An efficient sonophotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 19 (RB 19) dye was successfully carr... more An efficient sonophotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 19 (RB 19) dye was successfully carried out using sulfur-doped TiO2 (S-TiO2) nanoparticles. The effect of various treatment processes that is sonolysis, photolysis, catalysis, sonocatalysis, photocatalysis, and sonophotocatalysis were investigated for RB 19 removal. S-TiO2 were synthesized in 1, 3 and 5 wt.% of sulfur by sol–gel process and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The results confirm anatase phase of TiO2, porous agglomerate structure, and a red shift in the absorbance spectra of S-TiO2. The dye degradation was studied by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer at λmax = 594 nm. The reaction parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, ultrasonic power and effect of sulfur doping in different weight percent were studied to find out the optimum degradation conditions. Optimum conditions were found as: S-TiO2 = 5 wt.%, catalyst (S-TiO2 5 wt.%) = 50 mg, RB 19 solution concentration = 20 mg L−1, pH = 3, ultrasound power = 100 and operating temperature = 25 °C. The response of 5 wt.% S-TiO2 was found better than 1 and 3 wt.% S-TiO2 and other forms TiO2. The sonophotocatalysis process was superior to other methods. During this process the ultrasound cavitation and photocatalysis water splitting takes place which leads to the generation of radical dotOH. As reveled by the GCMS results the reactive blue 19 (20 mgL−1) was degraded to 90% within 120 min. The S-TiO2 sonophotocatalysis system was studied for the first time for dye degradation and was found practicable, efficient and cost effective for the degradation of complex and resistant dyes such as RB19.
ABSTRACT Ginseng has been used as a folk medicine in Far East Asian countries for several thousan... more ABSTRACT Ginseng has been used as a folk medicine in Far East Asian countries for several thousand years. Recently, its use has also expanded to Western countries. A number of studies provide evidence for its various pharmacological properties, including antifertility, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiulcer and neuropro-tective effects. Ginseng and its constituents have demonstrated the ability to interact with multiple molecular targets affecting multistep processes in many diseases. Research revealed that ginseng and its constituents bind to a variety of proteins and inhibit the activity of var-ious kinases. Ginseng also modulates the activity of various transcrip-tion factors, enzymes, receptors, ion channels, antiapoptotic proteins, adhesion molecules and others, including different cyclins. Various beneficial in vitro and in vivo effects in different pathological conditions have encouraged researchers to design clinical trials to investigate the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ginseng. The clinical trials have provided encouraging results, and a number of other trials are in progress. This study aims to review the various beneficial effects of gin-seng in different pathological conditions. The multiple molecular tar-gets for ginseng published in the literature during the past few years are included. Similarly, the completed or ongoing clinical trials for gin-seng and its constituents are also summarized.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) ext... more The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) extracts on the visual process in bullfrog's eye. The results obtained indicated that both dark-adapted and light-adapted ERG b-wave peak amplitude was increased with red ginseng treatment. Furthermore, the ERG sensitivity was elevated by 1.4 log units of light intensity. It was found that red ginseng acts as a retinal neural antagonist but not as a GABA receptor antagonist. Red ginseng improved the alcohol dehydrogenase activity and speeded up the delivery of 11 CIS-retinal from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to the outer disc of the photoreceptors which resulted in decreased regeneration time of rhodopsin. In the spectral scan, red ginseng treatment brings an increment in absorbance over the whole spectral range (300-800 nm) with maximum difference at around 500 nm. It is concluded that red ginseng may be used to improve visual process, and can potentially be used to treat certain ophthalmic diseases.
An efficient sonophotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 19 (RB 19) dye was successfully carr... more An efficient sonophotocatalytic degradation of reactive blue 19 (RB 19) dye was successfully carried out using sulfur-doped TiO2 (S-TiO2) nanoparticles. The effect of various treatment processes that is sonolysis, photolysis, catalysis, sonocatalysis, photocatalysis, and sonophotocatalysis were investigated for RB 19 removal. S-TiO2 were synthesized in 1, 3 and 5 wt.% of sulfur by sol–gel process and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The results confirm anatase phase of TiO2, porous agglomerate structure, and a red shift in the absorbance spectra of S-TiO2. The dye degradation was studied by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer at λmax = 594 nm. The reaction parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, initial dye concentration, ultrasonic power and effect of sulfur doping in different weight percent were studied to find out the optimum degradation conditions. Optimum conditions were found as: S-TiO2 = 5 wt.%, catalyst (S-TiO2 5 wt.%) = 50 mg, RB 19 solution concentration = 20 mg L−1, pH = 3, ultrasound power = 100 and operating temperature = 25 °C. The response of 5 wt.% S-TiO2 was found better than 1 and 3 wt.% S-TiO2 and other forms TiO2. The sonophotocatalysis process was superior to other methods. During this process the ultrasound cavitation and photocatalysis water splitting takes place which leads to the generation of radical dotOH. As reveled by the GCMS results the reactive blue 19 (20 mgL−1) was degraded to 90% within 120 min. The S-TiO2 sonophotocatalysis system was studied for the first time for dye degradation and was found practicable, efficient and cost effective for the degradation of complex and resistant dyes such as RB19.
ABSTRACT Ginseng has been used as a folk medicine in Far East Asian countries for several thousan... more ABSTRACT Ginseng has been used as a folk medicine in Far East Asian countries for several thousand years. Recently, its use has also expanded to Western countries. A number of studies provide evidence for its various pharmacological properties, including antifertility, antidiabetic, antiobesity, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiulcer and neuropro-tective effects. Ginseng and its constituents have demonstrated the ability to interact with multiple molecular targets affecting multistep processes in many diseases. Research revealed that ginseng and its constituents bind to a variety of proteins and inhibit the activity of var-ious kinases. Ginseng also modulates the activity of various transcrip-tion factors, enzymes, receptors, ion channels, antiapoptotic proteins, adhesion molecules and others, including different cyclins. Various beneficial in vitro and in vivo effects in different pathological conditions have encouraged researchers to design clinical trials to investigate the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of ginseng. The clinical trials have provided encouraging results, and a number of other trials are in progress. This study aims to review the various beneficial effects of gin-seng in different pathological conditions. The multiple molecular tar-gets for ginseng published in the literature during the past few years are included. Similarly, the completed or ongoing clinical trials for gin-seng and its constituents are also summarized.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) ext... more The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of red ginseng (Panax ginseng) extracts on the visual process in bullfrog's eye. The results obtained indicated that both dark-adapted and light-adapted ERG b-wave peak amplitude was increased with red ginseng treatment. Furthermore, the ERG sensitivity was elevated by 1.4 log units of light intensity. It was found that red ginseng acts as a retinal neural antagonist but not as a GABA receptor antagonist. Red ginseng improved the alcohol dehydrogenase activity and speeded up the delivery of 11 CIS-retinal from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to the outer disc of the photoreceptors which resulted in decreased regeneration time of rhodopsin. In the spectral scan, red ginseng treatment brings an increment in absorbance over the whole spectral range (300-800 nm) with maximum difference at around 500 nm. It is concluded that red ginseng may be used to improve visual process, and can potentially be used to treat certain ophthalmic diseases.
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