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This interdisciplinary journal publishes papers relating the plasticity and response of the nervous system to accidental or experimental injuries and their interventions, transplantation, neurodegenerative disorders and experimental strategies to improve regeneration or functional recovery and rehabilitation.
Experimental and clinical research papers adopting fresh conceptual approaches are encouraged. The overriding criteria for publication are novelty, significant experimental or clinical relevance and interest to a multidisciplinary audience.
Authors: Negen, James | Slater, Heather | Nardini, Marko
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Background: Sensory substitution and augmentation systems (SSASy) seek to either replace or enhance existing sensory skills by providing a new route to access information about the world. Tests of such systems have largely been limited to untimed, unisensory tasks. Objective: To test the use of a SSASy for rapid, ballistic motor actions in a multisensory environment. Methods: Participants played a stripped-down version of air hockey in virtual reality with motion controls (Oculus Touch). They were trained to use a simple SASSy (novel audio cue) for the puck’s location. They were tested on ability to strike an …oncoming puck with the SASSy, degraded vision, or both. Results: Participants coordinated vision and the SSASy to strike the target with their hand more consistently than with the best single cue alone, t (13) = 9.16, p <.001, Cohen’s d = 2.448. Conclusions: People can adapt flexibly to using a SSASy in tasks that require tightly timed, precise, and rapid body movements. SSASys can augment and coordinate with existing sensorimotor skills rather than being limited to replacement use cases – in particular, there is potential scope for treating moderate vision loss. These findings point to the potential for augmenting human abilities, not only for static perceptual judgments, but in rapid and demanding perceptual-motor tasks. Show more
Keywords: Multisensory, visuomotor, training, augmentation, substitution
DOI: 10.3233/RNN-221279
Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-8, 2023
Authors: Augenstein, Thomas E. | Oh, Seonga | Norris, Trevor A. | Mekler, Joshua | Sethi, Amit | Krishnan, Chandramouli
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Background: Previous research has shown that noninvasive brain stimulation can be used to study how the central nervous system (CNS) prepares the execution of a motor task. However, these previous studies have been limited to a single muscle or single degree of freedom movements (e.g., wrist flexion). It is currently unclear if the findings of these studies generalize to multi-joint movements involving multiple muscles, which may be influenced by kinematic redundancy and muscle synergies. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize corticospinal excitability during motor preparation in the cortex prior to functional upper …extremity reaches. Methods: 20 participants without neurological impairments volunteered for this study. During the experiment, the participants reached for a cup in response to a visual “Go Cue”. Prior to movement onset, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to stimulate the motor cortex and measured the changes in motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in several upper extremity muscles. We varied each participant’s initial arm posture and used a novel synergy-based MEP analysis to examine the effect of muscle coordination on MEPs. Additionally, we varied the timing of the stimulation between the Go Cue and movement onset to examine the time course of motor preparation. Results: We found that synergies with strong proximal muscle (shoulder and elbow) components emerged as the stimulation was delivered closer to movement onset, regardless of arm posture, but MEPs in the distal (wrist and finger) muscles were not facilitated. We also found that synergies varied with arm posture in a manner that reflected the muscle coordination of the reach. Conclusions: We believe that these findings provide useful insight into the way the CNS plans motor skills. Show more
Keywords: Motor control, muscle synergy, movement planning, cortical excitability, stroke
DOI: 10.3233/RNN-231367
Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-18, 2024
Authors: Afzal, Aqeela | Thomas, Nagheme | Warraich, Zuha | Barbay, Scott | Mocco, J.
Article Type: Research Article
Abstract: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are recruited to ischemic areas in the brain and contribute to improved functional outcome in animals. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms of improvement following HSC administration post cerebral ischemia. To better understand how HSC effect post-stroke improvement, we examined the effect of HSC in ameliorating motor impairment and cortical dysfunction following cerebral ischemia. Methods: Baseline motor performance of male adult rats was established on validated motor tests. Animals were assigned to one of three experimental cohorts: control, stroke, stroke + HSC. One, three and five weeks following a unilateral stroke all animals were tested on …motor skills after which intracortical microstimulation was used to derive maps of forelimb movement representations within the motor cortex ipsilateral to the ischemic injury. Results: Stroke + HSC animals significantly outperformed stroke animals on single pellet reaching at weeks 3 and 5 (28±3% and 33±3% versus 11±4% and 17±3%, respectively, p < 0.05 at both time points). Control animals scored 44±1% and 47±1%, respectively. Sunflower seed opening task was significantly improved in the stroke + HSC cohort versus the stroke cohort at week five-post stroke (79±4 and 48±5, respectively, p < 0.05). Furthermore, Stroke + HSC animals had significantly larger forelimb motor maps than animals in the stroke cohort. Overall infarct size did not significantly differ between the two stroked cohorts. Conclusion: These data suggest that post stroke treatment of HSC enhances the functional integrity of residual cortical tissue, which in turn supports improved behavioral outcome, despite no observed reduction in infarct size. Show more
Keywords: Stroke, stem cells, motor map, behavior
DOI: 10.3233/RNN-231378
Citation: Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-11, 2024
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