international conference
“Complaints: C... more In this issue, we publish several papers presented at the international conference “Complaints: Cultures of Grievance in Eastern Europe and Eurasia” that took place on March 8–9, 2013, at Princeton University.1 Organized by the Program in Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies in collaboration with the Program in Law and Public Affairs,2 this conference aimed to examine the concept of the so-called people’s law from an interdisciplinary perspective. The idea was to separate grievances from a variety of other letters to the authorities and to consider them as a specific genre. Complaints are a peculiar phenomenon, as they represent a form of citizens’ epistolary dialogue with the powers that be. In communicating their demands, their discontent, or their indignation, complainants frame their letters according to what they think is appropriate in a given sociopolitical context. In other words, a complaint is a peculiar social mirror, an idiosyncratic, culturally determined translation of legal ideas into the language of the law’s users. Even though this law, as reflected in complaints, does not have any explicit norms, it nevertheless allows us to see the terms and rhetorical constructs expressing subjectivity and legal competency....
В этом номере журнала публикуется несколько статей, представленных на между-народной конференции «Культура жалоб в Восточной Европе и Евразии», которая состоялась 8–9 марта 2013 года в Принстонском университете. Конференция была организована Программой российских, восточноевропейских и евразийских исследований совместно с Программой права и публичной политики. Основной целью конференции была попытка взглянуть на феномен так называемого «народного права» с позиций разных дисциплин. Идея конференции была основана на желании выделить жалобы из массы всевозможных разновидностей писем во власть и рассмотреть их как специфический жанр. Жалобы в этом отношении представляют собой любопытный феномен, они являются формой письменного диалога людей с властными инстанциями. Формулируя свои требования, свое недовольство или раздражение, авторы жалоб придают им ту форму, которая, на их взгляд, является приемлемой в данном социально-политическом контексте...
Эта книга – очередное издание известного труда историка советской и пост-советской правовой систе... more Эта книга – очередное издание известного труда историка советской и пост-советской правовой системы, профессора университета Торонто Питера Соломона. Впервые на русском языке эта работа была опубликована в 1998 году, на английском книга вышла в 1996. В середине 1990-х годов исследование Соломона внесло вклад в дискуссию о советском правосудии сталинского периода, участниками которой были Габор Риттершпорн, Йорам Горлицкий, Олег Хлевнюк, Харольд Берман, Юджин Каменка и другие. С тех пор дискуссия на Западе значительно продвинулась, однако далеко не все исследования, посвященные этой проблеме, известны в России. Между тем, в последние годы активно развиваются эмпирические социо-правовые исследования, которые нуждаются в теоретико- методологической базе. При общем дефиците русскоязычной научной литературы по практике правоприменения, истории и социологии права хотелось бы, чтобы труд Питера Соломона не остался незамеченным.
Программа образовательного курса "Академическое письмо" для магистратуры, Европейский Университет... more Программа образовательного курса "Академическое письмо" для магистратуры, Европейский Университет в Санкт-Петербурге
The course explores Russian legal culture as a complex phenomenon of Russian society. Studying le... more The course explores Russian legal culture as a complex phenomenon of Russian society. Studying legal culture provides students with fundamental aspects of social and legal theory and socio-legal studies. The class draws on a comparative and transcultural perspective to highlight the plurality of legal cultures in different contexts. The course shows some historical roots of the modern processes of the Russian legal culture. The XX-th century was divided between the rule of authoritarianism and, subsequently, post-authoritarianism. Throughout these transformations, the law (legal system) became a central objective of the reforms in contemporary Russia. Russian society has never been one where the rule of law is recognized as within Western liberal legal theory. In Russian society, legal culture is framed by a variety of sectors, institutions, and practices, and one of the central goals of the course is to help students develop the skills to recognize these competing elements of legal culture and their significance for everyday life as well as particular historical events. The study of different legal cultures and questions of the applicability of Western theories are in the center of inquiry and, simultaneously, lay the ground for students developing critical thinking skills. Sociological approaches allow tracing the restructuring of legal institutions as it is implemented 'from above,' and at the same time, attending to the practice of law enforcement or forms of problem solution that, often, are outside of the purview of law. The course therefore aims to introduce students to the broader context and notions of legality and the law in the Soviet and Russian societies by looking at the specificity of social relations, the role of informal spheres for life within the Soviet and Russian society, and "surrogate" legal institutions and practices. The central focus here is a study of representations of justice and the individual consciousness of people living in totalitarian or authoritarian society, or in a society of the "facade" rule of law.
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Papers by Elena Bogdanova
but face challenges for developing an effective mixed economy of care while bolstering statebuilding in the post-Soviet context. The article draws critical attention to the role of healthcare reform in statebuilding efforts and draws inferences for the public health governance and statebuilding nexus in a post-Soviet
country.
The study was triggered by the real-life situation of the establishment of a neighbor association in the form of the house council (domovoi sovet), in accordance with the 2011 amendment to the Russian Housing Code. This became the first experience of cooperation in an “old neighborhood,” as well as the first attempt of collective care for the building’s common areas. Efforts, achievements, and failures of the house council are analyzed through the prism of collective action theory and the concept of materiality.
The article demonstrates that a collective strategy of care for the common areas of a multiunit residential building can be successfully implemented, although institutional conditions make it compete with individual strategies for improving living spaces. Alternative solutions—such as calling helplines or informally contacting local officials— may lead to positive changes for individual households or groups of neighbors. Yet, such uncoordinated individual efforts disrupt the common schedule for repairs and other improvements in the building, as approved by the house council, and redirect financing from common to individual needs. The overall conclusion is that in the conditions of contemporary Russian society, an association of neighbors of a democratic type turns into a risky project, which can serve as an extended metaphor for democratic initiatives in the country and resembles a futile attempt to “dissolve sand in water.”
between the different layers of this phenomenon, from personal to global.
показатели старости. Другие вовсе размывают возрастные границы и предлагают не замечать специфики старшего возраста. Одновременно с возрастными границами размываются и
переопределяются и привычные нормативные основания и паттерны старения. Возраст и старение возникают не только как вызовы глобализации и национальных систем управления, но и как личностные проблемы, связанные с поиском новых идентичностей и социально релевантных моделей поведения. Благодаря многослойности смыслов нормативность может служить инструментом, обеспечивающим диалог между разными уровнями существования явления: от персонального до глобального.
старения и неолиберальная политика старения, сформулированные в Мадридском плане действий. В последние годы Россия интегрировала нормы и принципы Мадридского плана в свою национальную политику старения. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции поставила под вопрос состоятельность основ концепции, представляющей процессы старения с позиций социального конструктивизма и сглаживающей границы между возрастными группами. Важнейшая связка всего неолиберального
проекта старения «активность – социальная включенность», которая призвана интегрировать пожилых в рынок труда и потребления и тем самым решать проблемы социального исключения пожилых и негативного образа их как обузы общества, в текущей ситуации оказывается нереализуема. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции актуализировала возрастные границы и заставила вспомнить о физиологических особенностях стареющего организма. Борьба за инклюзию пожилых (временно) сменилась борьбой за их эксклюзию. В эссе разбираются теоретические подходы, лежащие в основе концепции активного старения в том варианте, в котором они были сформированы в западном контексте, и в версии, воспринятой в России. Кульминацией эссе является вопрос о том, сформирует ли коронакризис запрос на новую концепцию старения.
Analysis of Soviet and post-Soviet normative documents and statistical data allows us to argue that opportunities for Russian citizens to combat service crimes in the courts have improved substantially. However, the system for coping with abuse of office remains imperfect, and retains features of the Soviet legacy despite vague legislation about administrative justice and dual ways of coping with abuse through legal and quasi-legal mechanisms. The re-establishment of the complaint mechanism in the conditions of contemporary Russia exacerbates this imperfection. Overall, the complaint mechanism occupies a significant place in people's options for making claims against officials, especially
claims against high-ranking officials.
the Stick”: Emerging Needs and Forms for Non-State Actors including NGOs and Informal Organisations in Contemporary Russia’. The conference was organised by the Centre for Independent Social Research in collaboration with the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Russian Studies at the Aleksanteri Institute (University of Helsinki), and took place in January 2016.1 The essays focus on CSOs and state–society relations in contemporary Russia. Nearly all are based on recent field research including interviews with CSO leaders, activists, and
other actors connected with the sector. Overall, they paint a negative but nuanced picture of organisations confronting restrictive government legislation, particularly the so-called ‘Foreign Agents Law’ (Federal Law No. 121), which controls Russian CSOs that receive international funding and engage in political activity.2
child welfare sector that has been carried out in Russia in
recent years. Focusing on deinstitutionalization and a
child’s right to a family, this reform moves Russia in the
direction of international trends in this area and represents
a break with previous state- and institution-dominated
approach to “problem families.” The article explores how
and why this process has come about in a traditionally topdown
hybrid regime and applies the Multiple Streams
Framework first developed by Kingdon to argue that
Russian child welfare nongovernmental organizations have
acted in concert with government officials to act as policy
entrepreneurs in framing the policy problem and presenting
solutions to it in a way that has influenced national priorities
in this area. At the same time, the article acknowledges
that major challenges remain in terms of implementing the
reform at the regional level of government in Russia.
situation, the same space may be either private or public. To help differentiate between the public and the private, the acoustic community of this Russian village prescribes specific conventions, shared by the local residents.
but face challenges for developing an effective mixed economy of care while bolstering statebuilding in the post-Soviet context. The article draws critical attention to the role of healthcare reform in statebuilding efforts and draws inferences for the public health governance and statebuilding nexus in a post-Soviet
country.
The study was triggered by the real-life situation of the establishment of a neighbor association in the form of the house council (domovoi sovet), in accordance with the 2011 amendment to the Russian Housing Code. This became the first experience of cooperation in an “old neighborhood,” as well as the first attempt of collective care for the building’s common areas. Efforts, achievements, and failures of the house council are analyzed through the prism of collective action theory and the concept of materiality.
The article demonstrates that a collective strategy of care for the common areas of a multiunit residential building can be successfully implemented, although institutional conditions make it compete with individual strategies for improving living spaces. Alternative solutions—such as calling helplines or informally contacting local officials— may lead to positive changes for individual households or groups of neighbors. Yet, such uncoordinated individual efforts disrupt the common schedule for repairs and other improvements in the building, as approved by the house council, and redirect financing from common to individual needs. The overall conclusion is that in the conditions of contemporary Russian society, an association of neighbors of a democratic type turns into a risky project, which can serve as an extended metaphor for democratic initiatives in the country and resembles a futile attempt to “dissolve sand in water.”
between the different layers of this phenomenon, from personal to global.
показатели старости. Другие вовсе размывают возрастные границы и предлагают не замечать специфики старшего возраста. Одновременно с возрастными границами размываются и
переопределяются и привычные нормативные основания и паттерны старения. Возраст и старение возникают не только как вызовы глобализации и национальных систем управления, но и как личностные проблемы, связанные с поиском новых идентичностей и социально релевантных моделей поведения. Благодаря многослойности смыслов нормативность может служить инструментом, обеспечивающим диалог между разными уровнями существования явления: от персонального до глобального.
старения и неолиберальная политика старения, сформулированные в Мадридском плане действий. В последние годы Россия интегрировала нормы и принципы Мадридского плана в свою национальную политику старения. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции поставила под вопрос состоятельность основ концепции, представляющей процессы старения с позиций социального конструктивизма и сглаживающей границы между возрастными группами. Важнейшая связка всего неолиберального
проекта старения «активность – социальная включенность», которая призвана интегрировать пожилых в рынок труда и потребления и тем самым решать проблемы социального исключения пожилых и негативного образа их как обузы общества, в текущей ситуации оказывается нереализуема. Пандемия коронавирусной инфекции актуализировала возрастные границы и заставила вспомнить о физиологических особенностях стареющего организма. Борьба за инклюзию пожилых (временно) сменилась борьбой за их эксклюзию. В эссе разбираются теоретические подходы, лежащие в основе концепции активного старения в том варианте, в котором они были сформированы в западном контексте, и в версии, воспринятой в России. Кульминацией эссе является вопрос о том, сформирует ли коронакризис запрос на новую концепцию старения.
Analysis of Soviet and post-Soviet normative documents and statistical data allows us to argue that opportunities for Russian citizens to combat service crimes in the courts have improved substantially. However, the system for coping with abuse of office remains imperfect, and retains features of the Soviet legacy despite vague legislation about administrative justice and dual ways of coping with abuse through legal and quasi-legal mechanisms. The re-establishment of the complaint mechanism in the conditions of contemporary Russia exacerbates this imperfection. Overall, the complaint mechanism occupies a significant place in people's options for making claims against officials, especially
claims against high-ranking officials.
the Stick”: Emerging Needs and Forms for Non-State Actors including NGOs and Informal Organisations in Contemporary Russia’. The conference was organised by the Centre for Independent Social Research in collaboration with the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Russian Studies at the Aleksanteri Institute (University of Helsinki), and took place in January 2016.1 The essays focus on CSOs and state–society relations in contemporary Russia. Nearly all are based on recent field research including interviews with CSO leaders, activists, and
other actors connected with the sector. Overall, they paint a negative but nuanced picture of organisations confronting restrictive government legislation, particularly the so-called ‘Foreign Agents Law’ (Federal Law No. 121), which controls Russian CSOs that receive international funding and engage in political activity.2
child welfare sector that has been carried out in Russia in
recent years. Focusing on deinstitutionalization and a
child’s right to a family, this reform moves Russia in the
direction of international trends in this area and represents
a break with previous state- and institution-dominated
approach to “problem families.” The article explores how
and why this process has come about in a traditionally topdown
hybrid regime and applies the Multiple Streams
Framework first developed by Kingdon to argue that
Russian child welfare nongovernmental organizations have
acted in concert with government officials to act as policy
entrepreneurs in framing the policy problem and presenting
solutions to it in a way that has influenced national priorities
in this area. At the same time, the article acknowledges
that major challenges remain in terms of implementing the
reform at the regional level of government in Russia.
situation, the same space may be either private or public. To help differentiate between the public and the private, the acoustic community of this Russian village prescribes specific conventions, shared by the local residents.
Organization Committee:
Dr. Linda Cook – Brown University
Dr. Ann-Mari Sätre – Uppsala University
Dr. Elena Bogdanova – Centre for Independent Social Research
Dr. Meri Kulmala – Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki
Dr. Aadne Aasland – Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Studies
Dr. Eleanor Bindman – Queen Mary University of London
***
Уточню сразу: я собираюсь говорить о жалобах. Это особый жанр обращения в органы власти, который содержит запрос на восстановление справедливости. Именно так жалоба определялась в советском законодательстве, примерно так она определяется в законодательстве и сейчас. Практика писания во власть известна в России с незапамятных времен. Писали всегда много, по разным поводам, с разными целями, но далеко не все обращения можно считать жалобами. Среди них могли быть предложения, благодарности, заявления, критические письма или просто письма-такие, какие мы пишем родным и друзьям. Каждый из этих жанров по-своему уникален и потрясающе богат информацией о власти, об авторах этих посланий и об обществе, в условиях которого возникают подобные виды коммуникации. Мой интерес связан именно с жалобой как с инструментом восстановления справедливости. Я начала изучать советский механизм жалоб в начале 2000-х. Тогда казалось, что это исчерпавшая себя практика, любопытная примета отжившего строя. Однако, по иронии судьбы, как раз в 2006 году, когда мое исследование было закончено и я защитила диссертацию о жалобах в советской системе, был принят закон «О порядке рассмотрения обращений граждан Российский Федерации» (№ 59-ФЗ), при одном взгляде на который стало понятно: бюрократия жалоб возвращается. В 2008-2010 годах заработала основная инфраструктура «жалобного механизма», причем она следовала в фарватере тогдашней кремлевской политики. Сначала появилась сеть общественных приемных председателя партии «Единая Россия» и правительства РФ, место которого в тот момент занимал Владимир Путин. Незадолго до выборов 2012 г. возникла параллельная сеть-общественных приемных президента. 59-й закон не запрещал жаловаться в правительство, в министерства высшего уровня, президенту, однако по какой-то причине структурно во всей создающейся бюрократии жалоб важно было выделить двух самых важных адресатов. К сегодняшнему дню механизм жалоб подошел с солидным багажом: более 30 правовых документов, находящихся в открытом доступе, регулируют бюрократию жалоб в России, а кроме того-ряд распоряжений и постановлений, имеющих силу внутри самого механизма и превращающих его в сложный и многоуровневый канал связи между властью и обществом. За 12 лет существования механизм прошел интенсивный путь становления и получил существенную поддержку со стороны государства. Параллельно усилен был и институт прокуратуры, который имеет историческую связь с механизмом жалоб. В советские годы прокуратура выполняла функции надзора и контроля за рассмотрением жалоб. Ныне мы имеем схожую органическую связь двух ведомств-«жалобного» и силового. Важно то, что обновленный институт жалоб прижился в России. Если сравнить
Для реализации цели исследования был выбран метод рефлексивной качественной социологии с элементами биографического исследования. Эмпирическая база исследования составила 16 биографических интервью с маломобильными пожилыми людьми, пострадавшими от националсоциализма, 12 проблемноориентированных интервью с членами семей МЛПНС или профессионалами, осуществляющими заботу о пожилых, 5 интервью с руководителями и сотрудниками НКО, и 10 проблемноориентированных интервью с экспертами, в число которых попали психологи, специализирующиеся на проблемах маломобильных пожилых людей, исследователи, заведующая КЦСО одного из районов Санкт-Петербурга, и пр. Помимо интервью в ходе проекта был также осуществлен обзор законодательства, обзор российских и зарубежных исследований в области заботы о маломобильных пожилых людей, переживших травматичный опыт насилия, плена, угрозы жизни в детском или молодом возрасте, обзор сайтов НКО, осуществляющих услуги заботы о пожилых.
Итоги проекта представляют анализ актуальных потребностей группы МЛПНС, основанный на анализе интервью с самими пожилыми маломобильными людьми и теми, кто осуществляет уход за ними. При анализе потребностей были учтены такие специфические для изучаемой группы аспекты жизнедеятельности, как ограничения в передвижении, преклонный возраст, утрата большинства социальных связей, зависимости от других людей, наличие травматичной памяти. Из перспективы актуальных потребностей был проведен анализ возможностей и ресурсов обслуживания данной группы, предлагаемый государственными социальными службами, некоммерческими организациями, и семьей. На основании результатов исследования сформулированы рекомендации для российских НКО относительного того, как эффективнее использовать имеющиеся ресурсы для более успешной интеграции МЛПНС в общество.
Being marginal to the legal system and almost invisible for researchers of legal development, the complaint mechanism has functioned as an extremely important way of restoring justice, available to the majority of people in Russia for centuries. It has survived several historical gaps and, in a sense, acts as a thread that stitches together different eras, coexisting with the establishment and modernization of legal institutions, compensating, accompanying, and sometimes
substituting for them. The research covers a period of over 100 years, and shows how and why at major historical crossroads, Russia chooses between full-fledged legal modernization and saving the authoritarian social contract between the state and society.
This book will be especially useful to scholars researching Soviet society and Post-Soviet transformations, socio-legal studies, and liberal legal reforms, but will also appeal to those working in the broader fields of Russian politics, the history of Soviet society and justice issues more generally.
В сборник включены социологические статьи и эссе, посвященные проблемам постсоветского села (армянский, несколько российских и эстонский кейсы). Мозаика из разных контекстов и кейсов позволяет представить множественность траекторий трансформации постсоветского села, которое в настоящее время являет собой сложный социальный феномен, сочетающий в себе черты советского, постмодернистского, рыночного, а также национального, европейского и глобального обществ.
Все исследования, представленные в книге, выполнены в качественной парадигме. Некоторые из статей имеют методологическое значение и предлагают новые подходы к изучению и пониманию сельского социального пространства. Сборник обращен как к специалистам
в области социологии села, так и к широкой аудитории, интересующейся данной тематикой.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ:
Е. Богданова, О. Бредникова Что же находится «вдали от городов»? Предисловие от редакторов . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Ингрид Освальд. Индустриализированная деревня. К трансформации сельского образа жизни в постсоциалистических обществах . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Ольга Бредникова. Деревня умерла? Да здравствует деревня! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Иван Гололобов. Деревня как не-политическое сообщество:
социальная (дис)организации мира собственных имен .... 59
Оане Виссер. «Пустые» права, социальные обязанности и рабочие отношения.Застой или изменение трудовых отношений на сельхоз предприятиях? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Елена Богданова. Антропология деревенской двухэтажки:
от исследования жилища к исследованию сообщества ... 105
Анна Папян. Женщина-руководитель армянского села ....126
Елена Никифорова. «Торговцы красотой»: заметки о ребрендинге эстонской деревни . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Ольга Фадеева. Феномен многоукладности экономики сибирского села. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Татьяна Тимофеева. Деревенские «практики воды» . . . . . 185
Татьяна Тимофеева. «Искаженное» пространство жизни.204
Сергей Карнаухов, Наталья Черемных. Пациент скорее мертв?(история одного сибирского сельхозпредприятия)216
of approaches in sociological and culturological research, discourse analysis, literary gerontology, and so on. An assortment of genres, topics, and approaches will allow the reader to observe the evolution of discussion around the normativity of aging, to see what topics are of interest to the authors published in this issue, what problems researchers face in studying the process of aging, and what methods they use in their work.
Aadne Aasland, Linda J. Cook, and Daria Prisyazhnyuk pay attention to the protest potential of society against the pension reform ongoing in Russia. The authors question the weak reaction of the society on the measures of the reform, which promise really hard consequences for the next generations. Among the others the they find the answer in that pension rights are protected in Russia by the state social bloc, not by civil rights protection organizations. Ann-Mari Sätre and Leo Granberg consider local initiatives in the Russian rural communities, which are balancing between the support and strong control from the side of the state. The article by Nina Ivashinenko and Alla Varyzgina analyze how local NGOs protecting
children and families make connections and develop their relationships with families who potentially need their assistance. The authors argue that de facto local NGOs are not acting as representatives of the local communities because they rely more on a customer-oriented approach.
“Complaints: Cultures of Grievance in Eastern Europe and Eurasia” that took place
on March 8–9, 2013, at Princeton University.1 Organized by the Program in Russian,
East European, and Eurasian Studies in collaboration with the Program in Law and
Public Affairs,2 this conference aimed to examine the concept of the so-called people’s
law from an interdisciplinary perspective. The idea was to separate grievances
from a variety of other letters to the authorities and to consider them as a specific
genre. Complaints are a peculiar phenomenon, as they represent a form of citizens’
epistolary dialogue with the powers that be. In communicating their demands,
their discontent, or their indignation, complainants frame their letters according
to what they think is appropriate in a given sociopolitical context. In other words,
a complaint is a peculiar social mirror, an idiosyncratic, culturally determined
translation of legal ideas into the language of the law’s users. Even though this law,
as reflected in complaints, does not have any explicit norms, it nevertheless allows
us to see the terms and rhetorical constructs expressing subjectivity and legal
competency....
В этом номере журнала публикуется несколько статей, представленных на между-народной конференции «Культура жалоб в Восточной Европе и Евразии», которая состоялась 8–9 марта 2013 года в Принстонском университете. Конференция была организована Программой российских, восточноевропейских и евразийских исследований совместно с Программой права и публичной политики. Основной целью конференции была попытка взглянуть на феномен так называемого «народного права» с позиций разных дисциплин. Идея конференции была основана на желании выделить жалобы из массы всевозможных разновидностей писем во власть и рассмотреть их как специфический жанр. Жалобы в этом отношении
представляют собой любопытный феномен, они являются формой письменного диалога людей с властными инстанциями. Формулируя свои требования, свое недовольство или раздражение, авторы жалоб придают им ту форму, которая, на их взгляд, является приемлемой в данном социально-политическом контексте...
методологической базе. При общем дефиците русскоязычной научной литературы по практике правоприменения, истории и социологии права хотелось бы, чтобы труд Питера Соломона не остался незамеченным.