... 3. The sea floor of the North Sea mainly consists of coarse grained sandy sediments. ... The precision is 0.5 to 0.7% (van der Plicht et al., 2000 ... were pressed onto flattened ferromagnetic wires with Curie temperatures of 610°C,... more
... 3. The sea floor of the North Sea mainly consists of coarse grained sandy sediments. ... The precision is 0.5 to 0.7% (van der Plicht et al., 2000 ... were pressed onto flattened ferromagnetic wires with Curie temperatures of 610°C, and placed into a pyrolysis unit (FOM-4LX; Boon et al ...
As a new approach for the characterization and determination of the origin of particulate organic matter (POM) in coastal waters, we measured the 14C activity and 13C/ 12C isotope ratios and applied molecular analysis by means of AMS,... more
As a new approach for the characterization and determination of the origin of particulate organic matter (POM) in coastal waters, we measured the 14C activity and 13C/ 12C isotope ratios and applied molecular analysis by means of AMS, IRMS and pyrolysis-GCMS for both bulk samples and isolated fractions of POM from the North Sea off the Dutch coast. The fractions were obtained by a sequence of chemical treatments separating polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and non-hydrolysable resistant compounds. The 13C/ 12C and 14C/ 12C isotope ratios, the 14C activities and the polysaccharide/protein contents were high in the spring and summer samples and significantly lower in the autumn and winter samples. This is explained by the high amount of marine phytoplankton in summer and spring, and the presence of detrital material in autumn and winter. It was noted that phytoplankton as found in the spring and summer samples was ca. 20% enriched in 14C with respect to natural values, very likely caused by 14C contamination of the water from the English Channel by the nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at La Hague, Normandy, France. The 13C/ 12C isotope ratios and 14C activity data show that the winter sample was not a simple mixture of relatively recent marine phytoplankton and POM from the rivers Rhine and Meuse. The main source of both terrestrial and marine organic matter in POM in winter is resuspended organic matter derived from eroded sea floor deposits with relatively low contributions of polysaccharides and proteins.
Development of drug resistance against alkylating cytostatic drugs has been associated with higher intracellular concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and increased expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. Therefore, enhanced... more
Development of drug resistance against alkylating cytostatic drugs has been associated with higher intracellular concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and increased expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. Therefore, enhanced detoxification by the glutathione/glutathione S-transferase pathway has been proposed as a major factor in the development of drug resistance toward alkylating agents. In this paper we describe 31P NMR and HPLC studies on the spontaneous and glutathione S-transferase catalyzed formation of glutathionyl conjugates of two metabolites of ifosfamide, i.e., 4-hydroxyifosfamide and ifosfamide mustard. At 25 degrees C activated ifosfamide (= 4-hydroxyifosfamide + aldoifosfamide) disappeared faster in the presence of a 10-fold excess of GSH (t1/2 = 107 min) compared to incubations without GSH (t1/2 = 266 min). No evidence for the formation of 4-glutathionyl ifosfamide was found. The ultimate alkylating species of ifosfamide is ifosfamide mustard (IM). In the absence of glutathione, the rate constant for the disappearance of the ifosfamide mustard signal at 25 degrees C (pH 7) was 1.98 x 10(-3) min-1 (t1/2 = 350 min). In the presence of a 10-fold molar excess of glutathione, this rate constant was 1.95 x 10(-3) min-1 (t1/2 = 355 min), indicating that the spontaneous formation of an aziridinium ion is the rate-limiting event in the reaction with glutathione. The aziridinium ion formed from IM can deprotonate upon formation, leading to the formation of a (noncharged) aziridine species. This intermediate (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N'-phosphoric acid diamide) was characterized by 31P, 1H, and 13C NMR spectra. When 2 mM ifosfamide mustard was incubated with 1 mM GSH in the presence of 40 microM GST P1-1, the formation of monoglutathionyl ifosfamide mustard was 2.3-fold increased above the spontaneous level. The other major human isoenzymes tested (A1-1, A2-2, and M1a-1a) did not influence the formation of monoglutathionyl ifosfamide mustard. The results of these studies demonstrate that increased levels of GST P1-1 can contribute to an enhanced detoxification of ifosfamide.
A database of iron oxide stone Mesopotamian seals and weights is under construction to obtain temporal and spatial patterns of use. Linking the occurrence of iron oxide stone deposits in the Near East to ancient transport limitations may... more
A database of iron oxide stone Mesopotamian seals and weights is under construction to obtain temporal and spatial patterns of use. Linking the occurrence of iron oxide stone deposits in the Near East to ancient transport limitations may narrow down the number ofpossible mining positions in use for the production of iron stone objects. A non-destructive route for provenancing the iron oxide materials is being developed. In this paper a preliminary report is given on the database, material sourcing survey and the results of ...
ABSTRACT Unvarnished twentieth-century oil paintings are often sensitive to aqueous swabbing, a method routinely employed by conservators for surface cleaning. This study proposes a connection between sensitivity and the presence of... more
ABSTRACT Unvarnished twentieth-century oil paintings are often sensitive to aqueous swabbing, a method routinely employed by conservators for surface cleaning. This study proposes a connection between sensitivity and the presence of magnesium sulphate heptahydrate which has been identified on the surface of some of water-sensitive paintings. The probable source of magnesium is magnesium carbonate, an additive in some twentieth-century oil paints, which has reacted with atmospheric sulphur dioxide (SO2). Films made using modern manufactured paints and formulations made in the laboratory were exposed to gaseous SO2 and raised relative humidity and examined using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction to characterize the crystalline entities. Films containing magnesium carbonate formed magnesium sulphite and sulphate hydrates. Films containing zinc oxide were also investigated. These formed zinc and sulphur containing salts. Sensitivity to swabbing with water before and after exposure was evaluated. Films that developed salts, demonstrated increased sensitivity to aqueous swabbing after exposure to SO2. Findings suggest that increased water sensitivity may be due to a combination of the formation of hygroscopic degradation products and to weakening of the paint film due to salt-induced disruption of the surface.
This thesis reports on investigations of the stable and radioactive carbon isotope distributions in sedimentary and suspended particulate organic matter (POM) in coastal waters with the attempt to determine the origin of the POM. ... Zie:... more
This thesis reports on investigations of the stable and radioactive carbon isotope distributions in sedimentary and suspended particulate organic matter (POM) in coastal waters with the attempt to determine the origin of the POM. ... Zie: Summary
