Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines price... more Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines prices and wages in the 16th-century Czech lands, whence, unlike most other European countries, comparative data about real wages have not yet been published. The reason is evident: no published edition with data suitable for this type of research exists. Unlike Bohemia, data from Moravia collected by Jaroslav Novotný provide a better basis for real wage calculation. Novotný excerpted data from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. In combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for the welfare ratio of nominal wages to the consumer price index. The research focused on a comparison of living standards in three Moravian royal towns (Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo) in the period of the price revolution (1540-1620) proving that the situation in Moravia was similar to that in other Central European towns (Cracow, Vienna): the unqualified labourers lived under borderline poverty status and their economic potential was slightly decreasing. Nevertheless, neither benefits to wages, which are not provable in historical sources, could be included in calculations, nor the possibility of replacing commodities of the consumer basket with cheaper substitutes. On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices and wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices and wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained development tendencies.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review), 2011
Abstract: The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the conne... more Abstract: The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Premysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278), and legal ...
Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Moyen Age, Sep 25, 2015
In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collect... more In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collection of crusading taxes, regularly assessed after the time of Innocent III (1198-1216), imposed new duties on the papal treasury, to which were committed both the collection and distribution of these assessments. Moreover, during the course of this century the system of payment in kind was transformed into a monetary system, a process considerably influenced by the administration of the papal finan...
"The paper originated in the framework of a research project related to the precious metal t... more "The paper originated in the framework of a research project related to the precious metal transfer from Bohemia to Italy and to the role of gold and silver nominals of Bohemian origin in the money in circulation of late medieval Italy. The project is co-ordinated by Prof. Lucia Travaini (University of Milan) and follows in my previous analysis of the 13th century hoard of Fuchsenhof (Upper Austria). The first aim is to clarify what conditions preceded the long-distance trade development between Bohemia and Venice on the turn of the 14th century and to verify Peter Spufford´s presumption that Prague was the only East-Central European city which profited from the 13th century trade revolution. The paper is based on the confrontation of written documents, originated at the Prague royal court and in Venice (the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, the Maggior Consiglio, the Zecca), with Italian and Islamic glass finds in Bohemia and Moravia. The analysis of these sources refers to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Přemysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278) and Duke of Austria (1251-1276), in the Czech and Alpine lands, and legal and administrative changes, carried out at the same time at the Zecca and the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, as well as to Ottokar´s control of most important towns situated on the way to Venice (Aquileia, Cividale, Pordenone, Treviso, Feltre, Verona) as a background for the development of mutual trade contacts. The paper gives evidence of a close relationship between the Venetian mint production and the “German” silver supply, largely originated from the Iglau mine district. The second aim is to point to the fact that this long-distance trade had a cultural dimension. The archaeological finds from the Czech lands support a direct connection between exported silver bullion and imported Islamic and Italian glass, linked to a high dining culture focused on a wine consumption. This luxury glass, dated back to the 1280s – 1350s, is known not only from Prague but also from Brno (Brunn), Jihlava (Iglau) and from some other places. The role of the Italian community in the Czech lands seems to have been increased around 1300 when Bohemian silver started to be re-exported from Venice to Florence and when the Venetians were replaced by the Florentines in Central Europe, not only in Bohemia but also in Hungary. The confrontation of these findings with later merchant diaries proved that the model of trade contacts between Bohemia and Venice, established during the second half of the 13th century and characterized by a struggle of the Italian and South German merchants for the intermediary role in silver supply, has lasted almost two centuries. "
Regarding the Czech lands, there is no published edition on prices and nominal wages at disposal.... more Regarding the Czech lands, there is no published edition on prices and nominal wages at disposal. The complete data suitable for real wage calculation come from Moravia thanks to the initiative of Jaroslav Novotný. He excerpted data of this kind from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. Using these data, in combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for real wages calculation based on nominal wages and consumer price index defined by Robert Allen which serves as a deflator. In this way, the welfare ratio of laborers and craftsmen based in 1540-1620 in three Moravian royal towns of Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo was calculated. The paper offers a comparison of living standards with some other towns of Central and Western Europe (Vienna, Cracow, Amsterdam, and London). The paper explains why differences in real wages between Central and Western Europe deepened during the price revolution of the second half of the 16th and early 17th centuries.
The study compares the market prices of houses in Olomouc, Prague, and Pilsen with wages and pric... more The study compares the market prices of houses in Olomouc, Prague, and Pilsen with wages and prices in the 15th and 16th centuries. It also pays attention to the social categories of town taxpayers and the social differentiation of craftsmen.
L'article étudie la part des lingots provenant de Bohême et de Hongrie au regard de l'arg... more L'article étudie la part des lingots provenant de Bohême et de Hongrie au regard de l'argent en circulation dans le triangle des relations commerciales entre l'Europe centrale, le nord de l'Italie et les Flandres du XIIIe au XVe siècle, tout en discutant le rôle de la curie romaine dans le processus de monétisation. Il ressort de l'analyse que les pièces d'or d'origine centrale européenne ont été utilisées en Rhénanie et en Bavière à une échelle beaucoup plus grande qu'en Italie.
Mélanges de l’École française de Rome - Moyen Âge, 2015
In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collect... more In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collection of crusading taxes, regularly assessed after the time of Innocent III (1198-1216), imposed new duties on the papal treasury, to which were committed both the collection and distribution of these assessments. Moreover, during the course of this century the system of payment in kind was transformed into a monetary system, a process considerably influenced by the administration of the papal finan...
Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines price... more Using the methodological approach formulated by Robert C. Allen in 2001, the study examines prices and wages in the 16th-century Czech lands, whence, unlike most other European countries, comparative data about real wages have not yet been published. The reason is evident: no published edition with data suitable for this type of research exists. Unlike Bohemia, data from Moravia collected by Jaroslav Novotný provide a better basis for real wage calculation. Novotný excerpted data from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. In combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for the welfare ratio of nominal wages to the consumer price index. The research focused on a comparison of living standards in three Moravian royal towns (Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo) in the period of the price revolution (1540-1620) proving that the situation in Moravia was similar to that in other Central European towns (Cracow, Vienna): the unqualified labourers lived under borderline poverty status and their economic potential was slightly decreasing. Nevertheless, neither benefits to wages, which are not provable in historical sources, could be included in calculations, nor the possibility of replacing commodities of the consumer basket with cheaper substitutes. On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices and wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices and wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained development tendencies.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review), 2011
Abstract: The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the conne... more Abstract: The study was written with two main intentions. The first idea is to refer to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Premysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278), and legal ...
Mélanges de l'École française de Rome. Moyen Age, Sep 25, 2015
In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collect... more In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collection of crusading taxes, regularly assessed after the time of Innocent III (1198-1216), imposed new duties on the papal treasury, to which were committed both the collection and distribution of these assessments. Moreover, during the course of this century the system of payment in kind was transformed into a monetary system, a process considerably influenced by the administration of the papal finan...
"The paper originated in the framework of a research project related to the precious metal t... more "The paper originated in the framework of a research project related to the precious metal transfer from Bohemia to Italy and to the role of gold and silver nominals of Bohemian origin in the money in circulation of late medieval Italy. The project is co-ordinated by Prof. Lucia Travaini (University of Milan) and follows in my previous analysis of the 13th century hoard of Fuchsenhof (Upper Austria). The first aim is to clarify what conditions preceded the long-distance trade development between Bohemia and Venice on the turn of the 14th century and to verify Peter Spufford´s presumption that Prague was the only East-Central European city which profited from the 13th century trade revolution. The paper is based on the confrontation of written documents, originated at the Prague royal court and in Venice (the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, the Maggior Consiglio, the Zecca), with Italian and Islamic glass finds in Bohemia and Moravia. The analysis of these sources refers to the connection between reforms of coins, weights and measures, realized in the 1260s and 1270s from the decision of Přemysl II Ottokar, King of Bohemia (1253-1278) and Duke of Austria (1251-1276), in the Czech and Alpine lands, and legal and administrative changes, carried out at the same time at the Zecca and the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, as well as to Ottokar´s control of most important towns situated on the way to Venice (Aquileia, Cividale, Pordenone, Treviso, Feltre, Verona) as a background for the development of mutual trade contacts. The paper gives evidence of a close relationship between the Venetian mint production and the “German” silver supply, largely originated from the Iglau mine district. The second aim is to point to the fact that this long-distance trade had a cultural dimension. The archaeological finds from the Czech lands support a direct connection between exported silver bullion and imported Islamic and Italian glass, linked to a high dining culture focused on a wine consumption. This luxury glass, dated back to the 1280s – 1350s, is known not only from Prague but also from Brno (Brunn), Jihlava (Iglau) and from some other places. The role of the Italian community in the Czech lands seems to have been increased around 1300 when Bohemian silver started to be re-exported from Venice to Florence and when the Venetians were replaced by the Florentines in Central Europe, not only in Bohemia but also in Hungary. The confrontation of these findings with later merchant diaries proved that the model of trade contacts between Bohemia and Venice, established during the second half of the 13th century and characterized by a struggle of the Italian and South German merchants for the intermediary role in silver supply, has lasted almost two centuries. "
Regarding the Czech lands, there is no published edition on prices and nominal wages at disposal.... more Regarding the Czech lands, there is no published edition on prices and nominal wages at disposal. The complete data suitable for real wage calculation come from Moravia thanks to the initiative of Jaroslav Novotný. He excerpted data of this kind from all Moravian archives and recorded them on about 50,000 price cards deposited in the Moravian Land Archives in Brno. Using these data, in combination with data published in cyclostyled workbooks Ceny, mzdy a měna [Prices, Wages, and Currency] during the 1960s, it was possible to create a database for real wages calculation based on nominal wages and consumer price index defined by Robert Allen which serves as a deflator. In this way, the welfare ratio of laborers and craftsmen based in 1540-1620 in three Moravian royal towns of Olomouc, Brno, and Znojmo was calculated. The paper offers a comparison of living standards with some other towns of Central and Western Europe (Vienna, Cracow, Amsterdam, and London). The paper explains why differences in real wages between Central and Western Europe deepened during the price revolution of the second half of the 16th and early 17th centuries.
The study compares the market prices of houses in Olomouc, Prague, and Pilsen with wages and pric... more The study compares the market prices of houses in Olomouc, Prague, and Pilsen with wages and prices in the 15th and 16th centuries. It also pays attention to the social categories of town taxpayers and the social differentiation of craftsmen.
L'article étudie la part des lingots provenant de Bohême et de Hongrie au regard de l'arg... more L'article étudie la part des lingots provenant de Bohême et de Hongrie au regard de l'argent en circulation dans le triangle des relations commerciales entre l'Europe centrale, le nord de l'Italie et les Flandres du XIIIe au XVe siècle, tout en discutant le rôle de la curie romaine dans le processus de monétisation. Il ressort de l'analyse que les pièces d'or d'origine centrale européenne ont été utilisées en Rhénanie et en Bavière à une échelle beaucoup plus grande qu'en Italie.
Mélanges de l’École française de Rome - Moyen Âge, 2015
In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collect... more In the thirteenth century the Apostolic Camera entered on a new phase of development. The collection of crusading taxes, regularly assessed after the time of Innocent III (1198-1216), imposed new duties on the papal treasury, to which were committed both the collection and distribution of these assessments. Moreover, during the course of this century the system of payment in kind was transformed into a monetary system, a process considerably influenced by the administration of the papal finan...
České země a Bavorsko. Konfrontace a paralely, 2018
Der Bayerische und der Böhmische Pfennig (Text auf Tschechisch)
Bayern und Böhmen waren im bereit... more Der Bayerische und der Böhmische Pfennig (Text auf Tschechisch) Bayern und Böhmen waren im bereits im Hochmittelalter sowohl durch intensive Handelsbeziehungen wie auch durch Migrationsprozessen eng miteinander verbunden. Die Phasen, Richtungen und Strömungen dieser Beziehungsgeschichte lassen sich am Beispiel des damals kursierenden Geldes rekonstruieren. Sie lassen auch Rückschlüsse auf die ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse im Hochmittelalter zu. Im Folgenden werden daher die Rahmenbedingungen von handel und Verkehr nachgezeichnet, um anschließend die Herstellung und Verbreitung von Münzen zu analysieren, anhand deren sich unterschiedliche grenzüberschreitende Währungsräume erkennen lassen. Die Entstehung und der Wandel dieser Währungsräume gehen dabei einerseits auf die Migrations- Siedlungsgeschichte Böhmens zurück, andererseits auf strukturelle Bedingungen wie natürliche Ressourcen.
Nejen numismatik, ale téměř každý, kdo se zajímá o historii, si dříve nebo později položí otázku,... more Nejen numismatik, ale téměř každý, kdo se zajímá o historii, si dříve nebo později položí otázku, co bylo možno za mince ražené v té které době pořídit. Je to téma velmi rozsáhlé a nelze je na tomto místě probrat ze všech aspektů. Posviťme si tedy aspoň na dvě rozdílná období, na 13. století jako dobu ekonomického růstu a na 15. století jako období finanční krize a stagnace,-a ukažme si na nich, jaké cenové poměry v českých zemích tehdy panovaly.
České středověké mince neobíhaly pouze na území Českého knížectví nebo království. Obchod je mnoh... more České středověké mince neobíhaly pouze na území Českého knížectví nebo království. Obchod je mnohdy zanesl i do vzdálenějších zemí. Jeden dosud nepopsaný exemplář byl nalezen až v izraelském městě Akkonu.
The book presents an original review of past and present research of national historiographies on... more The book presents an original review of past and present research of national historiographies on medieval financial history from Central Europe. Covering material ranging from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, it explores the eastern regions of the Holy Roman Empire, including Bohemia, Silesia, Austria and Germany, and extending to Poland and Hungary. The authors firstly discuss the monetary policy of the Holy Roman emperors during the Middle Ages, before moving on to wider aspects of state finance, including credit mechanisms used by rulers. The book then investigates civic records and what they reveal about urban life and trade. It lastly examines the financial activities of the church, from papacy to the cathedral chapter in Prague. Using numismatic and documentary evidence, the book provides an invaluable point of comparison with the financial conditions in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
Monetisation and Commercialisation in the Baltic Sea, 1050-1450 , 2021
The case study focused on the process of monetization in the Czech lands in the 13th and 14th cen... more The case study focused on the process of monetization in the Czech lands in the 13th and 14th centuries.
A History of the Credit Market in Central Europe, 2021
Theoretical concepts and the overview of the areas of research concerning the history of credit i... more Theoretical concepts and the overview of the areas of research concerning the history of credit in Central Europe
500 let jáchymovského tolaru 1520-2020 = 500 years of the Joachimsthaler 1520-2020 , 2020
The study pays attention to the spending power of the Joachimsthaler in relation to the spending ... more The study pays attention to the spending power of the Joachimsthaler in relation to the spending power of inhabitants during the price revolution (1540 - 1620) using the welfare index of unskilled workers.
Le Droit face à l’économie sans travail. Tome II L’approche internationale , 2020
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
Deuxième volume "L'approche internationale" consacré à l'« Histoire de l’écono... more TABLE DES MATIÈRES Deuxième volume "L'approche internationale" consacré à l'« Histoire de l’économie sans travail. Finances, investissements et spéculation de l’Antiquité à nos jours »
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Papers by Roman Zaoral
On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices and wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices and wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained development tendencies.
On the other hand, the real wages of master craftsmen were increasing. The results evidence that Central Europe was a specific region of the Small Divergence (low prices and wages), unlike North Western Europe, particularly Amsterdam, and London, where prices and wages were considerably growing. It was a consequence of the uneven distribution of South American precious metals in Europe which resulted in the Great Divergence (high prices and wages) in England and the Netherlands. The relationship between money supply and the price level is examined using Fisher´s equation of exchange, which retrospectively confirms the validity of the ascertained development tendencies.
Bayern und Böhmen waren im bereits im Hochmittelalter sowohl durch intensive Handelsbeziehungen wie auch durch Migrationsprozessen eng miteinander verbunden. Die Phasen, Richtungen und Strömungen dieser Beziehungsgeschichte lassen sich am Beispiel des damals kursierenden Geldes rekonstruieren. Sie lassen auch Rückschlüsse auf die ökonomischen und gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse im Hochmittelalter zu. Im Folgenden werden daher die Rahmenbedingungen von handel und Verkehr nachgezeichnet, um anschließend die Herstellung und Verbreitung von Münzen zu analysieren, anhand deren sich unterschiedliche grenzüberschreitende Währungsräume erkennen lassen. Die Entstehung und der Wandel dieser Währungsräume gehen dabei einerseits auf die Migrations- Siedlungsgeschichte Böhmens zurück, andererseits auf strukturelle Bedingungen wie natürliche Ressourcen.
Using numismatic and documentary evidence, the book provides an invaluable point of comparison with the financial conditions in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
Deuxième volume "L'approche internationale" consacré à l'« Histoire de l’économie sans travail. Finances, investissements et spéculation de l’Antiquité à nos jours »
https://classiques-garnier.com/le-droit-face-a-l-economie-sans-travail-tome-ii-l-approche-internationale.html