Quick Response Code Abstract: Among patients with symptoms suggestive of a Urinary tract infectio... more Quick Response Code Abstract: Among patients with symptoms suggestive of a Urinary tract infection (UTI) which includes dysuria and frequency, the diagnosis can be confirmed by sending a cleancatch specimen for culture and for urinalysis. One suggested exception recommended by most experts is a symptomatic young woman with pyuria detected by urinalysis dipstick who has apparently uncomplicated cystitis. It has been proposed that the findings are sufficiently diagnostic that an empiric course and usually three days of antimicrobial therapy can be initiated without performing a urine culture. Children who are toilet trained can provide clean voided urine samples. Clean voided bag urine samples are acceptable for urinalysis in infants and children between two months and two years of age who have unexplained fever and do not appear ill enough to require immediate antimicrobial therapy. If the sample suggests infection, then a catheterized urine specimen should be obtained for confirmato...
Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infections have a global prevalence with high morbidity and mortalit... more Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infections have a global prevalence with high morbidity and mortality and Africa is the worst hit. The HIV and AIDS has profound impact on the TB epidemic in Kenya, where up to 60% of TB patients are likely to be HIV co-infected and the mortality rate attributed to TB. Lack of diagnostic capacity has been a major barrier preventing an effective management of HIV-associated and drug resistant tuberculosis (TB). Although many books have been written on Tuberculosis, few have attempted to provide a detail overview of Tuberculosis in Immunocompromised patients. This is the only single source, comprehensive coverage on Tuberculosis in Immunocompromised Patients. This book emphasizes on both basic science and clinical science aspects. This book is intended for researcher in the field of Tuberculosis, clinicians, diagnostic laboratory technicians, undergraduate, graduate and medical students.
Quick Response Code Abstract: Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are pre... more Quick Response Code Abstract: Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are prevalent, but the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases have not been documented. Limited data is available on the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases. Study Population: This study was conducted on wistar rats subjected to antiretroviral treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of administration of antiretroviral drugs on cardiovascular diseases in Rattus norvegicus, western Kenya. Methodology: This was a randomized controlled experimental study. 72 wistar rats will were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 10 rats each. Each group was subjected to a specific treatment. The rats were distributed in six groups namely C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6. Each group had twelve (12) samples under observation. C1 there is no treatment undertaken i.e. ARVs were not administered, while the other five groups had different ARVs or combinations of ARVs administered. Differen...
Problem Statement. Thyroid disorders are prevalent in western Kenya, but the effects of disorders... more Problem Statement. Thyroid disorders are prevalent in western Kenya, but the effects of disorders on thyroid hormones and hematological indices levels have not been documented.Study Population. Patients treated for thyroid disorders at the MTRH between January 2008 and December 2011.Objectives. To determine the thyroid hormones and hematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at the MTRH, western Kenya.Methodology. A retrospective study in which patient data and stored samples of patients, who presented with thyroid pathologies, underwent thyroidectomy, and histological examinations are done. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) blood levels, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelet counts, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were analyzed.Results. Male : female ratio was 1 : 10.9 with female representing 368 (95%). The median age was 41 (IQR: 32–48) with a range of 14–89 years. HHormonal levels for immunological thyroid...
Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are prevalent, but the effects of ant... more Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are prevalent, but the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases have not been documented. Limited data is available on the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases. Study Population: This study was conducted on wistar rats subjected to antiretroviral treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of administration of antiretroviral drugs on cardiovascular diseases in Rattus norvegicus, western Kenya. Methodology: This was a randomized controlled experimental study. 72 wistar rats will were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 10 rats each. Each group was subjected to a specific treatment. The rats were distributed in six groups namely C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6. Each group had twelve (12) samples under observation. C1 there is no treatment undertaken i.e. ARVs were not administered, while the other five groups had different ARVs or combinations of ARVs administered. Different types of ARVs were applied and record taken on HBA1C percentage, Insulin levels, HB levels and hsCRP. Results: The association between variables was investigated using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. The results revealed that all variables were positively correlated. There was a moderate positive correlation between HBA1C and Insulin (r = 0.392, p < .001). Small relationship existed between HB and insulin (r = 0.166, p < .001), and HBA1C and HB (r = 0.173, p < .001). There was low risk of hsCRP (<0.50mg/L) in all the samples. Conclusion: The administration of antiretroviral drugs in wistar rats has low risk of hsCRP.
The purpose of these Studies have been published in the area of tuberculosis but much is not know... more The purpose of these Studies have been published in the area of tuberculosis but much is not known in the area of interaction between HIV and tuberculosis, etiology, immunological mechanism involved, risk factors, diagnostic features, diagnostic tools, immunogenetics and complications involved. The recent results of Tuberculosis have been reported in people living with HIV indifferent parts of the world. Cases are unrecognized due inaccurate diagnosis and hence are treated as other diseases. However the most recent studies have shown that tuberculosis and HIV coexist together especially extrapulmonary tuberculosis and that there are other highly sensitive and quick to yield results. In conclusion The Tuberculosis in HIV is as a result of complex interactions between the host-pathogen and the immune mechanisms involved in the protection. Overall, this review has expanded our understanding of the mechanism involved in the pathogenesis and the relationship between tuberculosis and kidney disease. It has opened new line of investigations that will ultimately result in a better clinical practice.
Background: In the sub-Saharan Africa, there are minimal data about the antibiotic sensitivity pa... more Background: In the sub-Saharan Africa, there are minimal data about the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the common bacterial isolates from HIV-infected patients. We conducted an autopsy study to determine the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the common bacterial isolates. Methods: HIV-infected patients at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret Kenya, who die while on antiretroviral therapy underwent autopsy. Bacterial cultures on selective media were taken from body fluids and tissues. For instance urine samples were cultured in cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar; stool in Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) and Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD); all other samples, including blood, were cultured in Blood Agar and Mac Conkey. Isolates were stored at-18 to-25°C. They were then sub-cultured and a Gram stain performed to classify the pathogens as either Gram positive or negative. Isolates were Kwobah et al.; JODAGH, 3(2): 73-82, 2015 74 then subjected to an aut...
Problem statement: There are many thyroid pathologies in western Kenya but their morphological ch... more Problem statement: There are many thyroid pathologies in western Kenya but their morphological changes have not been reported in autoimmune thyroid disorders. Study population: Three hundred and eighty eight patients were studied between Jan 2008 to Dec 2011. Objectives: To describe the histological patterns in immunological thyroid diseases patients at MTRH, western Kenya. Methodology: 388 patients with thyroid pathologies had thyroidectomy and histological diagnosis done. Under light microscopy, sections were examined to determine whether thyroid follicles were present in the tissues. The retrospectively collected data was analyzed using STATA version 10 SE. The results were presented in form of plates, tables, and charts. Results: Among the histological diseases, colloid goitre was the most prevalent in all the age groups. Across the age groups, ages 30-39 & 40-49 bore the greatest burden of thyroiditis, thyroid carcinoma, thyroid adenoma and colloid goitre. Similarly, colloid go...
Quick Response Code Abstract: Among patients with symptoms suggestive of a Urinary tract infectio... more Quick Response Code Abstract: Among patients with symptoms suggestive of a Urinary tract infection (UTI) which includes dysuria and frequency, the diagnosis can be confirmed by sending a cleancatch specimen for culture and for urinalysis. One suggested exception recommended by most experts is a symptomatic young woman with pyuria detected by urinalysis dipstick who has apparently uncomplicated cystitis. It has been proposed that the findings are sufficiently diagnostic that an empiric course and usually three days of antimicrobial therapy can be initiated without performing a urine culture. Children who are toilet trained can provide clean voided urine samples. Clean voided bag urine samples are acceptable for urinalysis in infants and children between two months and two years of age who have unexplained fever and do not appear ill enough to require immediate antimicrobial therapy. If the sample suggests infection, then a catheterized urine specimen should be obtained for confirmato...
Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infections have a global prevalence with high morbidity and mortalit... more Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infections have a global prevalence with high morbidity and mortality and Africa is the worst hit. The HIV and AIDS has profound impact on the TB epidemic in Kenya, where up to 60% of TB patients are likely to be HIV co-infected and the mortality rate attributed to TB. Lack of diagnostic capacity has been a major barrier preventing an effective management of HIV-associated and drug resistant tuberculosis (TB). Although many books have been written on Tuberculosis, few have attempted to provide a detail overview of Tuberculosis in Immunocompromised patients. This is the only single source, comprehensive coverage on Tuberculosis in Immunocompromised Patients. This book emphasizes on both basic science and clinical science aspects. This book is intended for researcher in the field of Tuberculosis, clinicians, diagnostic laboratory technicians, undergraduate, graduate and medical students.
Quick Response Code Abstract: Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are pre... more Quick Response Code Abstract: Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are prevalent, but the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases have not been documented. Limited data is available on the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases. Study Population: This study was conducted on wistar rats subjected to antiretroviral treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of administration of antiretroviral drugs on cardiovascular diseases in Rattus norvegicus, western Kenya. Methodology: This was a randomized controlled experimental study. 72 wistar rats will were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 10 rats each. Each group was subjected to a specific treatment. The rats were distributed in six groups namely C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6. Each group had twelve (12) samples under observation. C1 there is no treatment undertaken i.e. ARVs were not administered, while the other five groups had different ARVs or combinations of ARVs administered. Differen...
Problem Statement. Thyroid disorders are prevalent in western Kenya, but the effects of disorders... more Problem Statement. Thyroid disorders are prevalent in western Kenya, but the effects of disorders on thyroid hormones and hematological indices levels have not been documented.Study Population. Patients treated for thyroid disorders at the MTRH between January 2008 and December 2011.Objectives. To determine the thyroid hormones and hematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at the MTRH, western Kenya.Methodology. A retrospective study in which patient data and stored samples of patients, who presented with thyroid pathologies, underwent thyroidectomy, and histological examinations are done. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) blood levels, white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelet counts, and hemoglobin (Hb) levels were analyzed.Results. Male : female ratio was 1 : 10.9 with female representing 368 (95%). The median age was 41 (IQR: 32–48) with a range of 14–89 years. HHormonal levels for immunological thyroid...
Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are prevalent, but the effects of ant... more Problem Statement: The side effects of antiretroviral drugs are prevalent, but the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases have not been documented. Limited data is available on the effects of antiretroviral on cardiovascular diseases. Study Population: This study was conducted on wistar rats subjected to antiretroviral treatment. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of administration of antiretroviral drugs on cardiovascular diseases in Rattus norvegicus, western Kenya. Methodology: This was a randomized controlled experimental study. 72 wistar rats will were randomly assigned into 5 groups of 10 rats each. Each group was subjected to a specific treatment. The rats were distributed in six groups namely C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6. Each group had twelve (12) samples under observation. C1 there is no treatment undertaken i.e. ARVs were not administered, while the other five groups had different ARVs or combinations of ARVs administered. Different types of ARVs were applied and record taken on HBA1C percentage, Insulin levels, HB levels and hsCRP. Results: The association between variables was investigated using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient. The results revealed that all variables were positively correlated. There was a moderate positive correlation between HBA1C and Insulin (r = 0.392, p < .001). Small relationship existed between HB and insulin (r = 0.166, p < .001), and HBA1C and HB (r = 0.173, p < .001). There was low risk of hsCRP (<0.50mg/L) in all the samples. Conclusion: The administration of antiretroviral drugs in wistar rats has low risk of hsCRP.
The purpose of these Studies have been published in the area of tuberculosis but much is not know... more The purpose of these Studies have been published in the area of tuberculosis but much is not known in the area of interaction between HIV and tuberculosis, etiology, immunological mechanism involved, risk factors, diagnostic features, diagnostic tools, immunogenetics and complications involved. The recent results of Tuberculosis have been reported in people living with HIV indifferent parts of the world. Cases are unrecognized due inaccurate diagnosis and hence are treated as other diseases. However the most recent studies have shown that tuberculosis and HIV coexist together especially extrapulmonary tuberculosis and that there are other highly sensitive and quick to yield results. In conclusion The Tuberculosis in HIV is as a result of complex interactions between the host-pathogen and the immune mechanisms involved in the protection. Overall, this review has expanded our understanding of the mechanism involved in the pathogenesis and the relationship between tuberculosis and kidney disease. It has opened new line of investigations that will ultimately result in a better clinical practice.
Background: In the sub-Saharan Africa, there are minimal data about the antibiotic sensitivity pa... more Background: In the sub-Saharan Africa, there are minimal data about the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the common bacterial isolates from HIV-infected patients. We conducted an autopsy study to determine the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the common bacterial isolates. Methods: HIV-infected patients at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret Kenya, who die while on antiretroviral therapy underwent autopsy. Bacterial cultures on selective media were taken from body fluids and tissues. For instance urine samples were cultured in cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar; stool in Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA) and Xylose lysine deoxycholate agar (XLD); all other samples, including blood, were cultured in Blood Agar and Mac Conkey. Isolates were stored at-18 to-25°C. They were then sub-cultured and a Gram stain performed to classify the pathogens as either Gram positive or negative. Isolates were Kwobah et al.; JODAGH, 3(2): 73-82, 2015 74 then subjected to an aut...
Problem statement: There are many thyroid pathologies in western Kenya but their morphological ch... more Problem statement: There are many thyroid pathologies in western Kenya but their morphological changes have not been reported in autoimmune thyroid disorders. Study population: Three hundred and eighty eight patients were studied between Jan 2008 to Dec 2011. Objectives: To describe the histological patterns in immunological thyroid diseases patients at MTRH, western Kenya. Methodology: 388 patients with thyroid pathologies had thyroidectomy and histological diagnosis done. Under light microscopy, sections were examined to determine whether thyroid follicles were present in the tissues. The retrospectively collected data was analyzed using STATA version 10 SE. The results were presented in form of plates, tables, and charts. Results: Among the histological diseases, colloid goitre was the most prevalent in all the age groups. Across the age groups, ages 30-39 & 40-49 bore the greatest burden of thyroiditis, thyroid carcinoma, thyroid adenoma and colloid goitre. Similarly, colloid go...
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