HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2012
International audienceContextes spatiaux et transformations du système de peuplement : approche c... more International audienceContextes spatiaux et transformations du système de peuplement : approche comparative et prédictiv
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2011
International audienceDes contextes spatiaux aux processus transformation de l'habitat rural ... more International audienceDes contextes spatiaux aux processus transformation de l'habitat rural : l'apport de la modélisation prédictiv
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2013
International audienceDes lieux et des hommes : réseaux de peuplement et réseaux familiaux dans l... more International audienceDes lieux et des hommes : réseaux de peuplement et réseaux familiaux dans l’Antiquit
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2013
From Archaeomedes to Archaepigraph: spatial archaeology and epigraphy to study settlement and ter... more From Archaeomedes to Archaepigraph: spatial archaeology and epigraphy to study settlement and territory dynamic
Structures du peuplement et organisation des territoires en Gaule Centrale et Gaule du Sud. Refle... more Structures du peuplement et organisation des territoires en Gaule Centrale et Gaule du Sud. Reflexions pour une confrontation interregionale (programme Archaedyn)
UN RÉCIT POUR EXPLICITER LA TRANSITION D’UN POINT DE VUE THÉMATIQUE Le travail sur la transition ... more UN RÉCIT POUR EXPLICITER LA TRANSITION D’UN POINT DE VUE THÉMATIQUE Le travail sur la transition 6 a débuté par l’élaboration d’une synthèse visant à expliciter les différents niveaux d’analyse retenus dans le cadre du programme TransMonDyn. L’exercice, simple en apparence, s’avère complexe puisque, dans cette matière composite et infinie qu’est l’histoire, il a fallu définir un cadre chronologique, identifier un niveau d’analyse pertinent (en ne s’interdisant pas d’aller et venir du général ..
Settlement patterns and path networks represent different but connected perspectives on human-env... more Settlement patterns and path networks represent different but connected perspectives on human-environment interaction through movement, manifested through the appropriation and organisation of landscape by societies. Settlement patterns and path networks evolve with unharmonized temporalities, but in constant interaction which render the territorial studies very challenging. Remote sensing, GIS and 3D modeling have greatly contributed to our knowledge and understanding of movement as encapsulated in routes, but the methods employed make it difficult to connect with theories of engagement through travel. Pragmatically, it is difficult to integrate LiDAR-detected traces of pathways, which conflate temporalities, with network analysis techniques and settlement pattern analysis which focus on changing patterns over time. This paper argues for an integrated approach. After a general review of the main methods developed to detect and model movement, pathways and networks of transportation...
Ce chapitre constitue un retour d’expérience, qui met l’accent sur le processus d’élaboration col... more Ce chapitre constitue un retour d’expérience, qui met l’accent sur le processus d’élaboration collective et interdisciplinaire de modèles d’évolution des systèmes de peuplement, mais aussi et surtout sur la diversité des perceptions des acteurs engagés dans TransMonDyn. Alors que les chapitres 14 (« Entre modèles et récits, les transitions dans les systèmes de peuplement ») et 16 (« Points de vue ontologiques sur les transitions des systèmes de peuplement »), coordonnés par des modélisateurs ..
ABSTRACT The ArchaeDyn team has investigated territorial dynamics by comparing areas over long ti... more ABSTRACT The ArchaeDyn team has investigated territorial dynamics by comparing areas over long time spans between the Neolithic and Modern times. Datasets on various themes have been shared and indicators and analytical models produced. This paper presents both the formalization of the scientific process used in the ArchaeDyn programme and a conceptual model of the systems and components so that synchronic and diachronic comparisons can be made. The aim is to clarify the transition from an archaeological feature (a site or an artefact) or a recording unit (survey area) as the input, to the characterization of spaces describing a system as the output. The approach is described by the successive steps corresponding to semantic, spatial or temporal analytical processes from the prospecting level to the level of complex objects such as the territories and spaces under study. These complex objects¬-- consumption areas, agricultural areas and settlement patterns--are the subsystems in the dynamics of human territorial occupation. The main contribution of this formalization is that it describes synthetically the hypotheses tested and the approach implemented. In addition, it provides a collective validation of the research team's reasoning.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2012
International audienceContextes spatiaux et transformations du système de peuplement : approche c... more International audienceContextes spatiaux et transformations du système de peuplement : approche comparative et prédictiv
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2011
International audienceDes contextes spatiaux aux processus transformation de l'habitat rural ... more International audienceDes contextes spatiaux aux processus transformation de l'habitat rural : l'apport de la modélisation prédictiv
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2013
International audienceDes lieux et des hommes : réseaux de peuplement et réseaux familiaux dans l... more International audienceDes lieux et des hommes : réseaux de peuplement et réseaux familiaux dans l’Antiquit
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2013
From Archaeomedes to Archaepigraph: spatial archaeology and epigraphy to study settlement and ter... more From Archaeomedes to Archaepigraph: spatial archaeology and epigraphy to study settlement and territory dynamic
Structures du peuplement et organisation des territoires en Gaule Centrale et Gaule du Sud. Refle... more Structures du peuplement et organisation des territoires en Gaule Centrale et Gaule du Sud. Reflexions pour une confrontation interregionale (programme Archaedyn)
UN RÉCIT POUR EXPLICITER LA TRANSITION D’UN POINT DE VUE THÉMATIQUE Le travail sur la transition ... more UN RÉCIT POUR EXPLICITER LA TRANSITION D’UN POINT DE VUE THÉMATIQUE Le travail sur la transition 6 a débuté par l’élaboration d’une synthèse visant à expliciter les différents niveaux d’analyse retenus dans le cadre du programme TransMonDyn. L’exercice, simple en apparence, s’avère complexe puisque, dans cette matière composite et infinie qu’est l’histoire, il a fallu définir un cadre chronologique, identifier un niveau d’analyse pertinent (en ne s’interdisant pas d’aller et venir du général ..
Settlement patterns and path networks represent different but connected perspectives on human-env... more Settlement patterns and path networks represent different but connected perspectives on human-environment interaction through movement, manifested through the appropriation and organisation of landscape by societies. Settlement patterns and path networks evolve with unharmonized temporalities, but in constant interaction which render the territorial studies very challenging. Remote sensing, GIS and 3D modeling have greatly contributed to our knowledge and understanding of movement as encapsulated in routes, but the methods employed make it difficult to connect with theories of engagement through travel. Pragmatically, it is difficult to integrate LiDAR-detected traces of pathways, which conflate temporalities, with network analysis techniques and settlement pattern analysis which focus on changing patterns over time. This paper argues for an integrated approach. After a general review of the main methods developed to detect and model movement, pathways and networks of transportation...
Ce chapitre constitue un retour d’expérience, qui met l’accent sur le processus d’élaboration col... more Ce chapitre constitue un retour d’expérience, qui met l’accent sur le processus d’élaboration collective et interdisciplinaire de modèles d’évolution des systèmes de peuplement, mais aussi et surtout sur la diversité des perceptions des acteurs engagés dans TransMonDyn. Alors que les chapitres 14 (« Entre modèles et récits, les transitions dans les systèmes de peuplement ») et 16 (« Points de vue ontologiques sur les transitions des systèmes de peuplement »), coordonnés par des modélisateurs ..
ABSTRACT The ArchaeDyn team has investigated territorial dynamics by comparing areas over long ti... more ABSTRACT The ArchaeDyn team has investigated territorial dynamics by comparing areas over long time spans between the Neolithic and Modern times. Datasets on various themes have been shared and indicators and analytical models produced. This paper presents both the formalization of the scientific process used in the ArchaeDyn programme and a conceptual model of the systems and components so that synchronic and diachronic comparisons can be made. The aim is to clarify the transition from an archaeological feature (a site or an artefact) or a recording unit (survey area) as the input, to the characterization of spaces describing a system as the output. The approach is described by the successive steps corresponding to semantic, spatial or temporal analytical processes from the prospecting level to the level of complex objects such as the territories and spaces under study. These complex objects¬-- consumption areas, agricultural areas and settlement patterns--are the subsystems in the dynamics of human territorial occupation. The main contribution of this formalization is that it describes synthetically the hypotheses tested and the approach implemented. In addition, it provides a collective validation of the research team's reasoning.
Location preferences of rural settlements are not just linked to environmental factors. In this p... more Location preferences of rural settlements are not just linked to environmental factors. In this paper, we want to look at the influence of previous occupation of the landscape on settlement location. What would be the best suited location in a landscape?
1) An environment that was not settled before, offering the best soils and an advantageous topographic position?
2) A site that was occupied before, offering e.g. building materials that were left behind?
3) Or an environment that had already been adapted, e.g. by clearances, parcellation or soil improvements?
In order to study this effect, we developed a method to calculate a ‘heritage map’ based on the concept of ‘memory of landscape’. Such a map can be seen as one variable among many others influencing site location preference, and can be used as input for predictive models. The computed values equate to an index of long-term land use intensity. In this paper, we will first discuss the method used for creating the heritage map, in particular the calculation of an optimal radius for the settlement surroundings that needs to be taken into account, for which kernel density estimates are used.
We will then present the results of using this heritage map for the analysis of location preferences for the Roman period in two different study areas in the southeast of France (Vaunage and Argens). From earlier analyses (Nuninger et al. 2012; Verhagen et al. 2013) it was clear that the influence of the natural environment on settlement location choice in the Roman period is limited. In contrast, the ‘memory of landscape’ seems to have a stronger influence on the placement of new settlements. We will discuss the implications of this for predictive modelling of settlement patterns.
In this paper, we want to present the results of a study into integrating socio-cultural factors ... more In this paper, we want to present the results of a study into integrating socio-cultural factors into predictive modelling (PM). So far, PM has largely neglected the social and cultural dimensions of past landscapes. Input is commonly derived from correlations between archaeological sites and natural landscape features. The result is a rather static way of modelling, in which the human factor remains unexplored. Furthermore, issues of temporality have been addressed uncritically or insufficiently. To maintain its value for archaeological research, therefore, PM needs new methodologies, concepts and theories.
For this study, we have departed from the methodology developed in the 1990s during the Archaeomedes Project (Favory et al. 1999, van der Leeuw 1998; van der Leeuw et al. 2003; Nuninger et al. 2007). By analyzing the surroundings of Roman settlements in the French Rhône Valley, it proved possible to make cross-regional comparisons of settlement location factors, in particular slope, aspect, solar radiation and soil type. However, at the time this method was not used for PM purposes, and did not include an analysis of non-environmental factors. For the current research, we modified this approach, and analyzed not just the surroundings of the known Roman settlements, but of every pixel in three different study regions, Vaunage (Languedoc, France), Argens-Maures (Provence, France) and Zuid-Limburg (Netherlands). Furthermore, the set of variables analyzed was expanded with a number of ‘socio-cultural’ factors, in particular accessibility, visibility, and the effect of previous occupation (the ‘memory of landscape’). From this, we created predictive models using a combination of principal component analysis and cluster analysis. By making a side-by-side comparison of predictive models based on environmental variables, and models based on a combination of environmental and socio-cultural ones, we could show that, at least for this particular archaeological context, the inclusion of socio-cultural variables will increase the predictive power of the models. More importantly however, we have developed a protocol for PM using both environmental and socio-cultural factors that can easily be implemented for different regions and time periods.
REFERENCES
Favory, F., Girardot, J.-J., Nuninger, L., Tourneux F.-P. 1999. ARCHAEOMEDES II : une étude de la dynamique de l’habitat rural en France méridionale, dans la longue durée (800 av. J.-C.-1600 ap. J.-C.). AGER 9, 15-35.
Nuninger, L., Tourneux, F.-P., Favory, F. - From Archaeomedes to Archaedyn. In: Poslushny, A., Lambers, K., Herzog, I. eds. – Layers of perception, proceedings of the 35th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Achaeology Conference, Berlin, Germany, April 2-6, 2007, Bonn (Germany): Habelt, 2008 (Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, vol. 10) : p. 278 and CD.
Van der Leeuw, S.E. (Ed.) (1998). The Archaeomedes Project - Understanding the natural and anthropogenic causes of land degradation and desertification in the Mediterranean. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union.
Van der Leeuw, S., Favory, F. & Fiches, J.-L. (Eds.) (2003). Archéologie et systèmes socio-environnementaux: études multiscalaires sur la vallée du Rhône dans le programme ARCHAEOMEDES. Valbonne: Presses du CNRS (Monographies du CRA).
When thinking about socio-cultural factors influencing settlement location choice, the accessibil... more When thinking about socio-cultural factors influencing settlement location choice, the accessibility of places in the landscape is a potentially important variable to take into account. How to define accessibility in such a way that it might be used as a variable that can be used for analysis is however still very much open to debate. Most pu Co-presented with Laure Nuninger (CNRS, UMR6249, Besançon), François-Pierre Tourneux (Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon), Frédérique Bertoncello (CNRS, UMR 7264, Nice)blished research considering landscape accessibility limits it to the ease with which humans can reach a certain location. So-called hiking equations are often applied to obtain cost surfaces of accessibility at the level of the individual pixel, and accumulative cost surfaces are then applied to find the travel time or energy expenditure needed to reach a single destination from all points in the area studied. By adding up these accumulated cost surfaces for each and every pixel, a map of differential accessibility of the landscape can be obtained (total path costs; Llobera 2000), a concept similar to the creation of Shimbel-matrices in network analysis. This accessibility can also be analyzed for different travel times (short/medium/long distance).
However, these methods do not provide much information on the possible foci of movement in the landscape. We argue that to this purpose some additional steps are needed. We depart from the creation of multiple least cost paths from and to random locations (Verhagen in press). This will result in structures of least cost paths that resemble networks with different weights attached to the edges, but that do not have any real ‘nodes’, similar to the kind of structures that are analysed in space syntax or other forms of spatial network analysis. We can then assume that edges with a high weight will have been most attractive to travel, and thus may have been more attractive to settlement as well. However, the presence of settlement itself must undoubtedly have influenced travel intensity, and a combination of landscape based accessibility and network analysis techniques would seem necessary to get a grip of their combined influence. An exploratory network analysis was therefore performed to examine a range of structural features of the junctions in the landscape that were identified by the least cost paths. The relative prominence of these nodes as indicated through different network measures was then compared with their relative position to features in the landscape and with their relative position on the least cost paths.
Unfortunately, satisfying software solutions to combine the raster-GIS cost surface techniques with node-and-edge-based network analysis software are missing at the moment. In this paper we want to present an exploration into possible solutions, and show some examples of what might be done by combining both analysis techniques, focusing on settlement location analysis and predictive modelling.
References
LLOBERA, M., 2000. Understanding movement: a pilot model towards the sociology of movement In Lock, G. (ed.) Beyond the Map. Archaeology and Spatial Technologies, pp: 65-84. IOS Press/Ohmsha, Amsterdam.
VERHAGEN, P., in press. On the road to nowhere? Least cost paths, accessibility and the predictive modelling perspective. Proceedings of CAA2010, Granada.
We are focusing on the effect of previous occupation on settlement pattern. The basic concept use... more We are focusing on the effect of previous occupation on settlement pattern. The basic concept used is the ‘memory of landscape’, considering that occupation of archaeological settlements also reflects human investment in the surrounding area. As soon as rural communities settled somewhere, they reshaped the landscape by delimiting parcels, making clearances, and improving the quality of soils. We can therefore assume that the duration of rural settlement occupation is an index of long-term land use intensity. In this paper we will outline a spatial model to compute a map of land use intensity per time slice of one century. The aim is to include this map as a variable in predictive modelling, in order to estimate the weight of social investment in the landscape and its effect on subsequent settlement location choice. The issue is to estimate whether humans are more or less opportunistic when finding a new place to settle, and to understand why, also considering other variables.
Computer-based modelling of movement and transport in prehistory, and the detection and interpret... more Computer-based modelling of movement and transport in prehistory, and the detection and interpretation of ancient pathways from LiDAR images have both attracted much interest in the community of ‘digital archaeology’. Up to now, however, there have been few attempts to link pathway modelling to detection and vice versa. In this seminar, experts from France, Slovenia, the United States and the Netherlands presented the state of the art in both fields, and explored the possible connections between the two. How can we use LiDAR as a source to test pathway models, and vice versa, how can modelling be used to interpret the traces of ancient paths detected on LiDAR images? What can it tell us about the relationships between transport, settlement and landscape? And how can we use archaeological and historical data to help us interpret the observed patterns?
Ancient societies have long been perceived as particularly vulnerable to climate change, which ha... more Ancient societies have long been perceived as particularly vulnerable to climate change, which has sometimes been considered as one of the causes of the decline or collapse of ancient civilizations. The recent emergence of the concept of resilience in the field of socio-environmental research now calls for a reassessment of societies' adaptive capacities. This new orientation requires going beyond the deterministic reasoning of direct cause and effect between climate change and societal change. It requires the integration of more complexity into an approach that must be enriched by socioeconomic and agro-system components. Climate fluctuations directly impact on agricultural yields, which in themselves impact on societies' dynamics. Beyond certain thresholds, food safety can be weakened, forcing people to move or adapt their crops and agrarian systems. At the interface between the environmental geosciences and the humanities, it requires us to strengthen the dialogue between historians-archaeologists, paleo-climatologists and agricultural specialists. Modelling is at the core of this dialogue. On the one hand, modelling society-environment interaction needs the inputs from these disciplines to characterize past agriculture, way of life and trade and to ask interdisciplinary questions, and on the other hand, the outputs of the model will challenge the scientists to reconsider the interpretation of their data at the light of the processes included in the model. This overarching model also can be assembled from models commonly used in these disciplines: climate models, agrosystem models, agents-based decision models, etc… Therefore, the aim of this workshop will be to bring together modelers working in these different disciplinary fields to share their experiences and methodologies in order to strengthen the methodological integration around the question of the history of relations between societies and climate. The discussion can be built around specific questions: How do you optimize the interdisciplinarity needed by your own research in this domain? Can modelling be of strong assistance to achieve that? 1-What are the innovative perspectives of society-environment modelling? 2-Can we study the past as a future with a set of different scenarios? Can the past be a scenario for the future? 3-The concerned disciplines require and provide data of different natures. Some of them are qualitative. How to use them together with quantitative data and models? 4-How to design the modelling approach to answer questions related to resilience?
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1) An environment that was not settled before, offering the best soils and an advantageous topographic position?
2) A site that was occupied before, offering e.g. building materials that were left behind?
3) Or an environment that had already been adapted, e.g. by clearances, parcellation or soil improvements?
In order to study this effect, we developed a method to calculate a ‘heritage map’ based on the concept of ‘memory of landscape’. Such a map can be seen as one variable among many others influencing site location preference, and can be used as input for predictive models. The computed values equate to an index of long-term land use intensity. In this paper, we will first discuss the method used for creating the heritage map, in particular the calculation of an optimal radius for the settlement surroundings that needs to be taken into account, for which kernel density estimates are used.
We will then present the results of using this heritage map for the analysis of location preferences for the Roman period in two different study areas in the southeast of France (Vaunage and Argens). From earlier analyses (Nuninger et al. 2012; Verhagen et al. 2013) it was clear that the influence of the natural environment on settlement location choice in the Roman period is limited. In contrast, the ‘memory of landscape’ seems to have a stronger influence on the placement of new settlements. We will discuss the implications of this for predictive modelling of settlement patterns.
For this study, we have departed from the methodology developed in the 1990s during the Archaeomedes Project (Favory et al. 1999, van der Leeuw 1998; van der Leeuw et al. 2003; Nuninger et al. 2007). By analyzing the surroundings of Roman settlements in the French Rhône Valley, it proved possible to make cross-regional comparisons of settlement location factors, in particular slope, aspect, solar radiation and soil type. However, at the time this method was not used for PM purposes, and did not include an analysis of non-environmental factors. For the current research, we modified this approach, and analyzed not just the surroundings of the known Roman settlements, but of every pixel in three different study regions, Vaunage (Languedoc, France), Argens-Maures (Provence, France) and Zuid-Limburg (Netherlands). Furthermore, the set of variables analyzed was expanded with a number of ‘socio-cultural’ factors, in particular accessibility, visibility, and the effect of previous occupation (the ‘memory of landscape’). From this, we created predictive models using a combination of principal component analysis and cluster analysis. By making a side-by-side comparison of predictive models based on environmental variables, and models based on a combination of environmental and socio-cultural ones, we could show that, at least for this particular archaeological context, the inclusion of socio-cultural variables will increase the predictive power of the models. More importantly however, we have developed a protocol for PM using both environmental and socio-cultural factors that can easily be implemented for different regions and time periods.
REFERENCES
Favory, F., Girardot, J.-J., Nuninger, L., Tourneux F.-P. 1999. ARCHAEOMEDES II : une étude de la dynamique de l’habitat rural en France méridionale, dans la longue durée (800 av. J.-C.-1600 ap. J.-C.). AGER 9, 15-35.
Nuninger, L., Tourneux, F.-P., Favory, F. - From Archaeomedes to Archaedyn. In: Poslushny, A., Lambers, K., Herzog, I. eds. – Layers of perception, proceedings of the 35th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Achaeology Conference, Berlin, Germany, April 2-6, 2007, Bonn (Germany): Habelt, 2008 (Kolloquien zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, vol. 10) : p. 278 and CD.
Van der Leeuw, S.E. (Ed.) (1998). The Archaeomedes Project - Understanding the natural and anthropogenic causes of land degradation and desertification in the Mediterranean. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union.
Van der Leeuw, S., Favory, F. & Fiches, J.-L. (Eds.) (2003). Archéologie et systèmes socio-environnementaux: études multiscalaires sur la vallée du Rhône dans le programme ARCHAEOMEDES. Valbonne: Presses du CNRS (Monographies du CRA).
However, these methods do not provide much information on the possible foci of movement in the landscape. We argue that to this purpose some additional steps are needed. We depart from the creation of multiple least cost paths from and to random locations (Verhagen in press). This will result in structures of least cost paths that resemble networks with different weights attached to the edges, but that do not have any real ‘nodes’, similar to the kind of structures that are analysed in space syntax or other forms of spatial network analysis. We can then assume that edges with a high weight will have been most attractive to travel, and thus may have been more attractive to settlement as well. However, the presence of settlement itself must undoubtedly have influenced travel intensity, and a combination of landscape based accessibility and network analysis techniques would seem necessary to get a grip of their combined influence. An exploratory network analysis was therefore performed to examine a range of structural features of the junctions in the landscape that were identified by the least cost paths. The relative prominence of these nodes as indicated through different network measures was then compared with their relative position to features in the landscape and with their relative position on the least cost paths.
Unfortunately, satisfying software solutions to combine the raster-GIS cost surface techniques with node-and-edge-based network analysis software are missing at the moment. In this paper we want to present an exploration into possible solutions, and show some examples of what might be done by combining both analysis techniques, focusing on settlement location analysis and predictive modelling.
References
LLOBERA, M., 2000. Understanding movement: a pilot model towards the sociology of movement In Lock, G. (ed.) Beyond the Map. Archaeology and Spatial Technologies, pp: 65-84. IOS Press/Ohmsha, Amsterdam.
VERHAGEN, P., in press. On the road to nowhere? Least cost paths, accessibility and the predictive modelling perspective. Proceedings of CAA2010, Granada.
PDFs of the presentations can be downloaded from https://limeslimits.wordpress.com/seminar-2016/