Waheed Balogun

The behavior of sand drain was estimated so that the size of very large load-pressure could be eliminated by changing the configuration of the sand drain elements into sand wall.A 3D mathematical model was formulated to transform the configuration of a sand drain into a sand wall to minimize or eliminate the excessive stress and primary settlement on the road base.This was barely considered in the past. According to soil mechanics theory and seepage characteristics of sand drain in road base foundations, a 3D sand drain element in FEM format was generated,and a matrix expression was formulated which was introduced into 3D Biot Consolidation of

Climate as the general weather conditions in the air above the earth such as wind, temperature, humidity, rain... especially at a particular time over a particular area, it said that there is interdependence between those elements. In order to check out this connectivity, a statistical analysis between rainfall and temperature was carried out by analyzing the correlation and linear regression as well as testing the independence between rainfall and temperature. Working on three stations meteorological data, monthly recorded over a period of 5 years, our study has shown that there is no significant linear relationship between rainfall and temperature at confidence level α = 0.1. The statistical significance of the regression slope explains an insignificant amount of variation in the dependent variable and the slope coefficient is equal to zero. Finally, the independence test between rainfall and temperature has shown that population correlation coefficient ρ is not significantly different from zero which means that rainfall is independent from temperature. Our Statistical analysis of climatic data has concluded that temperature alone is not sufficient to explain the amount of rainfall for a given area meaning an inconsistent pattern of change in rainfall quantity as the temperature changes. So, this gives an idea that there are other factors apart from temperature that determine the amount of rainfall for a given area.

Velocity gradient between main channel and flood plains in compound channels leads to the formation of a large shear layer and secondary currents between these two subsections. These phenomena in the interaction region bring about a complex three-dimensional nature of the flow in compound channels. To cope with these flows, many numerical investigations have utilized three-dimensional formulations with advanced turbulence models. However, the free surface in many of these models is fixed and rigid-lid assumption has been used. In the present research, three-dimensional shallow water equations were used to calculate the flow field in compound channels. Three-dimensional equations were integrated in layers and were combined with the continuity equation. In this formulation, free-surface elevation was calculated without the need to solve any additional equations. Velocity and bed shear stress distribution and the stage–discharge relationship in compound channels with smooth and rough b...

The deltas of Yangtze River have been characterized with incessant occurrence of land subsidence due to over-exploitation of groundwater resources. Being the major source of water supply for industrial, agricultural and municipal development; groundwater have been ceaselessly over drafted in an area which is highly susceptible to land subsidence. Thus, this menace has wreck serious environ-geological and economical hazards in the delta of Yangtze River. 24 years data have been obtained and analyzed, using excel multivariable analysis functions to establish the trends and causes of land deformation in this area. Our results have shown that groundwater abstractions have direct correlations with land deformation except when adequate precaution and control measures were employed to ameliorate this environ-geologic hazard. However, The trends of land deformation kept increasing; showing that other causes such as construction loads due to rapid economic growth and urbanization is another ...

The behavior of sand drain was estimated so that the size of very large load-pressure could be eliminated by changing the configuration of the sand drain elements into sand wall. A 3D mathematical model was formulated to transform the configuration of a sand drain into a sand wall to minimize or eliminate the excessive stress and primary settlement on the road base. This was barely considered in the past. According to soil mechanics theory and seepage characteristics of sand drain in road base foundations, a 3D sand drain element in FEM format was generated, a matrix expression was formulated which was introduced into 3D Biot Consolidation of Abaqus finite element program. The 3D sand drain element generated in this study has been applied to Guangzhou-Zhujiang Highway as a case study. The Sand drain FEM been simulated and the conventional FEM, as well as the Hansbo solutions have been comparatively established. The results show that the simulated 3D sand drain element FEM method acc...

1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China. 2 Independent Institute of Lay Adventists of Kigali (INILAK), Department of rural development, Rwanda. 3 School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China. 4 Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Science, 818 Beijing Road South, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China.

Yam Peels are the wastes produced when yam are processed for human consumption. This research investigated the structural strength characteristics of concrete with Yam peel ash (YPA) used as partial substitute for cement. The YPA was subjected to pozzolanicity and setting time tests to ascertain it potential as a pozzolan. Water/cement ratio of 0.6 was used to produce the blended concrete of mix 1:2:4, 1:3:6, 1:4:8 by which cement was replaced partially by YPA at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% replacement by weight of cement. A total of 64 concrete cubes of size 50×50×50mm were molded and cured for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. While 36 concrete beams of size 50×50×150mm were molded and cured for 7 and 28days. The workability, compressive strength and flexural test were conducted. The result revealed that the water/cement ratio is adequate to make the blended concrete workable. The best 28 th day compressive strength of the blended concrete was observed for mix ratio of 1:3:6 at 5% YPA replacement o...

Climate change is emerging as one of the most miscellaneous expressions of the global change nowadays. It potentially affects ecosystems including water resources. The change of climate also has significant impacts on the availability of water, as well as the quality and quantity of water that is available and accessible. Aiming at studying the effect of climate change on water resources, 25 years collected secondary data of both climatic and hydro-meteorological stations were used and Statistical analysis was performed using ORIGIN PRO 8.0 Software. The study linked the surface elevation of Lake Kivu variation with respect to climate change where the level of the lake matches to pluviometric and anomalies values. Finally, the statistical analysis could not directly link the temperature variation with that of surface water level in the lake. Climate change is real and happening now and surely affects water resources among others making an urgent need to control anthropogenic inputs ...

The deltas of Yangtze River have been characterized with high level of land subsidence due to over exploitation of groundwater resources. Being the major source of water supply for industrial, agricultural and municipal development; groundwaters have been incessantly over drafted in an area which is highly susceptible to land subsidence. Thus, this menace has wreck serious environ-geological and economical hazards

Notice of RetractionAfter careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting TPII@ieee.org.The deltas of Yangtze River have been characterized with high level of land subsidence due to over exploitation of groundwater resources. Being the major source of water supply for industrial, agricultural and municipal development; groundwaters have been incessantly over drafted in an area which is highly susceptible to land subsidence. Thus, this menace has wreck serious environ-geological and economical hazards in the delta of Yangtze River. 24 years data have been obtained and analyzed, using excel multivariable analysis functions to establish the trends and causes of land deformation in this area. Our results have shown that groundwater abstractions have direct correlations with land deformation except when adequate control measures are been employed to ameliorate these environ-geologic hazards. The trends of land deformation kept increasing; showing that other causes such as construction loads due to the rapid economic growth and urbanization of this area could be currently responsible.

Climate as the general weather conditions in the air above the earth such as wind, temperature, humidity, rain... especially at a particular time over a particular area, it said that there is interdependence between those elements. In order to check out this connectivity, a statistical analysis between rainfall and temperature was carried out by analyzing the correlation and linear regression as well as testing the independence between rainfall and temperature. Working on three stations meteorological data, monthly recorded over a period of 5 years, our study has shown that there is no significant linear relationship between rainfall and temperature at confidence level α = 0.1. The statistical significance of the regression slope explains an insignificant amount of variation in the dependent variable and the slope coefficient is equal to zero. Finally, the independence test between rainfall and temperature has shown that population correlation coefficient ρ is not significantly different from zero which means that rainfall is independent from temperature. Our Statistical analysis of climatic data has concluded that temperature alone is not sufficient to explain the amount of rainfall for a given area meaning an inconsistent pattern of change in rainfall quantity as the temperature changes. So, this gives an idea that there are other factors apart from temperature that determine the amount of rainfall for a given area.

ABSTRACT Climate change is emerging as one of the most miscellaneous expressions of the global change nowadays. It potentially affects ecosystems including water resources. The change of climate also has significant impacts on the availability of water, as well as the quality and quantity of water that is available and accessible. Aiming at studying the effect of climate change on water resources, 25 years collected secondary data of both climatic and hydro-meteorological stations were used and Statistical analysis was performed using ORIGIN PRO 8.0 Software. The study linked the surface elevation of Lake Kivu variation with respect to climate change where the level of the lake matches to pluviometric and anomalies values. Finally, the statistical analysis could not directly link the temperature variation with that of surface water level in the lake. Climate change is real and happening now and surely affects water resources among others making an urgent need to control anthropogenic inputs into the atmosphere, one of the factors forcing climate change.