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Authors: Kida, Jiro | Nemoto, Kiyotaka | Ikejima, Chiaki | Bun, Shogyoku | Kakuma, Tatsuyuki | Mizukami, Katsuyoshi | Asada, Takashi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: Background: While longitudinal studies have investigated the relationships between mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes and dementia subtypes, the results have been contradictory. In addition, some research shows that depression accompanied by MCI might increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: The aim of this study is to longitudinally investigate the relationships between MCI subtypes and dementia subtypes, with special attention to the effect of comorbid depressive symptoms in a Japanese rural community. Methods: Non-demented participants (n  = 802) completed a baseline and follow-up study. Outcomes were conversion to dementia especially AD, MCI, or no conversion. A complementary log-log analysis was …conducted to investigate the risk of dementia and AD in amnestic MCI (aMCI) compared to nonamnestic MCI (naMCI) groups. The impact of depressive symptoms on the transition from MCI to AD and from cognitively normal to MCI or AD was also analyzed. Results: The risk of developing dementia, in particular AD, for the aMCI group was significantly higher than that for the naMCI group. In the aMCI group, the presence of depressive symptoms increased the risk of developing AD, but depressive symptoms in the naMCI group did not. In the cognitively normal group, the presence of depressive symptoms increased the risk of aMCI but not naMCI or AD. Conclusion: MCI subtyping could be useful in finding a prodrome for dementia and in particular for AD. The differing impacts of depressive symptoms on the development of AD suggest that the relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment could differ in aMCI and naMCI patients. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, community, conversion, depressive symptoms, mild cognitive impairment

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-150603

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 405-415, 2016

Authors: Bun, Shogyoku | Ikejima, Chiaki | Kida, Jiro | Yoshimura, Atsuko | Lebowitz, Adam Jon | Kakuma, Tatsuyuki | Asada, Takashi

Article Type: Research Article

Abstract: A number of studies have examined the effect of a single supplement against Alzheimer's disease (AD) with conflicting results. Taking into account the complex and multifactorial nature of AD pathogenesis, multiple supplements may be more effective. Physical activity is another prospect against AD. An open-label intervention study was conducted to explore a potential protective effect of multiple supplements and physical activity. Their interaction was also examined. Participants were community-dwelling volunteers aged 65 or older as of May 2001 in a rural area of Japan. Among 918 cognitively normal participants included in the analyses, 171 took capsules daily for three years …that contained n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, Ginkgo biloba leaf dry extracts, and lycopene. Two hundred and forty one participants joined the two-year exercise intervention that included a community center-based and a home-based exercise program. One-hundred and forty eight participated in both interventions. A standardized neuropsychological battery was administered at baseline in 2001, the first follow-up in 2004-2005, and the second in 2008-2009. The primary outcome was AD diagnosis at follow-ups. A complementary log-log model was used for survival analysis. A total of 76 participants were diagnosed with AD during follow-up periods. Higher adherence to supplementation intervention was associated with lower AD incidence in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Exercise intervention was also associated with lower AD incidence in the unadjusted model, but not in the adjusted model. We hypothesized that the combination of supplements acted in a complementary and synergistic fashion to bring significant effects against AD occurrence. Show more

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, dietary supplements, exercise, Gingko biloba, intervention study, lycopene, n-3 PUFA

DOI: 10.3233/JAD-142232

Citation: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 15-25, 2015