The paper investigates the relationship between the atemporality and inalterability of Freud's un... more The paper investigates the relationship between the atemporality and inalterability of Freud's unconscious mind and the temporality of consciousness and of therapeutic intervention through the lens of energetics
La biologia come paradigma epistemologico nel secolo XIX, a cura di Maria Donzelli, Napoli, Liguori,, 2003
people The new, epigenetic notion of development marks a crucial historical shift in the late XVI... more people The new, epigenetic notion of development marks a crucial historical shift in the late XVIII Century life sciences. Moving from the analysis by Reinhardt Koselleck of the temporalisation of historical time, the paper discusses the breakthrough of the notion of development in German Historicism as a critique and overcoming of the preformistic assumptions of the Enlightenment notion of progress. In this perspective, the temporalisation of historical time would not imply, as stressed by Koselleck, a denaturalization of history, but rather reveal the close interaction between a new conception of nature and of mankind.
Les contemporains de Droysen ont été les premiers à percevoir une empreinte aristotélicienne dans... more Les contemporains de Droysen ont été les premiers à percevoir une empreinte aristotélicienne dans l’œuvre de Johann Gustav Droysen (1809-1884). Le témoignage le plus ancien remonte à Heinrich Leo, qui en 1867 écrivait au sujet du Précis de théorie de l’histoire : « Ce petit livre se base essentiellement sur un fondement aristotélicien ». En 1878, dans le cadre d’une ébauche biographique de Droysen, Alfred Dove fait remonter l’approfondissement d’Aristote à la période où Droysen travaillait su..
Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Il Catalogo Vichiano Internazionale propone un censimento e una d... more Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Il Catalogo Vichiano Internazionale propone un censimento e una descrizione dettagliata delle editio-nes prinàpes vichiane conservate nelle Biblioteche al di fuori d'Italia. Delle 227 opere censite ...
Besides the usual mix of hopes and hypes, the prospects of personalized epigenetics are promising... more Besides the usual mix of hopes and hypes, the prospects of personalized epigenetics are promising. Its advent would radically affect all of the 4 P of personalized medicine, shifting the focus of the tailoring of prevention, prediction and therapeutic intervention to the unique epigenetic profile and history of the individual patient. I will highlight the transformative opportunities enshrined in personalized epigenetics, as well as some dangers it entails. In particular, I will emphasize how personalized epigenetics raises qualitatively new bioethical and biopolitical issues, and call attention to the new dimensions of responsibility disclosed by the coupling of epigenetic inheritance and environmental exposure. A timely reflection on its possible impact may help to shape personalized epigenetics toward the more comprehensive approach to health care that Ziegelstein has labeled "personomics" (Ziegelstein 2015).
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Dec 1, 2020
Acceleration. Reflections on the temporalities of the pandemic. The speed of the Covid-19 pandemi... more Acceleration. Reflections on the temporalities of the pandemic. The speed of the Covid-19 pandemic has imparted an acceleration – a “variation of velocity in the time unity” – to multiple social processes: that of political decision making, that of science in search of medical protocols and treatments, that of the use of new technologies, that of political and biopolitical control techniques. But each of the different functional systems tackling the challenge of this global threat has its own rhythm and tempo, constrained by the nature of its own constitutive processes. How is this acceleration putting to test the extant social “time structures”, and how is it altering the dynamics of their interactions? The conceptual tools developed by the critical theory of acceleration for interpreting the temporal paradoxes of late modernity may provide a key for reading the ongoing transformations, and help reasoning on the possible directions of this acceleration – in fact, as it is the case in physics, the direction of acceleration is not pregiven, it is rather the resultant of the directions and intensities of the forces which act upon a body.
Évolution et systèmes complexes. Approches épistémologiques et historiques, 2023
The chapter compares some recent developments in the representation and prediction of the dynamic... more The chapter compares some recent developments in the representation and prediction of the dynamics of diversity - i.e., its production and maintenance in nonequilibrium systems - in the social sciences (at the case of cultural diversity) and in ecology (biodiversity). Advancements in the modeling of multilayered networks, together with new enabling technologies, have lately shifted the focus in both fields on "higher order" interactions as an additional layer of complexity which must be taken into account to understand these dynamics. These developments confirm the analytic and heuristic fertility of the systemic approach, as providing a common set of tools for formalizing complex adaptive systems, but they also highlight deeply entrenched differences between these two typologies of systems, ultimately driven by the distinct forces, forms of agency and relevant reference environment. The broader scope of the present comparative analysis of higher order interactions in social science and ecology is therefore to revive the original antireductionist stance of System Theory, as the precondition for a pluralist integration of phenomena belonging to ontologically and epistemologically irreducible levels, for a more effective management of the greater complexity driven by their interlacing, and, last but not least, for better counteracting the danger of the loss of diversity to which both systems are increasingly exposed.
Organoids and organs-on-a-chip are currently the two major families of 3D advanced organotypic in... more Organoids and organs-on-a-chip are currently the two major families of 3D advanced organotypic in vitro culture systems, aimed at reconstituting miniaturized models of physiological and pathological states of human organs. Both share the tenets of the so-called three-dimensional thinking' a Systems Physiology approach focused on recapitulating the dynamic interactions between cells and their microenvironment. We first review the arguments underlying the paradigm shift toward three-dimensional thinking in the in vitro culture community. Then, through a historically informed account of the technical affordances and the epistemic commitments of these two approaches, we highlight how they embody two distinct experimental cultures. We finally argue that the current systematic effort for their integration requires not only innovative synergistic engineering solutions, but also conceptual integration between different perspectives on biological causality.
The paper recaps some crucial shifts in the modes of communication between science and society be... more The paper recaps some crucial shifts in the modes of communication between science and society between XVIII and XIX Century, with particular emphasis on the constitution of National Museums. For the XVIII Century, the focus is on Buffon's Natural History, because of its pivotal role in the dissemination of science as well as in the constitution of a shared scientific imagery through an innovative use of images. The reasons underlying the XX Century crisis in the relationship between science and society are then briefly outlined, together with the major recent attempts at overcoming their divide, from the Public Understanding of Science to the Public Engagement with Science and Technology. Finally, a reflection is offered on the possible present role of museums as places for integrating virtual and physical communities.
Scienziati in affanno? Scienza, politica e società: l'approccio post-normale in teoria e nelle pratiche, 2022
La governance democratica della scienza e della tecnologia nella tarda modernità si configura orm... more La governance democratica della scienza e della tecnologia nella tarda modernità si configura ormai prevalentemente all'interno della costellazione "post-normale" nella quale "i fatti sono incerti, i valori controversi, le poste in gioco elevate e le decisioni urgenti" (Funtowicz e Ravetz 1993), una costellazione che richiede l'interazione tra la comunità scientifica, i portatori di interesse direttamente coinvolti, il pubblico più largo dei cittadini e i decisori politici. La svolta in senso partecipativo - divenuta ormai sempre più normativa sia a livello internazionale che nazionale - è stata promossa e articolata teoricamente tanto dal movimento della scienza postnormale, nella forma di "comunità estesa di pari" (Funtowicz e Ravetz 2003), che in altre posizioni teoriche (Collins e Evans 2017, Nowotny et al. 2001) egualmente dedicate a volgere in forma propositiva e proattiva il lavoro fecondo, ma prevalentemente decostruttivo, degli studi sociali della scienza e della tecnologia (Latour 2010). A partire da una breve disamina del dibattito - alimentato ormai da una messe di nuovi dati sperimentali - sulle criticità, teoriche quanto procedurali e politiche della implementazione delle "comunità estesa di pari", si propone una riflessione sul rapporto problematico tra i tempi della pratica deliberativa integrata e "l'urgenza delle decisioni". La risoluzione di questo dilemma viene sempre più demandata alla costituzione di nuovi spazi permanenti di negoziazione integrata tra scienza e società, che possano orientare ex ante il processo della produzione scientifica, facendo interagire la proiezione probabilistica di scenari alternativi propria della scienza con la pluralità di valori, ma anche di "immaginazioni e aspirazioni" (Appadurai 2013) espressa nella società. Si cercherà di mettere in luce le potenzialità di questo nuovo ideale regolativo e alcune difficoltà che lo insidiano.
The paper investigates the relationship between the atemporality and inalterability of Freud's un... more The paper investigates the relationship between the atemporality and inalterability of Freud's unconscious mind and the temporality of consciousness and of therapeutic intervention through the lens of energetics
La biologia come paradigma epistemologico nel secolo XIX, a cura di Maria Donzelli, Napoli, Liguori,, 2003
people The new, epigenetic notion of development marks a crucial historical shift in the late XVI... more people The new, epigenetic notion of development marks a crucial historical shift in the late XVIII Century life sciences. Moving from the analysis by Reinhardt Koselleck of the temporalisation of historical time, the paper discusses the breakthrough of the notion of development in German Historicism as a critique and overcoming of the preformistic assumptions of the Enlightenment notion of progress. In this perspective, the temporalisation of historical time would not imply, as stressed by Koselleck, a denaturalization of history, but rather reveal the close interaction between a new conception of nature and of mankind.
Les contemporains de Droysen ont été les premiers à percevoir une empreinte aristotélicienne dans... more Les contemporains de Droysen ont été les premiers à percevoir une empreinte aristotélicienne dans l’œuvre de Johann Gustav Droysen (1809-1884). Le témoignage le plus ancien remonte à Heinrich Leo, qui en 1867 écrivait au sujet du Précis de théorie de l’histoire : « Ce petit livre se base essentiellement sur un fondement aristotélicien ». En 1878, dans le cadre d’une ébauche biographique de Droysen, Alfred Dove fait remonter l’approfondissement d’Aristote à la période où Droysen travaillait su..
Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Il Catalogo Vichiano Internazionale propone un censimento e una d... more Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Il Catalogo Vichiano Internazionale propone un censimento e una descrizione dettagliata delle editio-nes prinàpes vichiane conservate nelle Biblioteche al di fuori d'Italia. Delle 227 opere censite ...
Besides the usual mix of hopes and hypes, the prospects of personalized epigenetics are promising... more Besides the usual mix of hopes and hypes, the prospects of personalized epigenetics are promising. Its advent would radically affect all of the 4 P of personalized medicine, shifting the focus of the tailoring of prevention, prediction and therapeutic intervention to the unique epigenetic profile and history of the individual patient. I will highlight the transformative opportunities enshrined in personalized epigenetics, as well as some dangers it entails. In particular, I will emphasize how personalized epigenetics raises qualitatively new bioethical and biopolitical issues, and call attention to the new dimensions of responsibility disclosed by the coupling of epigenetic inheritance and environmental exposure. A timely reflection on its possible impact may help to shape personalized epigenetics toward the more comprehensive approach to health care that Ziegelstein has labeled "personomics" (Ziegelstein 2015).
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Dec 1, 2020
Acceleration. Reflections on the temporalities of the pandemic. The speed of the Covid-19 pandemi... more Acceleration. Reflections on the temporalities of the pandemic. The speed of the Covid-19 pandemic has imparted an acceleration – a “variation of velocity in the time unity” – to multiple social processes: that of political decision making, that of science in search of medical protocols and treatments, that of the use of new technologies, that of political and biopolitical control techniques. But each of the different functional systems tackling the challenge of this global threat has its own rhythm and tempo, constrained by the nature of its own constitutive processes. How is this acceleration putting to test the extant social “time structures”, and how is it altering the dynamics of their interactions? The conceptual tools developed by the critical theory of acceleration for interpreting the temporal paradoxes of late modernity may provide a key for reading the ongoing transformations, and help reasoning on the possible directions of this acceleration – in fact, as it is the case in physics, the direction of acceleration is not pregiven, it is rather the resultant of the directions and intensities of the forces which act upon a body.
Évolution et systèmes complexes. Approches épistémologiques et historiques, 2023
The chapter compares some recent developments in the representation and prediction of the dynamic... more The chapter compares some recent developments in the representation and prediction of the dynamics of diversity - i.e., its production and maintenance in nonequilibrium systems - in the social sciences (at the case of cultural diversity) and in ecology (biodiversity). Advancements in the modeling of multilayered networks, together with new enabling technologies, have lately shifted the focus in both fields on "higher order" interactions as an additional layer of complexity which must be taken into account to understand these dynamics. These developments confirm the analytic and heuristic fertility of the systemic approach, as providing a common set of tools for formalizing complex adaptive systems, but they also highlight deeply entrenched differences between these two typologies of systems, ultimately driven by the distinct forces, forms of agency and relevant reference environment. The broader scope of the present comparative analysis of higher order interactions in social science and ecology is therefore to revive the original antireductionist stance of System Theory, as the precondition for a pluralist integration of phenomena belonging to ontologically and epistemologically irreducible levels, for a more effective management of the greater complexity driven by their interlacing, and, last but not least, for better counteracting the danger of the loss of diversity to which both systems are increasingly exposed.
Organoids and organs-on-a-chip are currently the two major families of 3D advanced organotypic in... more Organoids and organs-on-a-chip are currently the two major families of 3D advanced organotypic in vitro culture systems, aimed at reconstituting miniaturized models of physiological and pathological states of human organs. Both share the tenets of the so-called three-dimensional thinking' a Systems Physiology approach focused on recapitulating the dynamic interactions between cells and their microenvironment. We first review the arguments underlying the paradigm shift toward three-dimensional thinking in the in vitro culture community. Then, through a historically informed account of the technical affordances and the epistemic commitments of these two approaches, we highlight how they embody two distinct experimental cultures. We finally argue that the current systematic effort for their integration requires not only innovative synergistic engineering solutions, but also conceptual integration between different perspectives on biological causality.
The paper recaps some crucial shifts in the modes of communication between science and society be... more The paper recaps some crucial shifts in the modes of communication between science and society between XVIII and XIX Century, with particular emphasis on the constitution of National Museums. For the XVIII Century, the focus is on Buffon's Natural History, because of its pivotal role in the dissemination of science as well as in the constitution of a shared scientific imagery through an innovative use of images. The reasons underlying the XX Century crisis in the relationship between science and society are then briefly outlined, together with the major recent attempts at overcoming their divide, from the Public Understanding of Science to the Public Engagement with Science and Technology. Finally, a reflection is offered on the possible present role of museums as places for integrating virtual and physical communities.
Scienziati in affanno? Scienza, politica e società: l'approccio post-normale in teoria e nelle pratiche, 2022
La governance democratica della scienza e della tecnologia nella tarda modernità si configura orm... more La governance democratica della scienza e della tecnologia nella tarda modernità si configura ormai prevalentemente all'interno della costellazione "post-normale" nella quale "i fatti sono incerti, i valori controversi, le poste in gioco elevate e le decisioni urgenti" (Funtowicz e Ravetz 1993), una costellazione che richiede l'interazione tra la comunità scientifica, i portatori di interesse direttamente coinvolti, il pubblico più largo dei cittadini e i decisori politici. La svolta in senso partecipativo - divenuta ormai sempre più normativa sia a livello internazionale che nazionale - è stata promossa e articolata teoricamente tanto dal movimento della scienza postnormale, nella forma di "comunità estesa di pari" (Funtowicz e Ravetz 2003), che in altre posizioni teoriche (Collins e Evans 2017, Nowotny et al. 2001) egualmente dedicate a volgere in forma propositiva e proattiva il lavoro fecondo, ma prevalentemente decostruttivo, degli studi sociali della scienza e della tecnologia (Latour 2010). A partire da una breve disamina del dibattito - alimentato ormai da una messe di nuovi dati sperimentali - sulle criticità, teoriche quanto procedurali e politiche della implementazione delle "comunità estesa di pari", si propone una riflessione sul rapporto problematico tra i tempi della pratica deliberativa integrata e "l'urgenza delle decisioni". La risoluzione di questo dilemma viene sempre più demandata alla costituzione di nuovi spazi permanenti di negoziazione integrata tra scienza e società, che possano orientare ex ante il processo della produzione scientifica, facendo interagire la proiezione probabilistica di scenari alternativi propria della scienza con la pluralità di valori, ma anche di "immaginazioni e aspirazioni" (Appadurai 2013) espressa nella società. Si cercherà di mettere in luce le potenzialità di questo nuovo ideale regolativo e alcune difficoltà che lo insidiano.
Unity and Disunity in Evolutionary Biology. Deconstructing Darwinism R. Delisle, M. Esposito, D Ceccarelli (eds), 2024
Mosaic evolution, whereby transitional forms display a mixture of primitive and derived features,... more Mosaic evolution, whereby transitional forms display a mixture of primitive and derived features, is nowadays recognized as a ubiquitous pattern of macroevolutionary change. Less known is that this expression was coined by Gavin de Beer in 1954. I move from the philological symptom of the frequent oblivion of de Beer’s authorship of this notion to investigate the history of the reception of his paper by G.G. Simpson and E. Mayr in the context of the “hardening” Modern Synthesis. I argue that this oblivion was not completely random, but the result of a process of selective appropriation which was accomplished with the overshadowing of de Beer’s original formulation by Mayr in 1963. In fact, mosaic evolution touched several sensitive issues at the junction between embryology and paleontology: the role of natural selection in the origin of complex adaptations, the origin of higher taxa and the explanation of macroevolutionary trends. As a litmus test about the hardening of Modern Synthesis, mosaic evolution reveals several crack and fissures in the consolidation of the synthetic framework and sheds a realistic light on the defensive function of the hardening itself, as well as of its uneven success, which in my view is exemplified by the adoption, at this very time, of Huxley’s progressivist notion of grade to account for macroevolutionary trends.
In the XVIII Century, in which the ground is set for the separation between natural and human sci... more In the XVIII Century, in which the ground is set for the separation between natural and human sciences, an intensive search for a scientific method viable for historical objects is widespread in the whole field of humanities, the more so as it is meant to master the clear-cut break between past and present highlighted by the Querelle des anciens et des modernes. The notion of “epoch”, grounded on a discontinuous representation of historical time, plays a crucial epistemological function in the crossroad between philosophy of history, historiography and philology, and reveals the strong power of attraction exterted by the notions of system and organism in the interplay between human sciences and contemporary life sciences. In the course of the XIX Century, the methodical synthesis between synchrony and diachrony purported by the Göttingen School is subsided by an increasing tension between “epoch” and “process”. This tension characterizes, in the origin of the early German historicism, the different approaches of L. von Ranke and J.G. Droysen. INDICE
Introduzione di Fulvio Tessitore
Ringraziamenti
Capitolo 1 La contrapposizione tra antichi e moderni 1. La cesura tra antico e moderno 2. La Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes 3. Tempo ciclico e tempo lineare 4. Eredità della Querelle 5. Dalla Querelle al neoclassicismo. Le funzioni dell'antichità 6. Perché i greci 7. Grecità e paganesimo 8. Invenzione di una tradizione
Capitolo 2 Johann Joachim Winckelmann 1. Winckelmann e la vera natura dei greci 2. Il "cielo greco": i greci sul crinale tra natura e cultura 3. La «regola greca» 4. Lo stile come principio di individualità storica 5. Ciclicità dell’arte 6. Winckelmann e la scienza 7. L’erudizione a. Winckelmann e la Teutsche Historie b. l’antiquaria c. antiquaria ed arte: Winckelmann e Caylus d. Erudizione e letteratura 8. L’arte 9. Istanze di metodo: autopsia, ipotesi/congettura
Capitolo 3 Filologia ed epoca 1. Origini della filologia e chiusura della tradizione 2. Storia del concetto di originale 3. La concezione dell’originale dall’umanesimo alla Riforma: genesi della logica dell’emendazione 4. Sola scriptura e autoreferenzialità del testo 5. Critica e razionalismo 6. La logica della recensione: sviluppi del metodo filologico tra fine ‘700 e inizio ‘800 7. La filologia tra testo e contesto 8. Filologia ed epoca in Vico a. Filologia e filosofia b. La nuova arte critica e le modificazioni della mente 9. Il concetto di epoca 11. Epoca tra natura e storia 12. L’idea di epoca tra Vico e Wolf
Capitolo 4 Christian Gottlob Heyne 1. Il premio di Kassel 2. Heyne e Gottinga 3. La svolta verso i realia 4. Filantropinismo e realia 5. La primitivizzazione dei greci 6. Arte e metodo 7. Il testimone sotto accusa 8. Dall’imitazione allo Studium 9. Scienza, empiria, sistema 10. Sincronia/diacronia, filologia/storia
Capitolo 5 Epoca e processo in Herder 1. Winckelmann e Herder 2. La vita come organizzazione 4. Forze e forme 5. Perfezionamento come crescita di organizzazione 6. La specificità antropica 7. Umanità e cultura 8. Le forze della storia umana: tradizione e forza organica 9. Figure del dispiegamento dell’umanità
Capitolo 6 Filologia e storia: il metodo critico 1. Classicismo e neoumanesimo 2. Il concetto di Bildung 3. Il neoumanesimo di Wolf, da Studium a Scienza dell’antichità 4. Scienza come sistema: verso una nuova accezione di enciclopedia 5. Scienza e metodo in Wolf 6. La critica filologica come critica storica 7. Divinazione e congettura: Wolf e Niebuhr 8. L’Enciclopedia secondo Boeckh 9. Cognitio historica et philosopha: il connubio tra filologia e filosofia in Boeckh 10. Spiriti dei popoli, organismi e idee: filologia e filosofia della storia 11. La teoria dell’interpretazione in Boeckh 12. Linguaggio e “filologia della cosa”
Capitolo 7 Droysen e la storia come scienza del processo 1. Johann Gustav Droysen: la formazione 2. Filologia ed organismo 3. L’ellenismo come “epoca” 4. L’individuo e le idee 5. Epoca e processo nel primo storicismo: Ranke e Droysen 6. Istanze di metodo: la critica e il comprendere
Biological Robustness, ed. by M. Bertolaso, S. Caianiello, E. Serrelli, 2018
Robustness has lately become a bridging notion, in particular across the sciences of the natural ... more Robustness has lately become a bridging notion, in particular across the sciences of the natural and the artificial, crucial for prediction and control of natural and artificial systems in recent scientific practice, in biomedicine, neurobiology and engineering, as well as for risk management, planning and policy in ecology, healthcare, markets and economy. From biological, neurological and societal systems, arising by the interplay of self-organizing dynamics and environmental pressures, to the current sophisticated engineering that aims at artificially reproducing the adaptability and resilience of living systems in front of perturbations in man-made devices, robustness seems to hold the key for orchestrating stability and change. This introduction offers a general survey of the contribution that the notion of robustness is providing to reframing major concepts within the life sciences, such as development, evolution, time and environment, and to reframing the relationship between biology and engineering, as well as between biology and physics.
Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Il Catalogo Vichiano Internazionale propone un censimento e una d... more Page 1. Page 2. Page 3. Page 4. Il Catalogo Vichiano Internazionale propone un censimento e una descrizione dettagliata delle editio-nes prinàpes vichiane conservate nelle Biblioteche al di fuori d'Italia. Delle 227 opere censite ...
Da Gould a evo-devo. Percorsi storici e teorici, 2014
This collected work reconstructs some of the threads that link up, both on the historiographical ... more This collected work reconstructs some of the threads that link up, both on the historiographical and theoretical level, from Stephen Jay Gould's book, Ontogenesis and Logenesis (1977) with evolutionary biology of development (evo-devo). As in Gould's book, the demarcation between historical and theoretical pathways in the inquiry on the relationship between development and evolution is distinct but not rigid. The volume bears witness to the fertility of Gould’s multidisciplinary approach to this issue and highlights the multiple dimensions of the concept of development, as well as the reasons for its centrality both within biology and in its dialogue with other fields of knowledge.
General abstract (NEW) The focus of the panel is on the tradition of organ culture in vitro, as d... more General abstract (NEW) The focus of the panel is on the tradition of organ culture in vitro, as distinct from cell culture. In fact, while cell culture was committed to "observing the activities of cells when freed from the entanglements of the organism" (Harrison 1912) by means of an unprecedented act of disembodiment (Landecker 2007), involving the complete destruction of tissue architecture, the study of "controlled growth" (Thomson 1914) was rather aimed at identifying and reconstituting the suitable conditions for recapitulating in vitro morphogenetic processes and the maintenance of normal physiological functions (Willmer 1965). On one side, organ culture established new experimental settings for addressing the role of contextual factors in establishing, maintaining and switching cell specification and brought to light the lability of the differentiated state of cells (Harrison 1933; Grobstein 1963; Moscona 1964; Hay 1993). On the other side, these very settings also allowed highlighting the extent of the intrinsic self-organizational capacity of cells in collectively establishing functional higher order 3D structures such as tissues and organs. Organ culture's conceptual framework and technological innovations drove the shift from 2D to 3D culture systems, and can be seen as the common root of current 3D advanced microphysiological systems such as organoids and organs-on-a-chip. As to the first aspect, some contributions will focus on the role of scientists like Aron Moscona and Clifford Grobstein, and their respective insights into the biomechanics and biochemistry of the extracellular matrix in morphogenesis and their underlying philosophical commitments. Furthermore, an analysis on the contribution of Giuseppe Levi to organ culture will draw attention to the relevance of the Italian tradition of these studies. Characteristic of the early organ culture approach was the development of techniques for bridging the "unnatural divorce between morphology and physiology" (Fell 1956), and accounting for the role of the structures and forces emerging at tissue and organ level in setting the stage for specific biochemical and molecular changes. This "physiological morphology" ideal was implemented in a plurality of epistemically and experimentally diverging approaches in the 1980s, as the focus became the interaction between cytoskeleton and the extracellular environment. A comparison between the different approaches as they emerged at the 1987 Abercrombie Symposium will shed light on their respective influence on different specialized research fields, such as focal adhesion, mechanotransduction and tumor-microenvironment interactions. The second of the above-mentioned aspect, the emphasis on the self-organizational capacity of cells will be tackled at the case of the discovery of the unique morphogenetic potential of Madine-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Later experiments of 3D culture embedment of these cells allow evaluating the extent and limits of such potential, as well as reflecting on the trade-offs involved in mimicking morphogenetic events in vitro. Finally, an update to current debates on the notion of cell type identity and specification will be provided with reference to the latest developments of single-cell genomic analysis. Session I-Chair: Karl S. Matlin
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INDICE
Introduzione di Fulvio Tessitore
Ringraziamenti
Capitolo 1 La contrapposizione tra antichi e moderni
1. La cesura tra antico e moderno
2. La Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes
3. Tempo ciclico e tempo lineare
4. Eredità della Querelle
5. Dalla Querelle al neoclassicismo. Le funzioni dell'antichità
6. Perché i greci
7. Grecità e paganesimo
8. Invenzione di una tradizione
Capitolo 2 Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1. Winckelmann e la vera natura dei greci
2. Il "cielo greco": i greci sul crinale tra natura e cultura
3. La «regola greca»
4. Lo stile come principio di individualità storica
5. Ciclicità dell’arte
6. Winckelmann e la scienza
7. L’erudizione
a. Winckelmann e la Teutsche Historie
b. l’antiquaria
c. antiquaria ed arte: Winckelmann e Caylus
d. Erudizione e letteratura
8. L’arte
9. Istanze di metodo: autopsia, ipotesi/congettura
Capitolo 3 Filologia ed epoca
1. Origini della filologia e chiusura della tradizione
2. Storia del concetto di originale
3. La concezione dell’originale dall’umanesimo alla Riforma: genesi della logica dell’emendazione
4. Sola scriptura e autoreferenzialità del testo
5. Critica e razionalismo
6. La logica della recensione: sviluppi del metodo filologico tra fine ‘700 e inizio ‘800
7. La filologia tra testo e contesto
8. Filologia ed epoca in Vico
a. Filologia e filosofia
b. La nuova arte critica e le modificazioni della mente
9. Il concetto di epoca
11. Epoca tra natura e storia
12. L’idea di epoca tra Vico e Wolf
Capitolo 4 Christian Gottlob Heyne
1. Il premio di Kassel
2. Heyne e Gottinga
3. La svolta verso i realia
4. Filantropinismo e realia
5. La primitivizzazione dei greci
6. Arte e metodo
7. Il testimone sotto accusa
8. Dall’imitazione allo Studium
9. Scienza, empiria, sistema
10. Sincronia/diacronia, filologia/storia
Capitolo 5 Epoca e processo in Herder
1. Winckelmann e Herder
2. La vita come organizzazione
4. Forze e forme
5. Perfezionamento come crescita di organizzazione
6. La specificità antropica
7. Umanità e cultura
8. Le forze della storia umana: tradizione e forza organica
9. Figure del dispiegamento dell’umanità
Capitolo 6 Filologia e storia: il metodo critico
1. Classicismo e neoumanesimo
2. Il concetto di Bildung
3. Il neoumanesimo di Wolf, da Studium a Scienza dell’antichità
4. Scienza come sistema: verso una nuova accezione di enciclopedia
5. Scienza e metodo in Wolf
6. La critica filologica come critica storica
7. Divinazione e congettura: Wolf e Niebuhr
8. L’Enciclopedia secondo Boeckh
9. Cognitio historica et philosopha: il connubio tra filologia e filosofia in Boeckh
10. Spiriti dei popoli, organismi e idee: filologia e filosofia della storia
11. La teoria dell’interpretazione in Boeckh
12. Linguaggio e “filologia della cosa”
Capitolo 7 Droysen e la storia come scienza del processo
1. Johann Gustav Droysen: la formazione
2. Filologia ed organismo
3. L’ellenismo come “epoca”
4. L’individuo e le idee
5. Epoca e processo nel primo storicismo: Ranke e Droysen
6. Istanze di metodo: la critica e il comprendere