at Corinth: The Neolithic to Hellenistic phases.” Hesperia 83, no. 1: 1–79. Slane, K. W. 2016. Re... more at Corinth: The Neolithic to Hellenistic phases.” Hesperia 83, no. 1: 1–79. Slane, K. W. 2016. Review of Pottery, Peoples, and Places: Study and Interpretation of Late Hellenistic Pottery, by P. Guldager Bilde and M. L. Lawell, eds. Journal of Hellenistic Pottery and Material Culture 1: 203–6. Slane, K. W. 2021. “Appendix 3: Amphora stamps.” In Late Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman Pottery, by J. W. Hayes and K. W. Slane. Isthmia 11. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Slane, K. W. Forthcoming. “The South Stoa and its wells.” Hesperia 91. Stone, P. J. 2019. Review of Hellenistic Pottery: The Fine Wares, by S. A. James. AJA 123, no. 4. https:// www.ajaonline.org/book-review/3970. Thompson, H. A. 1934. “Two Centuries of Hellenistic Pottery.” Hesperia 3, no. 4: 311–476. Trainor, C. P., and P. J. Stone. 2015. “Winners, losers, and survivors of Roman Imperialism: A case study from the northern Peloponnese.” In The Transmission of Technical Knowledge in the Production of Ancient Mediterranean Pottery: Proceedings of the International Conference at the Austrian Archaeological Institute at Athens, 23rd–25th November 2012, ed. W. Gauss, G. Klebinder-Gauss, and C. von Rüden, 97–113. Sonderschriften 54. Vienna: ÖAI. Walbank, M. E. H. 1997. “The foundation and planning of early Roman Corinth.” JRA 10: 95–130. Walbank, M. E. H. 2002. “What’s in a name? Corinth under the Flavians.” ZPE 139: 251–64. West, A. B. 1931. Latin Inscriptions 1896–1926. Corinth 7.2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press for the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Will, E. L., and K. W. Slane. 2019. Cosa: The Roman and Greek Amphoras. MAAR Suppl. 14. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Williams, C. K., II. 1977. “Corinth 1976: Forum southwest.” Hesperia 46, no. 1: 40–81. Williams, C. K., II. 1978. “Corinth 1977: Forum southwest.” Hesperia 47, no. 1: 1–39. Williams, C. K., II, and P. Russell. 1981. “Corinth: Excavations of 1980.” Hesperia 50, no. 1: 1–44.
Since the initial publication of the Julian Basilica at Corinth by Saul Weinberg (Corinth I, pt. ... more Since the initial publication of the Julian Basilica at Corinth by Saul Weinberg (Corinth I, pt. 5) the identification of new architectural elements has created the need for a reinvestigation of the building. This investigation includes a block by block architectural study and the synthesis ...
makes some interesting suggestions on potential representations of the Minoan ruler, though his d... more makes some interesting suggestions on potential representations of the Minoan ruler, though his dependency on Near Eastern and especially Syrian models is sometimes overwhelming. Chapter 6 discusses the connexion between religious and political power through an analysis of peak sanctuaries, sacred caves, and funerary evidence: once again, Minoan kings remain rather distant. Chapter 7 examines the Cyclades in the LM I period, and the old chestnut of the ‘Minoan Thalassocracy’, but its purpose remains unclear, for it adds very little if anything on Minoan kingship. In the Conclusions, C. suggests that Crete is the westernmost example of a Near Eastern ‘palatial’ phenomenon, and that Minoan ‘royalty’ was the main institution mediating between human and divine worlds. C. admits that Crete does not possess a clear iconography for a ‘king’, but does have a clear iconography of its ‘ruling class’ and of its power. C. explains this lack of individuality in the artistic representation of the Minoan king with the hypothesis that the supreme ruler may have been ·anked (and curbed) by a powerful council of elders similar to the abba of Syrian Ebla, and that his mandate may have been limited to only nine years, as suggested in the Odyssey (p. 381). This is a learned and well-written volume, a tour de force on the archaeology of Crete and the Cyclades in the Bronze Age, but highly speculative and unfocused on its purported subject: over 400 pages of text, notes, and bibliography, of which a great many do not deal directly with Minoan kingship, seem overindulgent.
Über die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert. Für den Waren- und Geldverkehr standen in... more Über die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert. Für den Waren- und Geldverkehr standen in den Städten eigene Gebäude zur Verfügung, die im römischen Reich von Speicherbauten in bedeutenden Wirtschaftszentren und Hafenorten bis zu Bank- und Börsengebäuden an den zentralen Plätzen der Städte reichten. Diese Bauten wurden von Archäologen und Bauhistorikern vielfach untersucht, wobei Bauweise und Gestaltung im Vordergrund standen. Wirtschaftshistoriker befassten sich intensiv mit Handels- und Geldgeschäften, ohne Zusammenhänge mit Baulichkeiten in den Blick zu nehmen. Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit eröffnet neue Perspektiven. Mit dem Wissen über wirtschaftliche Vorgänge lassen sich Bauten besser verstehen, und Bauwerke können ökonomische Vorgänge sichtbar machen. Das wurde beim erstmaligen Gedankenaustausch zwischen den verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen rasch deutlich. Der vorliegende Tagungsband enthält Beiträge über Handelsformen und Handelsbeziehungen, er stellt Speicherg...
Uber die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert, und Wirtschaftsgebaude wie die Basilika w... more Uber die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert, und Wirtschaftsgebaude wie die Basilika wurden von Archaologen und Bauhistorikern vielfach untersucht. Jedoch fehlte bislang der interdisziplinare Gedankenaustausch. Dieser Tagungsband schliest diese Lucke, er enthalt Beitrage uber Geldgeschafte, Handelsformen und Handelsbeziehungen, er stellt Speichergebaude und Markte vor. Einen besonderen Platz nimmt die romische Basilika ein, deren Entwicklung um 200 v. Chr. quasi schlagartig am Forum Romanum begann und die neue Vormachtstellung Roms, das nunmehr auch zum Zentrum der mittelmeerweiten Wirtschaft wurde, stadtebaulich zum Ausdruck brachte. Zwei Beitrage befassen sich mit der weiteren Entwicklung des Begriffes Basilika und seinen Nachwirkungen im Kirchenbau und in der Architekturtheorie bis heute.
Since the initial publication of the Julian Basilica at Corinth by Saul Weinberg (Corinth I, pt. ... more Since the initial publication of the Julian Basilica at Corinth by Saul Weinberg (Corinth I, pt. 5) the identification of new architectural elements has created the need for a reinvestigation of the building. This investigation includes a block by block architectural study and the synthesis ...
The Julian Basilica was one of the first buildings to be built in what came to be the forum of Ro... more The Julian Basilica was one of the first buildings to be built in what came to be the forum of Roman Corinth. Rising nearly 18 m above the forum floor it provided a monumental façade to and demarcated its east end. It stood on a podium over 4 m high and apparently had Corinthian half columns superimposed over Corinthian pilasters/engaged columns. The interior had a nave of Ionic columns ca. 9 m high and along the east, north, and west walls a clerestorey framed by engaged Ionic columns and all superimposed upon engaged Doric columns. Along the south wall was a tribunal upon which stood an over life-size statue of the founder of the colony, Julius Caesar. As one would face the tribunal to the right was a statue of Augustus and to the left Tiberius. Along this same wall were statues of as many as five more members of the Julio-Claudian family and numerous inscriptions including one to the genius of Augustus. Opposite the tribunal on the north wall was an aediculum within which stood the statues of Gaius and Lucius, heirs of Augustus, and what may be a dedication to them and the colony. The only certain function for the basilica is that it was venue for the imperial cult and may well have been the primary cult site in Corinth. With at least ten statues of Julio-Claudian family members it is the largest concentration of imperial statues in Corinth. This function would seem to relate to the fact that the basic design scheme of the building is based upon Vitruvius’ basilica at Fano, a building which Vitruvius states was built in part as a temple for Augustus. As the first basilica built in Corinth, it likely had multiple uses. One of those uses would have been judicial. Once Corinth became the provincial capital of Achaia, the governor acting as judge would have shared the dias with the statue of Caesar. There is little explicit evidence of commercial activity from within the building but with our understanding of what types of transactions transpired in basilicas, i.e. negotiations rather than exchange or purchase of goods, this is understandable. There are, however, fragments of a mensa ponderaria and ca. half of a marble weight that were found within the basilica. Placing the standards for weights and measures here is consistent with the function of the adjoining Southeast Building, i.e. the tabularium. The steadily increasing presence of the imperial cult during the Julio-Claudian period within the Julian Basilica and perhaps the increasing use of it as a law court may at least in part explain the construction of the North Basilica which is now dated to the reign of Claudius. That is, by roughly the mid-First century C.E., there may have been need for a new center in the city for negotiationes. The Julian Basilica continued to hold the standards for weights and measures but the focus of commercial negotiations may have moved to the North Basilica.
at Corinth: The Neolithic to Hellenistic phases.” Hesperia 83, no. 1: 1–79. Slane, K. W. 2016. Re... more at Corinth: The Neolithic to Hellenistic phases.” Hesperia 83, no. 1: 1–79. Slane, K. W. 2016. Review of Pottery, Peoples, and Places: Study and Interpretation of Late Hellenistic Pottery, by P. Guldager Bilde and M. L. Lawell, eds. Journal of Hellenistic Pottery and Material Culture 1: 203–6. Slane, K. W. 2021. “Appendix 3: Amphora stamps.” In Late Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman Pottery, by J. W. Hayes and K. W. Slane. Isthmia 11. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Slane, K. W. Forthcoming. “The South Stoa and its wells.” Hesperia 91. Stone, P. J. 2019. Review of Hellenistic Pottery: The Fine Wares, by S. A. James. AJA 123, no. 4. https:// www.ajaonline.org/book-review/3970. Thompson, H. A. 1934. “Two Centuries of Hellenistic Pottery.” Hesperia 3, no. 4: 311–476. Trainor, C. P., and P. J. Stone. 2015. “Winners, losers, and survivors of Roman Imperialism: A case study from the northern Peloponnese.” In The Transmission of Technical Knowledge in the Production of Ancient Mediterranean Pottery: Proceedings of the International Conference at the Austrian Archaeological Institute at Athens, 23rd–25th November 2012, ed. W. Gauss, G. Klebinder-Gauss, and C. von Rüden, 97–113. Sonderschriften 54. Vienna: ÖAI. Walbank, M. E. H. 1997. “The foundation and planning of early Roman Corinth.” JRA 10: 95–130. Walbank, M. E. H. 2002. “What’s in a name? Corinth under the Flavians.” ZPE 139: 251–64. West, A. B. 1931. Latin Inscriptions 1896–1926. Corinth 7.2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press for the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. Will, E. L., and K. W. Slane. 2019. Cosa: The Roman and Greek Amphoras. MAAR Suppl. 14. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Williams, C. K., II. 1977. “Corinth 1976: Forum southwest.” Hesperia 46, no. 1: 40–81. Williams, C. K., II. 1978. “Corinth 1977: Forum southwest.” Hesperia 47, no. 1: 1–39. Williams, C. K., II, and P. Russell. 1981. “Corinth: Excavations of 1980.” Hesperia 50, no. 1: 1–44.
Since the initial publication of the Julian Basilica at Corinth by Saul Weinberg (Corinth I, pt. ... more Since the initial publication of the Julian Basilica at Corinth by Saul Weinberg (Corinth I, pt. 5) the identification of new architectural elements has created the need for a reinvestigation of the building. This investigation includes a block by block architectural study and the synthesis ...
makes some interesting suggestions on potential representations of the Minoan ruler, though his d... more makes some interesting suggestions on potential representations of the Minoan ruler, though his dependency on Near Eastern and especially Syrian models is sometimes overwhelming. Chapter 6 discusses the connexion between religious and political power through an analysis of peak sanctuaries, sacred caves, and funerary evidence: once again, Minoan kings remain rather distant. Chapter 7 examines the Cyclades in the LM I period, and the old chestnut of the ‘Minoan Thalassocracy’, but its purpose remains unclear, for it adds very little if anything on Minoan kingship. In the Conclusions, C. suggests that Crete is the westernmost example of a Near Eastern ‘palatial’ phenomenon, and that Minoan ‘royalty’ was the main institution mediating between human and divine worlds. C. admits that Crete does not possess a clear iconography for a ‘king’, but does have a clear iconography of its ‘ruling class’ and of its power. C. explains this lack of individuality in the artistic representation of the Minoan king with the hypothesis that the supreme ruler may have been ·anked (and curbed) by a powerful council of elders similar to the abba of Syrian Ebla, and that his mandate may have been limited to only nine years, as suggested in the Odyssey (p. 381). This is a learned and well-written volume, a tour de force on the archaeology of Crete and the Cyclades in the Bronze Age, but highly speculative and unfocused on its purported subject: over 400 pages of text, notes, and bibliography, of which a great many do not deal directly with Minoan kingship, seem overindulgent.
Über die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert. Für den Waren- und Geldverkehr standen in... more Über die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert. Für den Waren- und Geldverkehr standen in den Städten eigene Gebäude zur Verfügung, die im römischen Reich von Speicherbauten in bedeutenden Wirtschaftszentren und Hafenorten bis zu Bank- und Börsengebäuden an den zentralen Plätzen der Städte reichten. Diese Bauten wurden von Archäologen und Bauhistorikern vielfach untersucht, wobei Bauweise und Gestaltung im Vordergrund standen. Wirtschaftshistoriker befassten sich intensiv mit Handels- und Geldgeschäften, ohne Zusammenhänge mit Baulichkeiten in den Blick zu nehmen. Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit eröffnet neue Perspektiven. Mit dem Wissen über wirtschaftliche Vorgänge lassen sich Bauten besser verstehen, und Bauwerke können ökonomische Vorgänge sichtbar machen. Das wurde beim erstmaligen Gedankenaustausch zwischen den verschiedenen Forschungsdisziplinen rasch deutlich. Der vorliegende Tagungsband enthält Beiträge über Handelsformen und Handelsbeziehungen, er stellt Speicherg...
Uber die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert, und Wirtschaftsgebaude wie die Basilika w... more Uber die Wirtschaft der Antike sind wir gut informiert, und Wirtschaftsgebaude wie die Basilika wurden von Archaologen und Bauhistorikern vielfach untersucht. Jedoch fehlte bislang der interdisziplinare Gedankenaustausch. Dieser Tagungsband schliest diese Lucke, er enthalt Beitrage uber Geldgeschafte, Handelsformen und Handelsbeziehungen, er stellt Speichergebaude und Markte vor. Einen besonderen Platz nimmt die romische Basilika ein, deren Entwicklung um 200 v. Chr. quasi schlagartig am Forum Romanum begann und die neue Vormachtstellung Roms, das nunmehr auch zum Zentrum der mittelmeerweiten Wirtschaft wurde, stadtebaulich zum Ausdruck brachte. Zwei Beitrage befassen sich mit der weiteren Entwicklung des Begriffes Basilika und seinen Nachwirkungen im Kirchenbau und in der Architekturtheorie bis heute.
Since the initial publication of the Julian Basilica at Corinth by Saul Weinberg (Corinth I, pt. ... more Since the initial publication of the Julian Basilica at Corinth by Saul Weinberg (Corinth I, pt. 5) the identification of new architectural elements has created the need for a reinvestigation of the building. This investigation includes a block by block architectural study and the synthesis ...
The Julian Basilica was one of the first buildings to be built in what came to be the forum of Ro... more The Julian Basilica was one of the first buildings to be built in what came to be the forum of Roman Corinth. Rising nearly 18 m above the forum floor it provided a monumental façade to and demarcated its east end. It stood on a podium over 4 m high and apparently had Corinthian half columns superimposed over Corinthian pilasters/engaged columns. The interior had a nave of Ionic columns ca. 9 m high and along the east, north, and west walls a clerestorey framed by engaged Ionic columns and all superimposed upon engaged Doric columns. Along the south wall was a tribunal upon which stood an over life-size statue of the founder of the colony, Julius Caesar. As one would face the tribunal to the right was a statue of Augustus and to the left Tiberius. Along this same wall were statues of as many as five more members of the Julio-Claudian family and numerous inscriptions including one to the genius of Augustus. Opposite the tribunal on the north wall was an aediculum within which stood the statues of Gaius and Lucius, heirs of Augustus, and what may be a dedication to them and the colony. The only certain function for the basilica is that it was venue for the imperial cult and may well have been the primary cult site in Corinth. With at least ten statues of Julio-Claudian family members it is the largest concentration of imperial statues in Corinth. This function would seem to relate to the fact that the basic design scheme of the building is based upon Vitruvius’ basilica at Fano, a building which Vitruvius states was built in part as a temple for Augustus. As the first basilica built in Corinth, it likely had multiple uses. One of those uses would have been judicial. Once Corinth became the provincial capital of Achaia, the governor acting as judge would have shared the dias with the statue of Caesar. There is little explicit evidence of commercial activity from within the building but with our understanding of what types of transactions transpired in basilicas, i.e. negotiations rather than exchange or purchase of goods, this is understandable. There are, however, fragments of a mensa ponderaria and ca. half of a marble weight that were found within the basilica. Placing the standards for weights and measures here is consistent with the function of the adjoining Southeast Building, i.e. the tabularium. The steadily increasing presence of the imperial cult during the Julio-Claudian period within the Julian Basilica and perhaps the increasing use of it as a law court may at least in part explain the construction of the North Basilica which is now dated to the reign of Claudius. That is, by roughly the mid-First century C.E., there may have been need for a new center in the city for negotiationes. The Julian Basilica continued to hold the standards for weights and measures but the focus of commercial negotiations may have moved to the North Basilica.
Built in the first half of the tenth century BC, the Toumba Building at Lefkandi is one of the earliest-known monumental structures built in Greece following the end of the Bronze Age. According to J.J. Coulton’s 1993 reconstruction, the building had a “veranda” of wooden posts around the perimeter, which therefore established the Toumba Building as the earliest-known local antecedent of the peristyle of later Greek temples. This conception was widely accepted by scholars and went unchallenged until 2015, when Georg Herdt called it into question on structural grounds. Subsequent studies have therefore been divided, with some retaining Coulton’s peripteral reconstruction, and others rejecting it as “structurally questionable”. This colloquium presents the preliminary findings of a new architectural study of the Toumba Building that began in 2020 at the ISHA Lab—Laboratory for the Interdisciplinary Study of Historical Architecture. A team of architectural historians, civil engineers, and aerospace engineers from the University of Notre Dame, joined by scholars from other institutions, has reassessed the structural feasibility of Coulton’s peripteral reconstruction. Using finite element analysis, the team has comprehensively analyzed the structural capacity of the reconstruction. Through the use of technologies normally used in aerospace research, the team has also determined the effect of wind loading. This colloquium illustrates the interdisciplinary methods and goals of ISHA’s ongoing research on the building. By elucidating the structural function of the Toumba Building’s wooden posts, this research will provide an answer as to whether the building could have had a structurally functioning wooden ‘peristyle’. More broadly, it will clarify how the building’s design related to structural needs, thus furthering our understanding of early Greek architecture.
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Papers by Paul Scotton
The only certain function for the basilica is that it was venue for the imperial cult and may well have been the primary cult site in Corinth. With at least ten statues of Julio-Claudian family members it is the largest concentration of imperial statues in Corinth. This function would seem to relate to the fact that the basic design scheme of the building is based upon Vitruvius’ basilica at Fano, a building which Vitruvius states was built in part as a temple for Augustus. As the first basilica built in Corinth, it likely had multiple uses. One of those uses would have been judicial. Once Corinth became the provincial capital of Achaia, the governor acting as judge would have shared the dias with the statue of Caesar. There is little explicit evidence of commercial activity from within the building but with our understanding of what types of transactions transpired in basilicas, i.e. negotiations rather than exchange or purchase of goods, this is understandable. There are, however, fragments of a mensa ponderaria and ca. half of a marble weight that were found within the basilica. Placing the standards for weights and measures here is consistent with the function of the adjoining Southeast Building, i.e. the tabularium.
The steadily increasing presence of the imperial cult during the Julio-Claudian period within the Julian Basilica and perhaps the increasing use of it as a law court may at least in part explain the construction of the North Basilica which is now dated to the reign of Claudius. That is, by roughly the mid-First century C.E., there may have been need for a new center in the city for negotiationes. The Julian Basilica continued to hold the standards for weights and measures but the focus of commercial negotiations may have moved to the North Basilica.
The only certain function for the basilica is that it was venue for the imperial cult and may well have been the primary cult site in Corinth. With at least ten statues of Julio-Claudian family members it is the largest concentration of imperial statues in Corinth. This function would seem to relate to the fact that the basic design scheme of the building is based upon Vitruvius’ basilica at Fano, a building which Vitruvius states was built in part as a temple for Augustus. As the first basilica built in Corinth, it likely had multiple uses. One of those uses would have been judicial. Once Corinth became the provincial capital of Achaia, the governor acting as judge would have shared the dias with the statue of Caesar. There is little explicit evidence of commercial activity from within the building but with our understanding of what types of transactions transpired in basilicas, i.e. negotiations rather than exchange or purchase of goods, this is understandable. There are, however, fragments of a mensa ponderaria and ca. half of a marble weight that were found within the basilica. Placing the standards for weights and measures here is consistent with the function of the adjoining Southeast Building, i.e. the tabularium.
The steadily increasing presence of the imperial cult during the Julio-Claudian period within the Julian Basilica and perhaps the increasing use of it as a law court may at least in part explain the construction of the North Basilica which is now dated to the reign of Claudius. That is, by roughly the mid-First century C.E., there may have been need for a new center in the city for negotiationes. The Julian Basilica continued to hold the standards for weights and measures but the focus of commercial negotiations may have moved to the North Basilica.
https://architecture.nd.edu/news-events/events/2022/05/09/the-toumba-building-at-lefkandi-preliminary-results-of-a-new-architectural-analysis/
Built in the first half of the tenth century BC, the Toumba Building at Lefkandi is one of the earliest-known monumental structures built in Greece following the end of the Bronze Age. According to J.J. Coulton’s 1993 reconstruction, the building had a “veranda” of wooden posts around the perimeter, which therefore established the Toumba Building as the earliest-known local antecedent of the peristyle of later Greek temples. This conception was widely accepted by scholars and went unchallenged until 2015, when Georg Herdt called it into question on structural grounds. Subsequent studies have therefore been divided, with some retaining Coulton’s peripteral reconstruction, and others rejecting it as “structurally questionable”.
This colloquium presents the preliminary findings of a new architectural study of the Toumba Building that began in 2020 at the ISHA Lab—Laboratory for the Interdisciplinary Study of Historical Architecture. A team of architectural historians, civil engineers, and aerospace engineers from the University of Notre Dame, joined by scholars from other institutions, has reassessed the structural feasibility of Coulton’s peripteral reconstruction. Using finite element analysis, the team has comprehensively analyzed the structural capacity of the reconstruction. Through the use of technologies normally used in aerospace research, the team has also determined the effect of wind loading. This colloquium illustrates the interdisciplinary methods and goals of ISHA’s ongoing research on the building.
By elucidating the structural function of the Toumba Building’s wooden posts, this research will provide an answer as to whether the building could have had a structurally functioning wooden ‘peristyle’. More broadly, it will clarify how the building’s design related to structural needs, thus furthering our understanding of early Greek architecture.