Sacisaurus agudoensis is the only silesaurid known from the Triassic beds of the Santa Maria Supe... more Sacisaurus agudoensis is the only silesaurid known from the Triassic beds of the Santa Maria Supersequence and the correlation of its type locality to the other Triassic deposits of south Brazil has always been controversial. In an attempt to improve this, a handful of dinosaur and cynodont remains found associated to S. agudoensis are here described and compared. The anatomy of the sauropodomorph is more similar to that of Norian forms such as Pantydraco caducus and Unaysaurus tolentinoi than to that of Carnian taxa such as Saturnalia tupiniquim and Pampadromaeus barberenai. The cynodonts recovered based on isolated teeth include a brasilodontid and a Riograndia-like form. This assemblage is consistent with a Norian age, as is also suggested by local stratigraphic correlation, which positions the site in the Caturrita Formation.
The evolutionary history of dinosaurs might date back to the first stages of the Triassic (c. 250... more The evolutionary history of dinosaurs might date back to the first stages of the Triassic (c. 250– 240 Ma), but the oldest unequivocal records of the group come from Late Triassic (Carnian – c. 230 Ma) rocks of South America. Here, we present the first braincase endocast of a Carnian dinosaur, the sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim, and provide new data regarding the evolution of the floccular and parafloccular lobe of the cerebellum (FFL), which has been extensively discussed in the field of palaeoneurology. Previous studies proposed that the development of a permanent quadrupedal stance was one of the factors leading to the volume reduction of the FFL of sauropods. However, based on the new data for S. tupiniquim we identified a first moment of FFL volume reduction in non-sauropodan Sauropodomorpha, preceding the acquisition of a fully quadrupedal stance. Analysing variations in FFL volume alongside other morphological changes in the group, we suggest that this reduction is potentially related to the adoption of a more restricted herbivore diet. In this context, the FFL of sauropods might represent a vestigial trait, retained in a reduced version from the bipedal and predatory early sauropodomorphs. The last two decades have witnessed a rapid development in the world of virtual palaeontology 1. With the aid of non-destructive computed tomography (CT) techniques, numerous analyses of the internal skull structures of non-avian dinosaurs were carried out. Nevertheless, these studies were mainly based on Jurassic and Cretaceous specimens, whereas the brain and associated soft-tissues of the oldest representatives of the group have never been analysed in detail. The Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, together with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, both Carnian in age (c. 230 Ma), record the oldest unequivocal dinosaurs 2,3. Cranial remains are not scarce in these strata (e.g. refs 4–7), but information on the soft tissues associated with the braincase (e.g. brain, inner ear, cranial nerves) are poorly studied (e.g. ref. 8). Here, we present the first paleoneurological study of the sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim 9. Fossils of S. tupiniquim come from the Santa Maria Formation in southern Brazil, from a locality commonly known as Cerro da Alemoa or Waldsanga (53°45′ W; 29°40′ S). The taxon is based on three fairly complete specimens [MCP 3844-PV (holotype), 3845-PV, and MCP 3946-PV 9 ], but skull elements are only preserved in MCP 3845-PV, including the bones that form the braincase. Given its age and phylogenetic position 10 , S. tupiniquim is a key-taxon to understand the early evolution of Sauropodomorpha, the lineage that includes the gigantic herbivores of the Mesozoic, the sauropods 10. Based on new data for S. tupiniquim, we analyse the evolution of the sauropodomorph endocast in the context of other anatomical transformations and suggest a new scenario for the evolution of the cerebellar neural tissues in the group.
Lepisosteoid-type scales are described in detail for the first time from the Barremian-Aptian (Lo... more Lepisosteoid-type scales are described in detail for the first time from the Barremian-Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) Quiric o Formation of the Sanfranciscana Basin, Southeastern Brazil. The specimens studied herein have been recovered from a new outcrop in northern Minas Gerais state and comprise a few nearly complete posterior scales and hundreds of scale fragments extracted from the sedimentary matrix. The scales are rhombic and preserve both the ganoine and the basal plate. The ganoine layer is thin, pierced by foramina and ornamented by microtubercles, showing the typical arrangement of superimposed sheets. The basal plate is composed by lamellar and woven bone, with flattened and isodia-metric osteocytes, canaliculi of Williamson, and Sharpey's fibers. An EDS analysis suggests diagenetic alteration of the basal plate but not the ganoine layer. The morphology of the specimens is similar to that of early neopterygian fishes, including ginglymodians and aspidorhynchids. A less inclusive identification is hampered by the fragmentary condition of the material and the lack of specific diagnostic features in this type of scale. This can be also extended to some isolated scales commonly referred to Lepidotes recovered from several sedimentary basins in the Jurassic-Cretaceous of Brazil. The results add a new record of ganoid scales in the Sanfranciscana Basin, and highlight the importance of more complete specimens rather than isolated scales for a genus-level identification of early neopterygian fishes.
ABSTRACT This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substan... more ABSTRACT This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Resumo: O registro fóssil dos depósitos sedimentares proterozoicos, paleozoicos e mesozoicos do C... more Resumo: O registro fóssil dos depósitos sedimentares proterozoicos, paleozoicos e mesozoicos do Cráton do São Francisco inclui estruturas de origem microbiana (microbialitos, oncólitos), palinomorfos terrestres e marinhos, microfósseis silicosos e carbonáticos de origem marinha, metazoários neoproterozoicos, artrópodes, uma variedade de bioturbações, vertebrados actinopterígios, sarcopterígios e dinossauros. Com exceção dos microbialitos, que são amplamente distribuídos, os fósseis são relativamente escassos se comparados com a extensão geográfica dos depósitos e concentrados em alguns horizontes estratigráficos excepcionais. A raridade dos achados pode ser explicada pela falta de prospecção nas áreas mais distantes das localidades tradicionalmente conhecidas, e também ao baixo potencial de preservação dos fósseis em ambientes deposicionais do Meso e Neoproterozoico, ou de regimes climáticos extremos, i.e. glacial para o Paleozoico e desértico para as porções mesozoicas da Bacia Sanfranciscana. Trabalhos recentes de prospecção, no entanto, têm revelado um potencial significativo para novas descobertas, especialmente na região norte de Minas Gerais. Parte dos registros cenozoicos está distribuída em bacias restritas incluindo as de Gandarela e Fonseca (Eoceno-Mioceno), onde basicamente se preservaram folhas de angiospermas e gimnospermas, palinomorfos e insetos, e a Bacia de Juatuba, com registro predominante de folhas de angiospermas O Quaternário constitui uma exceção do ponto de vista da diversidade e abundância de fósseis, especialmente devido à ampla ocorrência de mamíferos em sistemas cársticos. A descontinuidade dos depósitos sedimentares no Cráton do São Francisco mostram hiatos de cerca de 250 milhões de anos entre as seções fossilíferas do Neoproterozoico ao Paleozoico e de cerca de 125 milhões de anos (Eocretáceo ao Pleistoceno) para a fauna de vertebrados. Abstract: THE FOSSIL RECORD OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVERS OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO CRATON IN MINAS GERAIS. The fossil record of the Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary deposits of the São Francisco Craton includes microbial structures (microbialites and oncoliths), terrestrial and marine palynomorphs, siliceous and calcareous marine microfossils, Neoproterozoic metazoans, arthropods, a variety of bioturbations, actinopterygians, sarcopterygians and dinosaurs. Except for the microbialites, which are widely distributed, the fossils are relatively scarce if compared with the geographic extension of the deposits and concentrated in some exceptional sedimentary horizons. The rarity of the findings can be explained by the lack of fieldwork far from the localities traditionally explored, and the low potential of fossil preservation in paleoenvironments of Paleo and Mesoproterozoic or those under extreme climatic regimes, i.e. glacial for the Paleozoic rocks and desertic for most of the Mesozoic rocks within the Sanfranciscana Basin. On the other hand, recent works have revealed a significant potential for new discoveries, especially in northern Minas Gerais. Part of the Cenozoic record is distributed across restrict basins, including Gandarela and Fonseca (Eocene-Miocene), where basically leaves of angiosperms and gymnosperms, palynomorphs and insects are preserved, and the Juatuba Basin, with predominant record of angiosperm leaves. The Quaternary is an exception of fossil diversity and abundance, due to the widespread occurrence of mammals within karstic deposits. The discontinuity of the sedimentary deposits in the São Francisco Craton shows gaps in the fossil record, which encompass c. 250 my between the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic, and c. 125 my (Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene) for the vertebrate fauna.
The Mesozoic Era is a fascinating period in the evolution of life on Earth. Several animal taxa w... more The Mesozoic Era is a fascinating period in the evolution of life on Earth. Several animal taxa with representatives in present-day fauna, such as amphibians, mammals, birds, turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles, originated and diversified in this Era. Non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs also occur within this geological time span, making it known as the Age of Reptiles. Less known to the public is the fact that oceans and seas were also ruled by extinct reptiles, including ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs. Their singular anatomy and complete demise at the end of Mesozoic continue to fascinate, ever since their discovery starting in the 18 th century. This work provides information to teachers so as to support basic education about the main groups of marine reptiles of the Mesozoic. We discuss aspects concerning anatomy, lifestyle, evolution and the implications of their discovery for the history of science.
Vertebrate fossils recovered from sites nearby the Botucaraí Hill and Candelária (Caturrita Forma... more Vertebrate fossils recovered from sites nearby the Botucaraí Hill and Candelária (Caturrita Formation) depict a diverse Late Triassic tetrapod fauna from south Brazil. These records are of key importance to the biostratigraphy of the upper sections of the Rosario do Sul Group. A lithological and biostratigraphic survey on the main fossil localities of the Botucaraí Hill area confirms the occurrence of the lower Hyperodapedon and the upper Riograndia Assemblage Zones in the region, the latter yielding early saurischians. In this paper, three incomplete dinosaur specimens, an isolated sacral vertebra, an articulated left pubis–ischium and an isolated right ischium, from the ‘Botucaraí Hill’ site are described. A comparative survey suggests that these specimens have sauropodomorph affinities, but probably more primitive than typical ‘prosauropods’ from the Norian-Early Jurassic. Regardless of the phylogenetic position of Guaibasaurus as theropod or sauropodomorph, their occurrence in the Caturrita Formation, which also yielded ‘core prosauropods’ from the Santa Maria region, suggests either the survival of early members of the clade with more derived ‘prosauropods’ or that heterochronous faunas are sampled from that stratigraphic unit.
Bittencourt, J.S., Leal, L.A., Langer, M.C. & Azevedo, S.A.K., June 2012. An additional basal sau... more Bittencourt, J.S., Leal, L.A., Langer, M.C. & Azevedo, S.A.K., June 2012. An additional basal sauropodomorph specimen from theUpperTriassic Caturrita Formation, southern Brazil, with comments on the biogeography of plateosaurids. Alcheringa, 1–10. ISSN0311-5518.We describe an additional saurischian specimen from the Caturrita Formation (Norian) of the Parana Basin, southern Brazil. This material was collected in the 1950s and remained unstudied due to its fragmentary condition. Detailed comparisons with other saurischians worldwide reveal that some characters of the ilium, including the low ventral projection of the medial wall of the acetabulum and its concave ventral margin, together with the short triangular shape of the pre-acetabular process and its mound-like dorsocaudal edge, resemble those of sauropodomorphs such as Plateosaurus and Riojasaurus. This set of traits suggests that MN 1326-V has affinities with basal Sauropodomorpha, probably closer to plateosaurians than to Saturnalia-like taxa. Previous records of this clade in the Caturrita Formation include Unaysaurus, which has been related to Plateosaurus within Plateosauridae. Alternative schemes suggest that plateosaurids include Plateosaurus plus the Argentinean ‘prosauropods’ Coloradisaurus and Riojasaurus. Both hypotheses raise biogeographic questions, as a close relationship between faunas from South America and Europe excluding Africa and North America is not supported by geological and biostratigraphical evidence. Additionally, the absence of plateosaurids in other continents suggests that the geographical distribution of thistaxon is inconsistent with the geological history of western Pangaea, and this demands further investigations of the phylogeny of sauropodomorphs or improved sampling. J.S. Bittencourt* [sigmaorionis@yahoo.com.br] Laboratório de Paleontologia, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 1404901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Fellow FAPESP; L.A. Leal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, s/n, 45206-190, Jequié, BA, Brazil; M.C. Langer, Laboratório de Paleontologia, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 1404901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; S.A.K. Azevedo, Laboratório de Processamento de Imagem Digital, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Received 29.7.2011; revised 10.10.2011; accepted 18.10.2011.
The record of dinosaur body-fossils in the Brazilian Mesozoic is restricted to the Triassic of Ri... more The record of dinosaur body-fossils in the Brazilian Mesozoic is restricted to the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul and Cretaceous of various parts of the country. This includes 21 named species, two of which were regarded as nomina dubia, and 19 consensually assigned to Dinosauria. Additional eight supraspecific taxa have been identified based on fragmentary specimens and numerous dinosaur footprints known in Brazil. In fact, most Brazilian specimens related to dinosaurs are composed of isolated teeth and vertebrae. Despite the increase of fieldwork during the last decade, there are still no dinosaur body-fossils of Jurassic age and the evidence of ornithischians in Brazil is very limited. Dinosaur faunas from this country are generally correlated with those from other parts of Gondwana throughout the Mesozoic. During the Late Triassic, there is a close correspondence to Argentina and other south-Pangaea areas. Mid-Cretaceous faunas of northeastern Brazil resemble those of coeval deposits of North Africa and Argentina. Southern hemisphere spinosaurids are restricted to Africa and Brazil, whereas abelisaurids are still unknown in the Early Cretaceous of the latter. Late Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages of south-central Brazil are endemic only to genus or, more conspicuously, to species level, sharing closely related taxa with Argentina, Madagascar, Indo-Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, continental Africa.
Sacisaurus agudoensis is the only silesaurid known from the Triassic beds of the Santa Maria Supe... more Sacisaurus agudoensis is the only silesaurid known from the Triassic beds of the Santa Maria Supersequence and the correlation of its type locality to the other Triassic deposits of south Brazil has always been controversial. In an attempt to improve this, a handful of dinosaur and cynodont remains found associated to S. agudoensis are here described and compared. The anatomy of the sauropodomorph is more similar to that of Norian forms such as Pantydraco caducus and Unaysaurus tolentinoi than to that of Carnian taxa such as Saturnalia tupiniquim and Pampadromaeus barberenai. The cynodonts recovered based on isolated teeth include a brasilodontid and a Riograndia-like form. This assemblage is consistent with a Norian age, as is also suggested by local stratigraphic correlation, which positions the site in the Caturrita Formation.
The evolutionary history of dinosaurs might date back to the first stages of the Triassic (c. 250... more The evolutionary history of dinosaurs might date back to the first stages of the Triassic (c. 250– 240 Ma), but the oldest unequivocal records of the group come from Late Triassic (Carnian – c. 230 Ma) rocks of South America. Here, we present the first braincase endocast of a Carnian dinosaur, the sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim, and provide new data regarding the evolution of the floccular and parafloccular lobe of the cerebellum (FFL), which has been extensively discussed in the field of palaeoneurology. Previous studies proposed that the development of a permanent quadrupedal stance was one of the factors leading to the volume reduction of the FFL of sauropods. However, based on the new data for S. tupiniquim we identified a first moment of FFL volume reduction in non-sauropodan Sauropodomorpha, preceding the acquisition of a fully quadrupedal stance. Analysing variations in FFL volume alongside other morphological changes in the group, we suggest that this reduction is potentially related to the adoption of a more restricted herbivore diet. In this context, the FFL of sauropods might represent a vestigial trait, retained in a reduced version from the bipedal and predatory early sauropodomorphs. The last two decades have witnessed a rapid development in the world of virtual palaeontology 1. With the aid of non-destructive computed tomography (CT) techniques, numerous analyses of the internal skull structures of non-avian dinosaurs were carried out. Nevertheless, these studies were mainly based on Jurassic and Cretaceous specimens, whereas the brain and associated soft-tissues of the oldest representatives of the group have never been analysed in detail. The Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, together with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, both Carnian in age (c. 230 Ma), record the oldest unequivocal dinosaurs 2,3. Cranial remains are not scarce in these strata (e.g. refs 4–7), but information on the soft tissues associated with the braincase (e.g. brain, inner ear, cranial nerves) are poorly studied (e.g. ref. 8). Here, we present the first paleoneurological study of the sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim 9. Fossils of S. tupiniquim come from the Santa Maria Formation in southern Brazil, from a locality commonly known as Cerro da Alemoa or Waldsanga (53°45′ W; 29°40′ S). The taxon is based on three fairly complete specimens [MCP 3844-PV (holotype), 3845-PV, and MCP 3946-PV 9 ], but skull elements are only preserved in MCP 3845-PV, including the bones that form the braincase. Given its age and phylogenetic position 10 , S. tupiniquim is a key-taxon to understand the early evolution of Sauropodomorpha, the lineage that includes the gigantic herbivores of the Mesozoic, the sauropods 10. Based on new data for S. tupiniquim, we analyse the evolution of the sauropodomorph endocast in the context of other anatomical transformations and suggest a new scenario for the evolution of the cerebellar neural tissues in the group.
Lepisosteoid-type scales are described in detail for the first time from the Barremian-Aptian (Lo... more Lepisosteoid-type scales are described in detail for the first time from the Barremian-Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) Quiric o Formation of the Sanfranciscana Basin, Southeastern Brazil. The specimens studied herein have been recovered from a new outcrop in northern Minas Gerais state and comprise a few nearly complete posterior scales and hundreds of scale fragments extracted from the sedimentary matrix. The scales are rhombic and preserve both the ganoine and the basal plate. The ganoine layer is thin, pierced by foramina and ornamented by microtubercles, showing the typical arrangement of superimposed sheets. The basal plate is composed by lamellar and woven bone, with flattened and isodia-metric osteocytes, canaliculi of Williamson, and Sharpey's fibers. An EDS analysis suggests diagenetic alteration of the basal plate but not the ganoine layer. The morphology of the specimens is similar to that of early neopterygian fishes, including ginglymodians and aspidorhynchids. A less inclusive identification is hampered by the fragmentary condition of the material and the lack of specific diagnostic features in this type of scale. This can be also extended to some isolated scales commonly referred to Lepidotes recovered from several sedimentary basins in the Jurassic-Cretaceous of Brazil. The results add a new record of ganoid scales in the Sanfranciscana Basin, and highlight the importance of more complete specimens rather than isolated scales for a genus-level identification of early neopterygian fishes.
ABSTRACT This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substan... more ABSTRACT This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Resumo: O registro fóssil dos depósitos sedimentares proterozoicos, paleozoicos e mesozoicos do C... more Resumo: O registro fóssil dos depósitos sedimentares proterozoicos, paleozoicos e mesozoicos do Cráton do São Francisco inclui estruturas de origem microbiana (microbialitos, oncólitos), palinomorfos terrestres e marinhos, microfósseis silicosos e carbonáticos de origem marinha, metazoários neoproterozoicos, artrópodes, uma variedade de bioturbações, vertebrados actinopterígios, sarcopterígios e dinossauros. Com exceção dos microbialitos, que são amplamente distribuídos, os fósseis são relativamente escassos se comparados com a extensão geográfica dos depósitos e concentrados em alguns horizontes estratigráficos excepcionais. A raridade dos achados pode ser explicada pela falta de prospecção nas áreas mais distantes das localidades tradicionalmente conhecidas, e também ao baixo potencial de preservação dos fósseis em ambientes deposicionais do Meso e Neoproterozoico, ou de regimes climáticos extremos, i.e. glacial para o Paleozoico e desértico para as porções mesozoicas da Bacia Sanfranciscana. Trabalhos recentes de prospecção, no entanto, têm revelado um potencial significativo para novas descobertas, especialmente na região norte de Minas Gerais. Parte dos registros cenozoicos está distribuída em bacias restritas incluindo as de Gandarela e Fonseca (Eoceno-Mioceno), onde basicamente se preservaram folhas de angiospermas e gimnospermas, palinomorfos e insetos, e a Bacia de Juatuba, com registro predominante de folhas de angiospermas O Quaternário constitui uma exceção do ponto de vista da diversidade e abundância de fósseis, especialmente devido à ampla ocorrência de mamíferos em sistemas cársticos. A descontinuidade dos depósitos sedimentares no Cráton do São Francisco mostram hiatos de cerca de 250 milhões de anos entre as seções fossilíferas do Neoproterozoico ao Paleozoico e de cerca de 125 milhões de anos (Eocretáceo ao Pleistoceno) para a fauna de vertebrados. Abstract: THE FOSSIL RECORD OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVERS OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO CRATON IN MINAS GERAIS. The fossil record of the Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary deposits of the São Francisco Craton includes microbial structures (microbialites and oncoliths), terrestrial and marine palynomorphs, siliceous and calcareous marine microfossils, Neoproterozoic metazoans, arthropods, a variety of bioturbations, actinopterygians, sarcopterygians and dinosaurs. Except for the microbialites, which are widely distributed, the fossils are relatively scarce if compared with the geographic extension of the deposits and concentrated in some exceptional sedimentary horizons. The rarity of the findings can be explained by the lack of fieldwork far from the localities traditionally explored, and the low potential of fossil preservation in paleoenvironments of Paleo and Mesoproterozoic or those under extreme climatic regimes, i.e. glacial for the Paleozoic rocks and desertic for most of the Mesozoic rocks within the Sanfranciscana Basin. On the other hand, recent works have revealed a significant potential for new discoveries, especially in northern Minas Gerais. Part of the Cenozoic record is distributed across restrict basins, including Gandarela and Fonseca (Eocene-Miocene), where basically leaves of angiosperms and gymnosperms, palynomorphs and insects are preserved, and the Juatuba Basin, with predominant record of angiosperm leaves. The Quaternary is an exception of fossil diversity and abundance, due to the widespread occurrence of mammals within karstic deposits. The discontinuity of the sedimentary deposits in the São Francisco Craton shows gaps in the fossil record, which encompass c. 250 my between the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic, and c. 125 my (Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene) for the vertebrate fauna.
The Mesozoic Era is a fascinating period in the evolution of life on Earth. Several animal taxa w... more The Mesozoic Era is a fascinating period in the evolution of life on Earth. Several animal taxa with representatives in present-day fauna, such as amphibians, mammals, birds, turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles, originated and diversified in this Era. Non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs also occur within this geological time span, making it known as the Age of Reptiles. Less known to the public is the fact that oceans and seas were also ruled by extinct reptiles, including ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and mosasaurs. Their singular anatomy and complete demise at the end of Mesozoic continue to fascinate, ever since their discovery starting in the 18 th century. This work provides information to teachers so as to support basic education about the main groups of marine reptiles of the Mesozoic. We discuss aspects concerning anatomy, lifestyle, evolution and the implications of their discovery for the history of science.
Vertebrate fossils recovered from sites nearby the Botucaraí Hill and Candelária (Caturrita Forma... more Vertebrate fossils recovered from sites nearby the Botucaraí Hill and Candelária (Caturrita Formation) depict a diverse Late Triassic tetrapod fauna from south Brazil. These records are of key importance to the biostratigraphy of the upper sections of the Rosario do Sul Group. A lithological and biostratigraphic survey on the main fossil localities of the Botucaraí Hill area confirms the occurrence of the lower Hyperodapedon and the upper Riograndia Assemblage Zones in the region, the latter yielding early saurischians. In this paper, three incomplete dinosaur specimens, an isolated sacral vertebra, an articulated left pubis–ischium and an isolated right ischium, from the ‘Botucaraí Hill’ site are described. A comparative survey suggests that these specimens have sauropodomorph affinities, but probably more primitive than typical ‘prosauropods’ from the Norian-Early Jurassic. Regardless of the phylogenetic position of Guaibasaurus as theropod or sauropodomorph, their occurrence in the Caturrita Formation, which also yielded ‘core prosauropods’ from the Santa Maria region, suggests either the survival of early members of the clade with more derived ‘prosauropods’ or that heterochronous faunas are sampled from that stratigraphic unit.
Bittencourt, J.S., Leal, L.A., Langer, M.C. & Azevedo, S.A.K., June 2012. An additional basal sau... more Bittencourt, J.S., Leal, L.A., Langer, M.C. & Azevedo, S.A.K., June 2012. An additional basal sauropodomorph specimen from theUpperTriassic Caturrita Formation, southern Brazil, with comments on the biogeography of plateosaurids. Alcheringa, 1–10. ISSN0311-5518.We describe an additional saurischian specimen from the Caturrita Formation (Norian) of the Parana Basin, southern Brazil. This material was collected in the 1950s and remained unstudied due to its fragmentary condition. Detailed comparisons with other saurischians worldwide reveal that some characters of the ilium, including the low ventral projection of the medial wall of the acetabulum and its concave ventral margin, together with the short triangular shape of the pre-acetabular process and its mound-like dorsocaudal edge, resemble those of sauropodomorphs such as Plateosaurus and Riojasaurus. This set of traits suggests that MN 1326-V has affinities with basal Sauropodomorpha, probably closer to plateosaurians than to Saturnalia-like taxa. Previous records of this clade in the Caturrita Formation include Unaysaurus, which has been related to Plateosaurus within Plateosauridae. Alternative schemes suggest that plateosaurids include Plateosaurus plus the Argentinean ‘prosauropods’ Coloradisaurus and Riojasaurus. Both hypotheses raise biogeographic questions, as a close relationship between faunas from South America and Europe excluding Africa and North America is not supported by geological and biostratigraphical evidence. Additionally, the absence of plateosaurids in other continents suggests that the geographical distribution of thistaxon is inconsistent with the geological history of western Pangaea, and this demands further investigations of the phylogeny of sauropodomorphs or improved sampling. J.S. Bittencourt* [sigmaorionis@yahoo.com.br] Laboratório de Paleontologia, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 1404901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. Fellow FAPESP; L.A. Leal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Rua José Moreira Sobrinho, s/n, 45206-190, Jequié, BA, Brazil; M.C. Langer, Laboratório de Paleontologia, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 1404901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; S.A.K. Azevedo, Laboratório de Processamento de Imagem Digital, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, 20940-040, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Received 29.7.2011; revised 10.10.2011; accepted 18.10.2011.
The record of dinosaur body-fossils in the Brazilian Mesozoic is restricted to the Triassic of Ri... more The record of dinosaur body-fossils in the Brazilian Mesozoic is restricted to the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul and Cretaceous of various parts of the country. This includes 21 named species, two of which were regarded as nomina dubia, and 19 consensually assigned to Dinosauria. Additional eight supraspecific taxa have been identified based on fragmentary specimens and numerous dinosaur footprints known in Brazil. In fact, most Brazilian specimens related to dinosaurs are composed of isolated teeth and vertebrae. Despite the increase of fieldwork during the last decade, there are still no dinosaur body-fossils of Jurassic age and the evidence of ornithischians in Brazil is very limited. Dinosaur faunas from this country are generally correlated with those from other parts of Gondwana throughout the Mesozoic. During the Late Triassic, there is a close correspondence to Argentina and other south-Pangaea areas. Mid-Cretaceous faunas of northeastern Brazil resemble those of coeval deposits of North Africa and Argentina. Southern hemisphere spinosaurids are restricted to Africa and Brazil, whereas abelisaurids are still unknown in the Early Cretaceous of the latter. Late Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages of south-central Brazil are endemic only to genus or, more conspicuously, to species level, sharing closely related taxa with Argentina, Madagascar, Indo-Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, continental Africa.
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Papers by Jonathas Bittencourt
Abstract: THE FOSSIL RECORD OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVERS OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO CRATON IN MINAS GERAIS. The fossil record of the Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary deposits of the São Francisco Craton includes microbial structures (microbialites and oncoliths), terrestrial and marine palynomorphs, siliceous and calcareous marine microfossils, Neoproterozoic metazoans, arthropods, a variety of bioturbations, actinopterygians, sarcopterygians and dinosaurs. Except for the microbialites, which are widely distributed, the fossils are relatively scarce if compared with the geographic extension of the deposits and concentrated in some exceptional sedimentary horizons. The rarity of the findings can be explained by the lack of fieldwork far from the localities traditionally explored, and the low potential of fossil preservation in paleoenvironments of Paleo and Mesoproterozoic or those under extreme climatic regimes, i.e. glacial for the Paleozoic rocks and desertic for most of the Mesozoic rocks within the Sanfranciscana Basin. On the other hand, recent works have revealed a significant potential for new discoveries, especially in northern Minas Gerais. Part of the Cenozoic record is distributed across restrict basins, including Gandarela and Fonseca (Eocene-Miocene), where basically leaves of angiosperms and gymnosperms, palynomorphs and insects are preserved, and the Juatuba Basin, with predominant record of angiosperm leaves. The Quaternary is an exception of fossil diversity and abundance, due to the widespread occurrence of mammals within karstic deposits. The discontinuity of the sedimentary deposits in the São Francisco Craton shows gaps in the fossil record, which encompass c. 250 my between the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic, and c. 125 my (Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene) for the vertebrate fauna.
Abstract: THE FOSSIL RECORD OF THE SEDIMENTARY COVERS OF THE SÃO FRANCISCO CRATON IN MINAS GERAIS. The fossil record of the Proterozoic, Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary deposits of the São Francisco Craton includes microbial structures (microbialites and oncoliths), terrestrial and marine palynomorphs, siliceous and calcareous marine microfossils, Neoproterozoic metazoans, arthropods, a variety of bioturbations, actinopterygians, sarcopterygians and dinosaurs. Except for the microbialites, which are widely distributed, the fossils are relatively scarce if compared with the geographic extension of the deposits and concentrated in some exceptional sedimentary horizons. The rarity of the findings can be explained by the lack of fieldwork far from the localities traditionally explored, and the low potential of fossil preservation in paleoenvironments of Paleo and Mesoproterozoic or those under extreme climatic regimes, i.e. glacial for the Paleozoic rocks and desertic for most of the Mesozoic rocks within the Sanfranciscana Basin. On the other hand, recent works have revealed a significant potential for new discoveries, especially in northern Minas Gerais. Part of the Cenozoic record is distributed across restrict basins, including Gandarela and Fonseca (Eocene-Miocene), where basically leaves of angiosperms and gymnosperms, palynomorphs and insects are preserved, and the Juatuba Basin, with predominant record of angiosperm leaves. The Quaternary is an exception of fossil diversity and abundance, due to the widespread occurrence of mammals within karstic deposits. The discontinuity of the sedimentary deposits in the São Francisco Craton shows gaps in the fossil record, which encompass c. 250 my between the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic, and c. 125 my (Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene) for the vertebrate fauna.