Samuel Eshorame SANNI is a lecturer and researcher of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University. His areas of competence include Petroleum Processing, Transport Phenomena, Multiphase Transport, Reaction Engineering
Corrosion of mild steel via chemical reaction in a corrosive environment is a problematic occurre... more Corrosion of mild steel via chemical reaction in a corrosive environment is a problematic occurrence that is very common in oil and gas industries. Corrosion constitutes a huge part of the total costs in the production of oil and gas. Corrosion inhibitors have found interest in the scientific domain because they are mainly understood by their chemical complexes and formulations. Their utilization in small amount on metal surface used in oil and gas industries can help shield the metal from corrosion devoid of any significant alteration in the concentration of the corrosive media in the environment. An effort was made to study the possibility of using calf thymus gland DNA (CTGDNA) inhibitor in chlorine induced mild steel for possible usage in piping in oil and gas industry. The SEM micrograph shows that the adsorption of the CTGDNA biomacromolecules coat on the mild steel surfaces functions as a protection against HCl corrosive solution. Electrochemical study and weight loss analysi...
The light trapping device (LTD) was theoretically designed to suggests the best way of harvesting... more The light trapping device (LTD) was theoretically designed to suggests the best way of harvesting the energy derived from natural lightning. The Maxwell's equation was expanded using a virtual experimentation via a MATLAB environment. Several parameters like lightning flash and temperature distribution were consider to investigate the ability of the theoretical lightning panel to convert electricity efficiently. The results of the lighting strike angle on the surface of the LTD shows the maximum power expected per time. The results of the microscopic thermal distribution shows that if the LTD casing controls the transmission of the heat energy, then the thermal energy storage (TES) can be introduced to the lightning farm.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
The drilling fluids should exhibit shear thinning characteristics to have less resistance at high... more The drilling fluids should exhibit shear thinning characteristics to have less resistance at high shear rates. Nanoparticles can enhance the rheological properties of drilling fluids using different mechanisms. Nanomaterials are engineered materials with at least one dimension in the range of 1–100 nm. Carbon nanotubes were chosen in this study due to their unique physio-chemical properties, thus, a good candidate for smart oil based mud formulation. This study investigates the multifunctional ability of carbon nanotubes in oil based mud system and its impact on the drilling hydraulics. Application of carbon nanoparticles in literature have mostly been on water based mud systems and mostly at weight less than 2 g. Effect of carbon nanotubes on flow properties of oil based mud systems within the range of 1 to 3 g weight was analysed. The result shows that the carbon nanotubes improved the flow properties of the formulated oil based mud systems into an acceptable and desirable range r...
A bioremediation model was developed for the bioremediation of a crude oil polluted soil. The dev... more A bioremediation model was developed for the bioremediation of a crude oil polluted soil. The developed mathematical model considers a batch process. The model was designed to predict the quantity of crude oil remaining per time in crude oil contaminated areas during in-situ bioremediation. The model can be used to monitor the progress of soil bioremediation by monitoring crude oil residual concentration per time. Comparing the results of the simulations of the derived model to the results of an existing model, shows that the new model is valid and reliable for monitoring the progress of any batch bioremediation process of crude oil polluted soils.
The danger of aerosols loading is dangerous to human as well as the atmosphere. The estimation of... more The danger of aerosols loading is dangerous to human as well as the atmosphere. The estimation of the aerosol loading can be very difficult in any location in West Africa because of its proximity to the influence of the north-east winds from the Sahara desert. An established analytical and statistical approach was used to estimate the aerosol loading over Kano. The maximum aerosol retention over Kano is 31.28%. The atmospheric constant which also describes the aerosols loading over Kano was found to be 0.708 and 0.8984. This means that Kano may be facing high thermal discomfort as well as spread of disease if not checked.
Mathematical software tools used in science, research and engineering have a developmental trend.... more Mathematical software tools used in science, research and engineering have a developmental trend. Various subdivisions for mathematical software applications are available in the aforementioned areas but the research intent or problem under study, determines the choice of software required for mathematical analyses. Since these software applications have their limitations, the features present in one type are often augmented or complemented by revised versions of the original versions in order to increase their abilities to multi-task. For example, the dynamic mathematics software was designed with integrated advantages of different types of existing mathematics software as an improved version for understanding numerical related problems for advanced mathematical content (advanced simulation). In recent times, science institutions have adopted the use of computer codes in solving mathematics related problems. The treatment of complex numerical analysis with the aid of mathematical s...
Environmental security is totally relegated in countries of West Africa. The monitoring of the ae... more Environmental security is totally relegated in countries of West Africa. The monitoring of the aerosols loading over Bamako was the aim of this study. The outcome of our finding has salient links to food security, aviation and communication industry, thermal comfort and climate system of Bamako and Mali. Bamako is located on longitude 12.65 oN and latitude 8 oW. Fifteen years data was obtained from the multiangled spectro-reflectometry (MISR). The aerosol loading was monitored using analytical and statistical techniques. The outcome is expected to enrich policy making in the nation of Mali.
Abstract—The mechanism of the femtosecond spin dynamics is still not properly understood. The rem... more Abstract—The mechanism of the femtosecond spin dynamics is still not properly understood. The remodeled Bloch – Schrodinger equation was incorporated into the Hamiltonian. The mechanism of the femtosecond dynamics was investigated under three quantum states. The spin relaxation mechanism operated in a single continuous time scale (>70ps) which was in variance with knownpostulate. The transient reflectivity was measured to be within an angular range of 18.6o to 90.0o at a pulse range of 1MHz to 6.5 MHz. Beyond the pulse intensity of -2.5, the system elapsed into a quasi-equilibrium state which explains the independence of the magnetic moment on the pulse intensity. Different possibilities of the femtosecond spin dynamics were worked out for future study.
Palm kernel and soybean oils were used as raw materials to produce lube oils. Their transesterifi... more Palm kernel and soybean oils were used as raw materials to produce lube oils. Their transesterification/conversion processes were investigated for different catalyst-oil concentrations. The optimum conditions for obtaining biolubricants with improved properties were found to be close for both oils. For the palm kernel oil, the maximum conversion of the triglyceride to methyl ester was 98 % at an optimum temperature of 56 oC for catalyst concentration of 0.6, 6:1 methanol-oil ratio and lube oil yield of 92 %, while for soybean oil, the conditions for maximum conversion (95%) of the triglyceride in the soybean oil occurred at 60 oC, for 0.5 catalyst concentration and 6:1 methanol-oil ratio with lube oil yield of 88 %. Furthermore, the PKO gave higher biolube oil yield compared to soybean oil. The addition of ethylene glycol coupled with subsequent blending of the oils with mineral oils helped to modify the products of the second transesterification which resulted in the desired lube o...
Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 2019
Without a doubt, petroleum-based resources have caused in increased interests in bio-renewable po... more Without a doubt, petroleum-based resources have caused in increased interests in bio-renewable polymer-based, relatively cheap, readily available and environmentally friendly materials. These interests are growing in leaps and bounds and have and continue to elicit even greater interest in order to come up with new resources that are less unfavorable in terms of the environment, health and cost of production. This quest has led to exploration of producing composites and nanocomposites, especially, those with polymer substrates for use in various applications, including: automotive, aerospace, electronics, civil, medical and biomedical, drug delivery, sensors and actuators and many other fields of human endeavors. In this regard, noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) are intensively used for medical specialty applications like drug delivery and tissue engineering. This is because of their very unique and exceptional physicochemical and optoelectronic properties. In this chapter, the focus will mainly be based on the various techniques for green biosynthesis of composites and nanocomposites, specifically, for applications in medical and biomedical fields. Very briefly, mention will be made in other fields of application.
Globally, environmental challenges have been recognised as a matter of concern. Among these chall... more Globally, environmental challenges have been recognised as a matter of concern. Among these challenges are the reduced availability and quality of drinking water, and greenhouse gases that give rise to change in climate by entrapping heat, which result in respirational illness from smog and air pollution. Globally, the rate of demand for the use of freshwater has outgrown the rate of population increase; as the rapid growth in town and cities place a huge pressure on neighbouring water resources. Besides, the rapid growth in anthropogenic activities, such as the generation of energy and its conveyance, release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, warming the planet. Polymer nanocomposite has played a significant role in finding solutions to current environmental problems. It has found interest due to its high potential for the reduction of gas emission, and elimination of pollutants, heavy metals, dyes, and oil in wastewater. The revolution of integrating developed novel nanom...
The universal water scarceness and the extensive ordeals with energy cost in conjunction with the... more The universal water scarceness and the extensive ordeals with energy cost in conjunction with the undesirable ecological effects have advanced the improvement of novel osmotically driven membrane processes. Membrane processes which are osmotically driven are developing type of membrane separation procedures that apply concentrated brines to separate liquid streams. They are adaptable in various applications; hence, allow them to be an attractive substitute for drug release, wastewater treatment and the production and recovery of energy. Although, internal concentration polarization (ICP) occurs in membrane practises which are osmotically driven as a consequence of hindered diffusion of solute in a porous stratum, their interest has even increased. Here we review two natural membrane processes that are osmotically driven; Forward osmosis (FO) and Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Thus, the major points are as follows: 1) it was highlighted in this review, that the major developments i...
In this research, the impact of aerosol loading on the atmospheric corrosion over Yekepa is prese... more In this research, the impact of aerosol loading on the atmospheric corrosion over Yekepa is presented. Fifteen years primary (aerosol optical depth) dataset was obtained from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR). Aerosol loading were generated fom the primary dataset. The univariate statistic over Yekepa shows the mean value of 0.52038392857143 0.44143303571429 0.39041071428571 in X, Y and Z directions prespectively. It was confirmed that the current trends of environmental events over Yekepa-Liberia could increase atmospheric corrosion.
Corrosion of mild steel via chemical reaction in a corrosive environment is a problematic occurre... more Corrosion of mild steel via chemical reaction in a corrosive environment is a problematic occurrence that is very common in oil and gas industries. Corrosion constitutes a huge part of the total costs in the production of oil and gas. Corrosion inhibitors have found interest in the scientific domain because they are mainly understood by their chemical complexes and formulations. Their utilization in small amount on metal surface used in oil and gas industries can help shield the metal from corrosion devoid of any significant alteration in the concentration of the corrosive media in the environment. An effort was made to study the possibility of using calf thymus gland DNA (CTGDNA) inhibitor in chlorine induced mild steel for possible usage in piping in oil and gas industry. The SEM micrograph shows that the adsorption of the CTGDNA biomacromolecules coat on the mild steel surfaces functions as a protection against HCl corrosive solution. Electrochemical study and weight loss analysi...
The light trapping device (LTD) was theoretically designed to suggests the best way of harvesting... more The light trapping device (LTD) was theoretically designed to suggests the best way of harvesting the energy derived from natural lightning. The Maxwell's equation was expanded using a virtual experimentation via a MATLAB environment. Several parameters like lightning flash and temperature distribution were consider to investigate the ability of the theoretical lightning panel to convert electricity efficiently. The results of the lighting strike angle on the surface of the LTD shows the maximum power expected per time. The results of the microscopic thermal distribution shows that if the LTD casing controls the transmission of the heat energy, then the thermal energy storage (TES) can be introduced to the lightning farm.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
The drilling fluids should exhibit shear thinning characteristics to have less resistance at high... more The drilling fluids should exhibit shear thinning characteristics to have less resistance at high shear rates. Nanoparticles can enhance the rheological properties of drilling fluids using different mechanisms. Nanomaterials are engineered materials with at least one dimension in the range of 1–100 nm. Carbon nanotubes were chosen in this study due to their unique physio-chemical properties, thus, a good candidate for smart oil based mud formulation. This study investigates the multifunctional ability of carbon nanotubes in oil based mud system and its impact on the drilling hydraulics. Application of carbon nanoparticles in literature have mostly been on water based mud systems and mostly at weight less than 2 g. Effect of carbon nanotubes on flow properties of oil based mud systems within the range of 1 to 3 g weight was analysed. The result shows that the carbon nanotubes improved the flow properties of the formulated oil based mud systems into an acceptable and desirable range r...
A bioremediation model was developed for the bioremediation of a crude oil polluted soil. The dev... more A bioremediation model was developed for the bioremediation of a crude oil polluted soil. The developed mathematical model considers a batch process. The model was designed to predict the quantity of crude oil remaining per time in crude oil contaminated areas during in-situ bioremediation. The model can be used to monitor the progress of soil bioremediation by monitoring crude oil residual concentration per time. Comparing the results of the simulations of the derived model to the results of an existing model, shows that the new model is valid and reliable for monitoring the progress of any batch bioremediation process of crude oil polluted soils.
The danger of aerosols loading is dangerous to human as well as the atmosphere. The estimation of... more The danger of aerosols loading is dangerous to human as well as the atmosphere. The estimation of the aerosol loading can be very difficult in any location in West Africa because of its proximity to the influence of the north-east winds from the Sahara desert. An established analytical and statistical approach was used to estimate the aerosol loading over Kano. The maximum aerosol retention over Kano is 31.28%. The atmospheric constant which also describes the aerosols loading over Kano was found to be 0.708 and 0.8984. This means that Kano may be facing high thermal discomfort as well as spread of disease if not checked.
Mathematical software tools used in science, research and engineering have a developmental trend.... more Mathematical software tools used in science, research and engineering have a developmental trend. Various subdivisions for mathematical software applications are available in the aforementioned areas but the research intent or problem under study, determines the choice of software required for mathematical analyses. Since these software applications have their limitations, the features present in one type are often augmented or complemented by revised versions of the original versions in order to increase their abilities to multi-task. For example, the dynamic mathematics software was designed with integrated advantages of different types of existing mathematics software as an improved version for understanding numerical related problems for advanced mathematical content (advanced simulation). In recent times, science institutions have adopted the use of computer codes in solving mathematics related problems. The treatment of complex numerical analysis with the aid of mathematical s...
Environmental security is totally relegated in countries of West Africa. The monitoring of the ae... more Environmental security is totally relegated in countries of West Africa. The monitoring of the aerosols loading over Bamako was the aim of this study. The outcome of our finding has salient links to food security, aviation and communication industry, thermal comfort and climate system of Bamako and Mali. Bamako is located on longitude 12.65 oN and latitude 8 oW. Fifteen years data was obtained from the multiangled spectro-reflectometry (MISR). The aerosol loading was monitored using analytical and statistical techniques. The outcome is expected to enrich policy making in the nation of Mali.
Abstract—The mechanism of the femtosecond spin dynamics is still not properly understood. The rem... more Abstract—The mechanism of the femtosecond spin dynamics is still not properly understood. The remodeled Bloch – Schrodinger equation was incorporated into the Hamiltonian. The mechanism of the femtosecond dynamics was investigated under three quantum states. The spin relaxation mechanism operated in a single continuous time scale (>70ps) which was in variance with knownpostulate. The transient reflectivity was measured to be within an angular range of 18.6o to 90.0o at a pulse range of 1MHz to 6.5 MHz. Beyond the pulse intensity of -2.5, the system elapsed into a quasi-equilibrium state which explains the independence of the magnetic moment on the pulse intensity. Different possibilities of the femtosecond spin dynamics were worked out for future study.
Palm kernel and soybean oils were used as raw materials to produce lube oils. Their transesterifi... more Palm kernel and soybean oils were used as raw materials to produce lube oils. Their transesterification/conversion processes were investigated for different catalyst-oil concentrations. The optimum conditions for obtaining biolubricants with improved properties were found to be close for both oils. For the palm kernel oil, the maximum conversion of the triglyceride to methyl ester was 98 % at an optimum temperature of 56 oC for catalyst concentration of 0.6, 6:1 methanol-oil ratio and lube oil yield of 92 %, while for soybean oil, the conditions for maximum conversion (95%) of the triglyceride in the soybean oil occurred at 60 oC, for 0.5 catalyst concentration and 6:1 methanol-oil ratio with lube oil yield of 88 %. Furthermore, the PKO gave higher biolube oil yield compared to soybean oil. The addition of ethylene glycol coupled with subsequent blending of the oils with mineral oils helped to modify the products of the second transesterification which resulted in the desired lube o...
Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 2019
Without a doubt, petroleum-based resources have caused in increased interests in bio-renewable po... more Without a doubt, petroleum-based resources have caused in increased interests in bio-renewable polymer-based, relatively cheap, readily available and environmentally friendly materials. These interests are growing in leaps and bounds and have and continue to elicit even greater interest in order to come up with new resources that are less unfavorable in terms of the environment, health and cost of production. This quest has led to exploration of producing composites and nanocomposites, especially, those with polymer substrates for use in various applications, including: automotive, aerospace, electronics, civil, medical and biomedical, drug delivery, sensors and actuators and many other fields of human endeavors. In this regard, noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) are intensively used for medical specialty applications like drug delivery and tissue engineering. This is because of their very unique and exceptional physicochemical and optoelectronic properties. In this chapter, the focus will mainly be based on the various techniques for green biosynthesis of composites and nanocomposites, specifically, for applications in medical and biomedical fields. Very briefly, mention will be made in other fields of application.
Globally, environmental challenges have been recognised as a matter of concern. Among these chall... more Globally, environmental challenges have been recognised as a matter of concern. Among these challenges are the reduced availability and quality of drinking water, and greenhouse gases that give rise to change in climate by entrapping heat, which result in respirational illness from smog and air pollution. Globally, the rate of demand for the use of freshwater has outgrown the rate of population increase; as the rapid growth in town and cities place a huge pressure on neighbouring water resources. Besides, the rapid growth in anthropogenic activities, such as the generation of energy and its conveyance, release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, warming the planet. Polymer nanocomposite has played a significant role in finding solutions to current environmental problems. It has found interest due to its high potential for the reduction of gas emission, and elimination of pollutants, heavy metals, dyes, and oil in wastewater. The revolution of integrating developed novel nanom...
The universal water scarceness and the extensive ordeals with energy cost in conjunction with the... more The universal water scarceness and the extensive ordeals with energy cost in conjunction with the undesirable ecological effects have advanced the improvement of novel osmotically driven membrane processes. Membrane processes which are osmotically driven are developing type of membrane separation procedures that apply concentrated brines to separate liquid streams. They are adaptable in various applications; hence, allow them to be an attractive substitute for drug release, wastewater treatment and the production and recovery of energy. Although, internal concentration polarization (ICP) occurs in membrane practises which are osmotically driven as a consequence of hindered diffusion of solute in a porous stratum, their interest has even increased. Here we review two natural membrane processes that are osmotically driven; Forward osmosis (FO) and Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). Thus, the major points are as follows: 1) it was highlighted in this review, that the major developments i...
In this research, the impact of aerosol loading on the atmospheric corrosion over Yekepa is prese... more In this research, the impact of aerosol loading on the atmospheric corrosion over Yekepa is presented. Fifteen years primary (aerosol optical depth) dataset was obtained from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer (MISR). Aerosol loading were generated fom the primary dataset. The univariate statistic over Yekepa shows the mean value of 0.52038392857143 0.44143303571429 0.39041071428571 in X, Y and Z directions prespectively. It was confirmed that the current trends of environmental events over Yekepa-Liberia could increase atmospheric corrosion.
—The mechanism of the femtosecond spin dynamics is still not properly understood. The remodeled B... more —The mechanism of the femtosecond spin dynamics is still not properly understood. The remodeled Bloch – Schrödinger equation was incorporated into the Hamiltonian. The mechanism of the femtosecond dynamics was investigated under three quantum states. The spin relaxation mechanism operated in a single continuous time scale (>70ps) which was in variance with knownpostulate. The transient reflectivity was measured to be within an angular range of 18.6o to 90.0o at a pulse range of 1MHz to 6.5 MHz. Beyond the pulse intensity of-2.5, the system elapsed into a quasi-equilibrium state which explains the independence of the magnetic moment on the pulse intensity. Different possibilities of the femtosecond spin dynamics were worked out for future study.
—The danger of aerosols loading is dangerous to human as well as the atmosphere. The estimation o... more —The danger of aerosols loading is dangerous to human as well as the atmosphere. The estimation of the aerosol loading can be very difficult in any location in West Africa because of its proximity to the influence of the northeast winds from the Sahara desert. An established analytical and statistical approach was used to estimate the aerosol loading over Kano. The maximum aerosol retention over Kano is 31.28%. The atmospheric constant which also describes the aerosols loading over Kano was found to be 0.708 and 0.8984. This means that Kano may be facing high thermal discomfort as well as spread of disease if not checked.
— Environmental security is totally relegated in countries of West Africa. The monitoring of the ... more — Environmental security is totally relegated in countries of West Africa. The monitoring of the aerosols loading over Bamako was the aim of this study. The outcome of our finding has salient links to food security, aviation and communication industry, thermal comfort and climate system of Bamako and Mali. Bamako is located on longitude 12.65 ºN and latitude 8 ºW. Fifteen years data was obtained from the multi-angled spectro-reflectometry (MISR). The aerosol loading was monitored using analytical and statistical techniques. The outcome is expected to enrich policy making in the nation of Mali.
Bolgatanga is located on latitude of 10.78 o N and longitude 0.85 o W. This research is aimed to ... more Bolgatanga is located on latitude of 10.78 o N and longitude 0.85 o W. This research is aimed to estimate the aerosols loading and retention over Bolgatanga-Ghana through a conceptual model that is made up of analytical, statistical and Matlab curve-fitting tool. The model's accuracy was established over the aerosol optical depth for a thirteen-year satellite data set from the Multi-angle imaging specto-reflectometer (MISR). The maximum aerosol retention was 31.73%. Its atmospheric constants, tunning constants and the phase difference over Bolgatanga was found to 0.67, 0.24 and 4 / respectively. The phase difference expresses the different kinds of network topologies and beam forming methods for measuring devices that may be used in Bolgatanga. Therefore a good estimation of the aerosols loading and retention over Bolgatanga, we may be in the best position to controlling its effect on health, farming, rainfall pattern, cloud formation and regional climate. 1. Introduction Studies on the significance of aerosols on climate change have received considerable attention in recent years. Several remote sensing techniques have been deployed in the past with the zest to gain insight or better understanding of the effects of aerosols on climate change. Such remote sensors read-off large volumes of data which suffices for the spatial and temporal coverage of the areas or vicinities under study. For scientific applications, it is pertinent that such data are qualitative. For example, data obtained from ground remote sensing have been previously used for understanding aerosol effects on atmospheric heat budget as reported in Cloud Screening of Sky Radio Meter Data Manual [1-4], validating satellite measurements [5] and model simulations [6]. Mathematical modeling of the removal of liquid aerosols from gases flowing through channels without any form of packing and channels filled with fine random packing was carried out by Anatoly et al [7]. Some conservation/governing equations for aerosols were established. For the separation efficiency of aerosols in the packed bed layer, a convective mass transfer equation was adopted. Some assumptions were made and a 3D equation describing steady state mass transfer of aerosols was obtained. A particle deposition velocity was established in relation to the particle relaxation time. The finite difference technique was employed in the numerical solution. Also, the work of Chan et al [8] presents an equilibrium kinetic model of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). They employed the model as a way of examining the effects of SOA formation of the gas phase oxidation of the products initially generated to more or less volatile species. From the findings, it is evident that, while different controlling/interacting mechanisms can lead to differing SOA growth behavior, it becomes generally impossible to deduce the actual mechanism for SOA formation with absolute dependence of the SOA growth data.
Some oil and gas reservoirs in Nigeria are often weakly consolidated, making them liable to sand ... more Some oil and gas reservoirs in Nigeria are often weakly consolidated, making them liable to sand production. During upstream petroleum production operations, light oil and sand mix from the reservoirs are produced through wells dug into formation zones and transported through horizontal pipes between well heads and flow stations. The residual sand transported through the pipes pose serious problems such as, blockage and, reduction of pipe efficiency and integrity. A mathematical simulation of the transport process of crude oil and sand in a horizontal pipe is discussed in this book. The model used is a modified form of the Doan et al (1996 and 2000) models. The effect of eddies in three regions was incorporated in the mass and momentum equations of the model and a third equation for solid phase was also developed. Difference formulae were generated for the conservation equations by applying Fick's equation for diffusion as basis for the origin of the finite difference formula. The diffusion equation was modified and applied to the momentum phase equations so as to make the model have a clear solution. The method adopted in this book, rather than the usual method of solving models of this type simultaneously, solves the model equations directly. The sand deposit points, oil distribution, velocities of oil and sand, forces (gravity, inertia, interaction, solid and fluid phase pressure forces) and most importantly, oil volume flow were simulated on hourly basis. Chapters one through to four explains how transport principles were adopted in controlling sand deposition problems.
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Papers by Samuel Sanni