JOFFROY, Thierry, CROSBY, Tony, GANDREAU, David, HUBERT, Alix, MARCHI, Séverine, SPENCER, Jeffrey (eds.), 2024. Nile’s Earth 2023 International Conference : study and conservation of earthen archaeological sites in ancient Egyt and Sudan, 4-5-6 July 2023. Proceedings. Villefontaine : CRAterre, 58-66, 2024
Abusir is firmly associated with the development of Egyptian society during the Fifth and Sixth D... more Abusir is firmly associated with the development of Egyptian society during the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. Alongside the completed pyramid complexes of Sahure and Niuserre, it allows an in-depth study of situations in which mud bricks (adobes) were used instead of stone in the royal mortuary architecture. The royal administration decisions occurred after the (untimely?) deaths of Neferirkare1 and Raneferef 2 at a time when their pyramid complexes were not completed. This led to non-standard solutions concerning both the structural and architectural aspects of their monuments, including the decoration of their mortuary temples, by using “cheaper” solutions. These included the utilization of the smallest possible means – mud bricks, wood, and other materials – and changed ground plans to enable these monuments to serve cultic purposes. The best example to study these strategies is the mortuary temple of King Raneferef.
Recent discoveries, all previously known archaeological and historical material and information o... more Recent discoveries, all previously known archaeological and historical material and information on the geomorphological situation in the Abusir necropolis, are used to present a new view of the site's history and development. This includes three-dimensional reconstructions with the help of CAD computer software.
"The perfection that endures...." : studies on Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology, 2018
During spring 2013, the Czech Institute of Egyptology team unearthed Tomb AC 29 located in a smal... more During spring 2013, the Czech Institute of Egyptology team unearthed Tomb AC 29 located in a small cemetery (lying to the south of the mortuary complex of Raneferef) of four mastabas dated to the middle of Fifth Dynasty or slightly later. The cemetery was named after the owner of the northernmost Tomb AC 25, uncovered already in 1994, belonging to the Son of the King Nakhtsare. The tomb ascribed to queen Khentkaus III was uncovered in the same area in 2014, and another tomb belonging to an anonymous lady was unearthed in 2016. The interior and substructure of Kakaibaef's mastaba was destroyed by tomb-and stone-robbers. Unfortunately, no part of the relief decoration or false door was found. As the masons' inscriptions show, Tomb AC 29 belonged to 'count' Kakaibaef, whose name was very probably documented by L. Borchardt in the relief decoration of Nyuserra´s mortuary temple. The tomb (16.20 × 10.80 m) is similar to other tombs in the cemetery and it consisted of a L-shaped chapel, a vertical shaft and a burial chamber in its substructure. Only very scarce remnants of the burial equipment, including a wooden handle of a mirror or a part of a small wooden table or a support of a model vessel were found; a white-limestone sarcophagus was almost destroyed. In addition, also a large number of pottery vessels and shards was found during the archaeological work. Similarly to other tombs in Nakhtsare's cemetery, bands of white colour on the mud floor of the open space to the east of the mastaba were unearthed. These might have had rather practical than cultic function as it is also shown in the article.
As in other ancient societies, Egypt's diet and food production were based on natural conditions,... more As in other ancient societies, Egypt's diet and food production were based on natural conditions, in the case of Egypt the opportunities were provided by the fertile soil of the Nile floodplain and the regular Nile floods. It was the natural conditions that provided the basis for the development of agriculture, which formed the basis of the Egyptian economy.
The article analyses the results of the archaeological excavation of the area between the Sanctua... more The article analyses the results of the archaeological excavation of the area between the Sanctuary of the Knife (ritual slaughterhouse) and the southern part of the mortuary temple of King Raneferef in Abusir Centre, during which evidence for the mixing of brick dough was uncovered. It is evident that this workshop was used to produce mud bricks needed to repair the damaged brickwork of the temple.
A geological survey of ten boreholes was carried out at the desert edge near Abusir to investigat... more A geological survey of ten boreholes was carried out at the desert edge near Abusir to investigate the location and age of former lakes. These environments are suggested to have played an important role in the symbolic landscape of ancient Egypt by connecting the realms of the living and the dead. Based on our research, it can be excluded that an Old Kingdom lake was present at the investigated zone near Abusir, as the local subsoil was dominated by colluvial, aeolian and prehistorical fluvial deposits typical for the wadi and desert edge setting. Yet, all boreholes featured a distinct layer of degraded mud brick that was interpreted as a large platform or multiple features of Old Kingdom age. Potentially, these features were tied to boat-landing places, which could imply that a lake existed at the wadi-floodplain interface, not far from the investigated zone.
The article presents the results of the 2017 archaeological season in the sun temple of Nyuserre ... more The article presents the results of the 2017 archaeological season in the sun temple of Nyuserre in Abu Ghurab. The works especially focused on three areas, namely the central obelisk, the alabaster altar, and the accumulation of limestone blocks in the south-western corner of the temple. Besides the documentation of these archaeological remains, an in-depth architectural analysis of the above-mentioned structures has been carried out, in particular as regards the obelisk area. In fact, as already noticed in other contributions, the 3D reconstruction of this part of the temple provided by Borchardt is not convincing for a number of reasons. A new reconstruction of the latter part of the temple has therefore been proposed, based on several archaeological, architectural and historical elements. This reconstruction involves not only the architecture of the obelisk but also the original aspect of the altar area, which is strictly connected to the obelisk as regards the cult practice and...
The article reassesses and re-discusses the available archaeological and textual evidence of the ... more The article reassesses and re-discusses the available archaeological and textual evidence of the city of Heliopolis, in the attempt to clarify its role in the historical evolution of the solar cult and religion in third millennium BC Old Kingdom Egypt. By connecting archaeological evidence with landscape phenomenology as well as private sources with royal texts and decorative material, the paper emphasises how certain Egyptological assumptions, usually taken for granted, are far from being proven. It eventually shows that the key of the discussion has to be searched for in the study of the relationship between Atum and Re
The paper discusses the results of recent archaeological work in the area to the south and north ... more The paper discusses the results of recent archaeological work in the area to the south and north of the Niuserre valley temple in Central Abusir. Masonry recently unearthed, by the Czech Institute of Egyptology of the Charles University provides new information regarding the ground plan of the eastern-most part of Niuserre’s pyramid complex, in the area around its valley temple. It also raises new questions, mainly regarding the function of the newly discovered wall. This issue is also discussed in the wider scope of other valley temples of the pyramid complexes dated to the Old Kingdom.
During the autumn of 2014, the Czech Institute of Egyptology continued its archaeological researc... more During the autumn of 2014, the Czech Institute of Egyptology continued its archaeological research of the southern part of the Abusir royal pyramid necropolis. In Nakhtsare’s cemetery, tomb AC 30 was unearthed, which appeared to belong to a hitherto unknown queen, Khentkaus III. Much damaged by stone robbers, the tomb consists of a north-south mastaba, 16.12 × 10.70 m large THE MASTABA OF QUEEN KHENTKAU S I I I ( AC 30) PES XV/2015 41 with a rather simple layout, including an L-shaped chapel in the superstructure and a vertical shaft and a burial chamber in the substructure. In the tomb’s substructure part of the burial equipment was found (travertine model vessels, copper models of tools or fragments of wooden objects) as well as fragments of a mummified female skeleton, which might have belonged to the tomb owner. The identification of the previously unknown “wife of the king” and “mother of the king”, Khentkaus III, as the tomb owner was made thanks to the numerous masons’ inscriptions documented on the tomb masonry in the subterranean part of the tomb. This discovery opens new avenues into the investigation of the situation in the royal family at the beginning of the second half of the Fifth Dynasty. The analysis of the pottery used in the fill of the mastaba’s core masonry is methodologically very important as it has been used as the major dating criterion post quem.
The Second Dynasty is one of the least documented and the least clear parts of ancient Egyptian h... more The Second Dynasty is one of the least documented and the least clear parts of ancient Egyptian history. It is the period of experimentation, when the basic principles of the pharaonic state were still fluid. This is demonstrated not only in the matter of the succession of kings (cf. Wilkinson 1996 and 1999) but also in the form of their tombs. The material culture connected with this period, even though it belongs mainly to the reigning elite, is not very well documented. One of the reasons for these circumstances is the complex situation at Saqqara, which became a place of the last repose of the Egyptian kings for a substantial part of the Second Dynasty. The tombs of these kings were substantially destroyed by later monuments. This why the discussed monograph is so important.
JOFFROY, Thierry, CROSBY, Tony, GANDREAU, David, HUBERT, Alix, MARCHI, Séverine, SPENCER, Jeffrey (eds.), 2024. Nile’s Earth 2023 International Conference : study and conservation of earthen archaeological sites in ancient Egyt and Sudan, 4-5-6 July 2023. Proceedings. Villefontaine : CRAterre, 58-66, 2024
Abusir is firmly associated with the development of Egyptian society during the Fifth and Sixth D... more Abusir is firmly associated with the development of Egyptian society during the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties. Alongside the completed pyramid complexes of Sahure and Niuserre, it allows an in-depth study of situations in which mud bricks (adobes) were used instead of stone in the royal mortuary architecture. The royal administration decisions occurred after the (untimely?) deaths of Neferirkare1 and Raneferef 2 at a time when their pyramid complexes were not completed. This led to non-standard solutions concerning both the structural and architectural aspects of their monuments, including the decoration of their mortuary temples, by using “cheaper” solutions. These included the utilization of the smallest possible means – mud bricks, wood, and other materials – and changed ground plans to enable these monuments to serve cultic purposes. The best example to study these strategies is the mortuary temple of King Raneferef.
Recent discoveries, all previously known archaeological and historical material and information o... more Recent discoveries, all previously known archaeological and historical material and information on the geomorphological situation in the Abusir necropolis, are used to present a new view of the site's history and development. This includes three-dimensional reconstructions with the help of CAD computer software.
"The perfection that endures...." : studies on Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology, 2018
During spring 2013, the Czech Institute of Egyptology team unearthed Tomb AC 29 located in a smal... more During spring 2013, the Czech Institute of Egyptology team unearthed Tomb AC 29 located in a small cemetery (lying to the south of the mortuary complex of Raneferef) of four mastabas dated to the middle of Fifth Dynasty or slightly later. The cemetery was named after the owner of the northernmost Tomb AC 25, uncovered already in 1994, belonging to the Son of the King Nakhtsare. The tomb ascribed to queen Khentkaus III was uncovered in the same area in 2014, and another tomb belonging to an anonymous lady was unearthed in 2016. The interior and substructure of Kakaibaef's mastaba was destroyed by tomb-and stone-robbers. Unfortunately, no part of the relief decoration or false door was found. As the masons' inscriptions show, Tomb AC 29 belonged to 'count' Kakaibaef, whose name was very probably documented by L. Borchardt in the relief decoration of Nyuserra´s mortuary temple. The tomb (16.20 × 10.80 m) is similar to other tombs in the cemetery and it consisted of a L-shaped chapel, a vertical shaft and a burial chamber in its substructure. Only very scarce remnants of the burial equipment, including a wooden handle of a mirror or a part of a small wooden table or a support of a model vessel were found; a white-limestone sarcophagus was almost destroyed. In addition, also a large number of pottery vessels and shards was found during the archaeological work. Similarly to other tombs in Nakhtsare's cemetery, bands of white colour on the mud floor of the open space to the east of the mastaba were unearthed. These might have had rather practical than cultic function as it is also shown in the article.
As in other ancient societies, Egypt's diet and food production were based on natural conditions,... more As in other ancient societies, Egypt's diet and food production were based on natural conditions, in the case of Egypt the opportunities were provided by the fertile soil of the Nile floodplain and the regular Nile floods. It was the natural conditions that provided the basis for the development of agriculture, which formed the basis of the Egyptian economy.
The article analyses the results of the archaeological excavation of the area between the Sanctua... more The article analyses the results of the archaeological excavation of the area between the Sanctuary of the Knife (ritual slaughterhouse) and the southern part of the mortuary temple of King Raneferef in Abusir Centre, during which evidence for the mixing of brick dough was uncovered. It is evident that this workshop was used to produce mud bricks needed to repair the damaged brickwork of the temple.
A geological survey of ten boreholes was carried out at the desert edge near Abusir to investigat... more A geological survey of ten boreholes was carried out at the desert edge near Abusir to investigate the location and age of former lakes. These environments are suggested to have played an important role in the symbolic landscape of ancient Egypt by connecting the realms of the living and the dead. Based on our research, it can be excluded that an Old Kingdom lake was present at the investigated zone near Abusir, as the local subsoil was dominated by colluvial, aeolian and prehistorical fluvial deposits typical for the wadi and desert edge setting. Yet, all boreholes featured a distinct layer of degraded mud brick that was interpreted as a large platform or multiple features of Old Kingdom age. Potentially, these features were tied to boat-landing places, which could imply that a lake existed at the wadi-floodplain interface, not far from the investigated zone.
The article presents the results of the 2017 archaeological season in the sun temple of Nyuserre ... more The article presents the results of the 2017 archaeological season in the sun temple of Nyuserre in Abu Ghurab. The works especially focused on three areas, namely the central obelisk, the alabaster altar, and the accumulation of limestone blocks in the south-western corner of the temple. Besides the documentation of these archaeological remains, an in-depth architectural analysis of the above-mentioned structures has been carried out, in particular as regards the obelisk area. In fact, as already noticed in other contributions, the 3D reconstruction of this part of the temple provided by Borchardt is not convincing for a number of reasons. A new reconstruction of the latter part of the temple has therefore been proposed, based on several archaeological, architectural and historical elements. This reconstruction involves not only the architecture of the obelisk but also the original aspect of the altar area, which is strictly connected to the obelisk as regards the cult practice and...
The article reassesses and re-discusses the available archaeological and textual evidence of the ... more The article reassesses and re-discusses the available archaeological and textual evidence of the city of Heliopolis, in the attempt to clarify its role in the historical evolution of the solar cult and religion in third millennium BC Old Kingdom Egypt. By connecting archaeological evidence with landscape phenomenology as well as private sources with royal texts and decorative material, the paper emphasises how certain Egyptological assumptions, usually taken for granted, are far from being proven. It eventually shows that the key of the discussion has to be searched for in the study of the relationship between Atum and Re
The paper discusses the results of recent archaeological work in the area to the south and north ... more The paper discusses the results of recent archaeological work in the area to the south and north of the Niuserre valley temple in Central Abusir. Masonry recently unearthed, by the Czech Institute of Egyptology of the Charles University provides new information regarding the ground plan of the eastern-most part of Niuserre’s pyramid complex, in the area around its valley temple. It also raises new questions, mainly regarding the function of the newly discovered wall. This issue is also discussed in the wider scope of other valley temples of the pyramid complexes dated to the Old Kingdom.
During the autumn of 2014, the Czech Institute of Egyptology continued its archaeological researc... more During the autumn of 2014, the Czech Institute of Egyptology continued its archaeological research of the southern part of the Abusir royal pyramid necropolis. In Nakhtsare’s cemetery, tomb AC 30 was unearthed, which appeared to belong to a hitherto unknown queen, Khentkaus III. Much damaged by stone robbers, the tomb consists of a north-south mastaba, 16.12 × 10.70 m large THE MASTABA OF QUEEN KHENTKAU S I I I ( AC 30) PES XV/2015 41 with a rather simple layout, including an L-shaped chapel in the superstructure and a vertical shaft and a burial chamber in the substructure. In the tomb’s substructure part of the burial equipment was found (travertine model vessels, copper models of tools or fragments of wooden objects) as well as fragments of a mummified female skeleton, which might have belonged to the tomb owner. The identification of the previously unknown “wife of the king” and “mother of the king”, Khentkaus III, as the tomb owner was made thanks to the numerous masons’ inscriptions documented on the tomb masonry in the subterranean part of the tomb. This discovery opens new avenues into the investigation of the situation in the royal family at the beginning of the second half of the Fifth Dynasty. The analysis of the pottery used in the fill of the mastaba’s core masonry is methodologically very important as it has been used as the major dating criterion post quem.
The Second Dynasty is one of the least documented and the least clear parts of ancient Egyptian h... more The Second Dynasty is one of the least documented and the least clear parts of ancient Egyptian history. It is the period of experimentation, when the basic principles of the pharaonic state were still fluid. This is demonstrated not only in the matter of the succession of kings (cf. Wilkinson 1996 and 1999) but also in the form of their tombs. The material culture connected with this period, even though it belongs mainly to the reigning elite, is not very well documented. One of the reasons for these circumstances is the complex situation at Saqqara, which became a place of the last repose of the Egyptian kings for a substantial part of the Second Dynasty. The tombs of these kings were substantially destroyed by later monuments. This why the discussed monograph is so important.
The publication represents the second volume of the monograph on the results of the archaeologica... more The publication represents the second volume of the monograph on the results of the archaeological excavation which was done in Werkaure's mastaba and its surroundings in Abusir Centre. It is devoted to contexts dating back to the First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom, and the first millennium BC. The focus of the monograph is on the Third Intermediate Period and the Late Period when a secondary cemetery was established in the area under examination. The multidisciplinary publication presents and analyses besides funerary equipment, wooden coffins, pottery, textiles, and their fragments, also voluminous anthropological material. Using palynological, botanical, zoological, xylotomical, and entomological methods when analyzing taken samples, important results have been obtained that improve to our understanding of some aspects of the burial practices of local communities in the first millennium BC.
Astronomy is one of the oldest and most important sciences. It was also of great importance in an... more Astronomy is one of the oldest and most important sciences. It was also of great importance in ancient Egypt. The religious orientation of Egyptian society was firmly linked to astronomical observations, in which the Egyptians sought confirmation of their ideas about the world and the universe. We have to marvel at the results that the ancient Egyptians were able to achieve in their astronomical observations, using simple methods and rather primitive instruments. The records of the ancient Egyptians of these observations have survived only in fragments and are burdened with religious references that often obscure astronomical information. The book, therefore, attempts to fill in some of these gaps and present issues related to astronomy in ancient Egypt. In doing so, the authors of individual chapters have focused on selected topics that show the complexity of the subject from the perspective of various branches of Egyptology - archaeology, art history, architecture, religious studies, linguistics, palaeography - as well as from the perspective of other disciplines, especially cartography and geographical information systems. [The book was published in Czech]
The volume, dedicated to the memory of late Professor Břetislav Vachala, compromises 31 papers of... more The volume, dedicated to the memory of late Professor Břetislav Vachala, compromises 31 papers of 35 authors and co-authors and it covers developments in the Dahshur-Saqqara-Abusir area during a long period – from the Early Archaic until the Roman Period.
This volume joins together the proceedings of the three workshops held in Prague on December 15, ... more This volume joins together the proceedings of the three workshops held in Prague on December 15, 2017, December 10, 2018, and June 25–26, 2019, within the framework of the research project ( The rise and development of the solar cult and architecture in Third Millennium BC Egypt) launched in 2017 at the Czech Institute of Egyptology – Charles University, Prague, under the auspices of the Czech Science Foundation – Grant Agency of the Czech Republic. The key aim of the project was to contribute to the study of the dynamics of development and featuring of the sun cult in ancient Egypt, as well as of the evolution of some related topics, such as royal ideology and funerary texts. The contributions span all periods of ancient Egyptian history and bring together scholars dealing with diverse geographic areas, from the capital site of Memphis, with its huge necropolis, to the southernmost and liminal area of Elephantine. Previously unpublished data are also presented in the volume, including new research on the Palermo Stone and the royal annals; results of latest archaeological campaigns in Abusir, Dahshur and Heliopolis; and new analyses of the Pyramid Texts and their reappropriation and renegotiation in later phases of Egyptian history.
The monograph evaluates the results of the archaeological research in the area of the Fifth-Dynas... more The monograph evaluates the results of the archaeological research in the area of the Fifth-Dynasty Tomb AC 26 (formerly known as Pyramid Lepsius no. 23) and Late Sixth-Dynasty structures AC 32 carried out by the Czech Institute of Egyptology during three archaeological seasons from 2006 until 2009. The publication focuses on archaeological contexts dated to the Old Kingdom. Tomb AC 26 is located next to the pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus II – in the centre of the royal necropolis – it thus demonstrates an important position of its tomb owner. It is also one of the most devastated monuments in the Abusir royal necropolis. This fact made the field work and the evaluation of its results rather difficult. Regardless of its large-scaled destruction it was possible to ascribe Tomb AC 26 to “the Eldest son of the King”, Werkaure. Individual chapters of the book deal with the description and evaluation of the architecture of the tombs, finds datable to the Old Kingdom, a large collection of pottery, masons’ inscriptions and signs, archaeobotanical analyses of macroremains from mud bricks and conclusions – concerning especially dating of the Tombs AC 26 and AC 32.
Astronomy is one of the oldest and most important sciences. It was also very important in ancient... more Astronomy is one of the oldest and most important sciences. It was also very important in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptian religion was firmly connected with astronomical observations, in which the Egyptians sought confirmation of their ideas about the world and the universe. We must admire the results of astronomical observations made by Egyptians using simple methods and rather only primitive tools. Ancient documents on these observations have been preserved only in fragments and are burdened with religious references, which often obscure astronomical information itself. Therefore, in addition to presenting the issues related to astronomy in ancient Egypt, the book tries to fill some of these gaps. It focuses on selected topics that show the complexity of this issue from the perspective of various branches of Egyptology - archaeology, art history, architecture, religion, linguistics, palaeography - but also from the perspective of other disciplines, especially cartography and geographic information systems. Individual chapters of the monograph were written by the Czech and Slovak Egyptologists - among authors, besides its editors, one can find Miroslav Bárta, Vladimír Brůna or Dušan Magdolen.
The entries of the book are dedicated to introducing the individual aspects of Ancient Egyptian c... more The entries of the book are dedicated to introducing the individual aspects of Ancient Egyptian civilization and the decisive moments of its study in the unique form of a list of various superlatives from the area of history, archaeology, architecture, religion, literature, arts, crafts, historiography, etc. The world of the ancient Egyptians has always attracted great interest for the high level of its culture, knowledge of the surrounding world, large buildings, and their fascination by the sacred and by the hereafter. The book is accompanied by a glossary of terms and a large bibliography on ancient Egypt. Its aim is to stimulate both the interest in Egyptology as a scholarly discipline, but also in the development of human civilization and culture as a whole. Text of the book is in Czech.
Pyramids are icons of ancient Egypt. To create them, a combination of natural conditions in the N... more Pyramids are icons of ancient Egypt. To create them, a combination of natural conditions in the Nile valley and the functioning of a strictly hierarchical society was needed. On the top of this society there was the ruler – the only living god on earth. This publication presents and describes – in the form of a mosaic – pyramid complexes, tombs and temples as well as the life and socio-cultural development of ancient Egyptian society, the sovereign status, religious ideas, and life of high dignitaries as well as that of ordinary people. Attention is also given to the natural environment and its influence on the Nile civilization. More than 4000 years which have passed since the period of pyramid builders represent a very difficult gap to overcome. Generations of Egyptologists, to whom the author of this book belongs, keep endeavouring to do it. Thus, curious readers can be at least partially satisfied.
The monograph evaluates results of the archaeological research of the area of the Fifth-Dynasty T... more The monograph evaluates results of the archaeological research of the area of the Fifth-Dynasty Tomb AC 26 (formerly known as Pyramid Lepsius no. 23) and Late Sixth-Dynasty Tombs AC 32 carried out by the Czech Institute of Egyptology during three archaeological seasons from 2006 until 2009 – more specifically the archaeological contexts dated to the Old Kingdom. Tomb AC 26 located next to the pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus II, is one of the most devastated monuments in the Abusir royal necropolis. This fact made the field work and the evaluation of its results rather difficult. Regardless of its large-scaled destruction it was possible to ascribe Tomb AC 26 to the Eldest son of the King, Werkaure. Individual chapters of the book deal with the description and evaluation of the architecture of the tombs, finds datable to the Old Kingdom, a large collection of pottery, masons’ inscriptions and signs, archaeobotanical analyses of macroremains from mud bricks and conclusions – concerning especially dating of the tomb.
The text consists of six chapters dealing with the history of exploration, with the tomb owner – ... more The text consists of six chapters dealing with the history of exploration, with the tomb owner – Vizier Ptahshepses – his social status and his role within the royal court as well as with other members of his family, with the location of the mastaba in the frames of the Abusir Royal Necropolis. The largest part of the monograph is represented by the fourth chapter, which is dedicated to the description of the individual building stages of the mastaba. Besides the description of the remaining masonry and the architectural elements, possible reconstructions of the original appearance of the mastaba’s respective parts are presented as well. The fifth chapter (Remarks on the architecture and function of the mastaba) emphasises some features of the mastaba’s architecture which are discussed in the broader context of the development of ancient Egyptian architecture during the Third Millennium B.C. This chapter also includes a discussion on the spatial and functional analysis of the mastaba. The sixth, concluding chapter, sums up the previously mentioned topics and the place of the tomb and its owner in the framework of the development of the Old Kingdom. It is also devoted to an analysis of the dating of the mastaba’s construction.
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Papers by Jaromír Krejčí
plans to enable these monuments to serve cultic purposes. The best example to study these strategies is the mortuary temple of King Raneferef.
plans to enable these monuments to serve cultic purposes. The best example to study these strategies is the mortuary temple of King Raneferef.