The sociolinguistic practices of hip-hop artists in Mongolia can be understood as “transmodal” du... more The sociolinguistic practices of hip-hop artists in Mongolia can be understood as “transmodal” due to the combination of varied linguistic resources with other multiple modes such as the traditional elements and nationalistic symbols. In so doing, Mongolian hip-hop artists utilize the vernacular of the genre as a means of expressing political dissatisfaction and dissent. They form patriotic identities by declaring their love and pride for their root and tradition. They are the harsh critics and the sarcastic satirists of social injustice and corruption of the political regime in Mongolia.
ABSTRACT
Drawing on linguistic ethnographic data analysis, this article aims to
expand the Rampto... more ABSTRACT Drawing on linguistic ethnographic data analysis, this article aims to expand the Rampton’s concept of ‘language crossing’ through integrating the notion of ‘linguistic racism’ experienced by Mongolian background immigrant women in Australia. These women encounter linguistic homogeneity, discrimination, and alienation in varied ways in their daily institutional and noninstitutional settings based on how they speak English or their usage of heritage languages. As a result, they establish everyday linguistic resistance strategies to combat linguistic racism, which further add two new dimensions to the concept of language crossing – ‘crossing as a resistance strategy’ and ‘crossing as a passing strategy’. Adopting these crossing strategies allow these women to use their preferred forms of communication to resist dominant linguistic norms and standards in the dominant culture. These strategies further make it possible for these speakers to pass as the native speakers of that dominant language. Finally, the paper argues that it is almost impossible to understand ‘language crossing’ as a discrete understanding isolated from the concept of ‘linguistic racism’. It is better to examine these concepts together, as they seem to complement each other in terms of investigating the everyday linguistic practices, sociolinguistic realities and struggles that these immigrant women encounter.
This article seeks to expand the current discussions on the notion
of ‘translingual Englishes’ by... more This article seeks to expand the current discussions on the notion of ‘translingual Englishes’ by incorporating the idea of ‘unequal Englishes’ as a way of understanding the role of English in relation to understudied Asian peripheral contexts such as Mongolia and Bangladesh. It is clear that young speakers in these Asian countries are creatively involved with ‘translingual Englishes’, in which various English and other linguistic and cultural resources are in constant interplay. Yet there are also particular local constraints that either limit or expand their usage of English. Translingual Englishes may be creative and playful but they are also associated with differences in one’s unequal social class, wealth and power.
This paper seeks to contribute to the current discussion of world Englishes by revealing the seam... more This paper seeks to contribute to the current discussion of world Englishes by revealing the seamless English language incorporation in the linguascape of popular music scene of post-socialist Mongolia, a context that has been rarely addressed in previous research. Drawing on sets of linguistic (n)ethnographic data, the paper argues that the role of English in the mixed language practices of young musicians should be understood as 'translocal language', which makes its meaning through the contact of transnational linguistic flows and resources embedded within the idea of 'linguascape'.
Drawing on varied offline and online contexts, this article indicates that youth linguistic diver... more Drawing on varied offline and online contexts, this article indicates that youth linguistic diversity in contemporary Mongolia is better understood from the perspective of ‘the ordinariness of linguascapes’. The notion of ‘linguascapes’ is important in capturing the rising complexity of youth mixed language practices fundamentally produced by the amalgamation of transnational linguistic resources that are intersecting with other social landscapes. However, these youth linguascapes in Mongolia are neither novel nor eccentric linguistic productions as mostly imagined in the local language ideology. Instead, youth linguascapes in Mongolia should be understood as part of young people’s everyday, mundane and ordinary linguistic practices. Consequently, it is important for language educators and language policy-makers in Mongolia to reconsider youth linguistic diversity in globalisation through the eyes of sameness of differences or the ordinariness of the diversity.
ABSTRACT Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia – two coun... more ABSTRACT Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia – two countries located politically, culturally and economically on the Asian periphery – this paper looks at how young adults use linguistic and cultural resources in their online interactions as part of a complex and emergent stylization of place. On the one hand, they appropriate the cultural and linguistic flows according to their locations and engage in a playful stylization and reconfiguration of what the local means. On the other hand, they engage in stylization and reflexive language use, often involving exaggerated linguistic variation, mixing, and other semiotic resources in order to produce and perform a range of social and cultural identities. The paper hence shows how the circulation and takeup of popular cultural flows around Asia can involve diverse processes of linguistic and cultural stylization.
Online around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Apps, 2017
Covering more than 80 countries around the world, this book provides a compelling, contemporary s... more Covering more than 80 countries around the world, this book provides a compelling, contemporary snapshot of how people in other countries are using the Internet, social media, and mobile apps.
• Demonstrates that while the Internet and the human desire to connect with others is universal, people in different cultures and regions have different preferences for what, where, and how they communicate online
• Identifies the ways in which the Internet and social media have profoundly impacted the world economically, culturally, and politically
• Chronicles the development of major social media innovations that have shaped online environments
This paper seeks to contribute to the current discussion of the sociolinguistics of globalization... more This paper seeks to contribute to the current discussion of the sociolinguistics of globalization by revealing youth linguistic diversity from the perspective of the online mixed language practices of university students in contemporary post-socialist Mongolia. Drawing on sets of Facebook data, the paper firstly argues that the online mixed youth language practices should be understood as ‘translingual’ not only due to their varied recombination of linguistic and cultural resources, genres, modes, styles and repertories, but also due to their direct subtextual connections with wider socio-cultural, historical and ideological meanings. Secondly, online users metalinguistically claim authenticity in terms of their own translingual practices as opposed to other colliding language ideologies such as linguistic dystopia. How they relocalize the notion of authenticity, however, differs profoundly depending on their own often-diverse criteria, identities, beliefs and ideas. This shows that, with mixing and recombining at its very core, the translingual practices of modern young speakers provide us with a significant insight into the co-existence of multiple authenticities and origins of authenticity in an increasingly interconnected world.
Journal of Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts
The translingual practices of young Mongolians and Bangladeshis suggest that contrary to those po... more The translingual practices of young Mongolians and Bangladeshis suggest that contrary to those popular discourses which position youth as passive recipients of global culture, these young adults are better understood as actively and powerfully engaged with popular culture productions. Drawing on the examples of casual offline conversations and online Facebook interactions of university students in Mongolia and Bangladesh, this paper shows how processes of relocalization give new meanings to the translingual practices of these students as they draw on different modalities from popular culture (film, music and so on) and different linguistic and nonlinguistic resources. This transtextual and transmodal analysis enables us to show how these young adults relocalize linguistic and cultural resources in both their on- and offline interactions.
The paper explores the use of varied semiotic resources in the linguistic, social and cultural pr... more The paper explores the use of varied semiotic resources in the linguistic, social and cultural practices of young adults in the context of Bangladesh and Mongolia. Based on a translinguistic analysis (including pre-textual history, contextual relations, sub-textual meaning, intertextual echoes and post-textual interpretation) of these practices, and linking this to other recent calls to reconceptualise the notions of bilingualism and multilingualism, this paper combines Bakhtin's heteroglossic and Pennycook's transgressive approaches to the analysis of language practices through what we call a transglossic framework. The paper examines four sets of on/offline linguistic practices taken from two large ethnographic projects from Bangladesh and Mongolia and unravels the ways young adults recycle linguistic and cultural elements from popular culture and mobilise a range of semiotic resources for their communicative purposes. The paper finally suggests that a sophisticated theoretical construction of language as proposed by Bakhtin and Pennycook needs to be addressed and complemented with an equally advanced analytic tool, such as this transglossic framework.
Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia – two countries loc... more Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia – two countries located politically, culturally and economically on the Asian periphery – this paper looks at how young adults use linguistic and cultural resources in their online interactions as part of a complex and emergent stylization of place. On the one hand, they appropriate the cultural and linguistic flows according to their locations and engage in a playful stylization and reconfiguration of what the local means. On the other hand, they engage in stylization and reflexive language use, often involving exaggerated linguistic variation, mixing, and other semiotic resources in order to produce and perform a range of social and cultural identities. The paper hence shows how the circulation and takeup of popular cultural flows around Asia can involve diverse processes of linguistic and cultural stylization.
Drawing on contemporary transgressive theoretical approaches, this paper examines how modern urba... more Drawing on contemporary transgressive theoretical approaches, this paper examines how modern urban youth populations perform new identities by manipulating 'global?local' cultural and linguistic resources available to them such as popular culture flows. In its search for a post-Socialist identity, after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, urban settings in Mongolia have been largely caught between the emerging transcultural flows. Young urban Mongolians have been participating in these current dynamic global interactions in multiple ways, while locating and styling their new identities within fluid spaces such as popular music. The linguistic practice of popular music in this regard is the main site for the exploration of the new identities performed by the urban youth population both as producers and consumers. It is the most dynamic and expressive space for urban youth to play, perform and negotiate within their identities.
This book analyses the language practices of young adults in Mongolia and Bangladesh in online an... more This book analyses the language practices of young adults in Mongolia and Bangladesh in online and offline environments. Focusing on the diverse linguistic and cultural resources these young people draw on in their interactions, the authors draw attention to the creative and innovative nature of their transglossic practices. Situated on the Asian periphery, these young adults roam widely in their use of popular culture, media voices and linguistic resources. This innovative and topical book will appeal to students and scholars of sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, cultural studies and linguistic anthropology.
The studies in this collection seek to examine the notions of ‘linguistic diversity’ and ‘hybridi... more The studies in this collection seek to examine the notions of ‘linguistic diversity’ and ‘hybridity’ through the lenses of new critical theories and theoretical frameworks embedded within the broader discussion of the sociolinguistics of globalization. The chapters include critical inquiries into online/offline languages in society, language users, language learners and language teachers who may operate ‘between’ languages and are faced with decisions to navigate, negotiate and invent or re-invent languages, local and global and virtual spaces. The research took place in contexts that include linguistic landscapes, schools, classrooms, neighborhoods and virtual spaces of Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, South Korea and the USA.
The sociolinguistic practices of hip-hop artists in Mongolia can be understood as “transmodal” du... more The sociolinguistic practices of hip-hop artists in Mongolia can be understood as “transmodal” due to the combination of varied linguistic resources with other multiple modes such as the traditional elements and nationalistic symbols. In so doing, Mongolian hip-hop artists utilize the vernacular of the genre as a means of expressing political dissatisfaction and dissent. They form patriotic identities by declaring their love and pride for their root and tradition. They are the harsh critics and the sarcastic satirists of social injustice and corruption of the political regime in Mongolia.
ABSTRACT
Drawing on linguistic ethnographic data analysis, this article aims to
expand the Rampto... more ABSTRACT Drawing on linguistic ethnographic data analysis, this article aims to expand the Rampton’s concept of ‘language crossing’ through integrating the notion of ‘linguistic racism’ experienced by Mongolian background immigrant women in Australia. These women encounter linguistic homogeneity, discrimination, and alienation in varied ways in their daily institutional and noninstitutional settings based on how they speak English or their usage of heritage languages. As a result, they establish everyday linguistic resistance strategies to combat linguistic racism, which further add two new dimensions to the concept of language crossing – ‘crossing as a resistance strategy’ and ‘crossing as a passing strategy’. Adopting these crossing strategies allow these women to use their preferred forms of communication to resist dominant linguistic norms and standards in the dominant culture. These strategies further make it possible for these speakers to pass as the native speakers of that dominant language. Finally, the paper argues that it is almost impossible to understand ‘language crossing’ as a discrete understanding isolated from the concept of ‘linguistic racism’. It is better to examine these concepts together, as they seem to complement each other in terms of investigating the everyday linguistic practices, sociolinguistic realities and struggles that these immigrant women encounter.
This article seeks to expand the current discussions on the notion
of ‘translingual Englishes’ by... more This article seeks to expand the current discussions on the notion of ‘translingual Englishes’ by incorporating the idea of ‘unequal Englishes’ as a way of understanding the role of English in relation to understudied Asian peripheral contexts such as Mongolia and Bangladesh. It is clear that young speakers in these Asian countries are creatively involved with ‘translingual Englishes’, in which various English and other linguistic and cultural resources are in constant interplay. Yet there are also particular local constraints that either limit or expand their usage of English. Translingual Englishes may be creative and playful but they are also associated with differences in one’s unequal social class, wealth and power.
This paper seeks to contribute to the current discussion of world Englishes by revealing the seam... more This paper seeks to contribute to the current discussion of world Englishes by revealing the seamless English language incorporation in the linguascape of popular music scene of post-socialist Mongolia, a context that has been rarely addressed in previous research. Drawing on sets of linguistic (n)ethnographic data, the paper argues that the role of English in the mixed language practices of young musicians should be understood as 'translocal language', which makes its meaning through the contact of transnational linguistic flows and resources embedded within the idea of 'linguascape'.
Drawing on varied offline and online contexts, this article indicates that youth linguistic diver... more Drawing on varied offline and online contexts, this article indicates that youth linguistic diversity in contemporary Mongolia is better understood from the perspective of ‘the ordinariness of linguascapes’. The notion of ‘linguascapes’ is important in capturing the rising complexity of youth mixed language practices fundamentally produced by the amalgamation of transnational linguistic resources that are intersecting with other social landscapes. However, these youth linguascapes in Mongolia are neither novel nor eccentric linguistic productions as mostly imagined in the local language ideology. Instead, youth linguascapes in Mongolia should be understood as part of young people’s everyday, mundane and ordinary linguistic practices. Consequently, it is important for language educators and language policy-makers in Mongolia to reconsider youth linguistic diversity in globalisation through the eyes of sameness of differences or the ordinariness of the diversity.
ABSTRACT Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia – two coun... more ABSTRACT Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia – two countries located politically, culturally and economically on the Asian periphery – this paper looks at how young adults use linguistic and cultural resources in their online interactions as part of a complex and emergent stylization of place. On the one hand, they appropriate the cultural and linguistic flows according to their locations and engage in a playful stylization and reconfiguration of what the local means. On the other hand, they engage in stylization and reflexive language use, often involving exaggerated linguistic variation, mixing, and other semiotic resources in order to produce and perform a range of social and cultural identities. The paper hence shows how the circulation and takeup of popular cultural flows around Asia can involve diverse processes of linguistic and cultural stylization.
Online around the World: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Internet, Social Media, and Mobile Apps, 2017
Covering more than 80 countries around the world, this book provides a compelling, contemporary s... more Covering more than 80 countries around the world, this book provides a compelling, contemporary snapshot of how people in other countries are using the Internet, social media, and mobile apps.
• Demonstrates that while the Internet and the human desire to connect with others is universal, people in different cultures and regions have different preferences for what, where, and how they communicate online
• Identifies the ways in which the Internet and social media have profoundly impacted the world economically, culturally, and politically
• Chronicles the development of major social media innovations that have shaped online environments
This paper seeks to contribute to the current discussion of the sociolinguistics of globalization... more This paper seeks to contribute to the current discussion of the sociolinguistics of globalization by revealing youth linguistic diversity from the perspective of the online mixed language practices of university students in contemporary post-socialist Mongolia. Drawing on sets of Facebook data, the paper firstly argues that the online mixed youth language practices should be understood as ‘translingual’ not only due to their varied recombination of linguistic and cultural resources, genres, modes, styles and repertories, but also due to their direct subtextual connections with wider socio-cultural, historical and ideological meanings. Secondly, online users metalinguistically claim authenticity in terms of their own translingual practices as opposed to other colliding language ideologies such as linguistic dystopia. How they relocalize the notion of authenticity, however, differs profoundly depending on their own often-diverse criteria, identities, beliefs and ideas. This shows that, with mixing and recombining at its very core, the translingual practices of modern young speakers provide us with a significant insight into the co-existence of multiple authenticities and origins of authenticity in an increasingly interconnected world.
Journal of Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts
The translingual practices of young Mongolians and Bangladeshis suggest that contrary to those po... more The translingual practices of young Mongolians and Bangladeshis suggest that contrary to those popular discourses which position youth as passive recipients of global culture, these young adults are better understood as actively and powerfully engaged with popular culture productions. Drawing on the examples of casual offline conversations and online Facebook interactions of university students in Mongolia and Bangladesh, this paper shows how processes of relocalization give new meanings to the translingual practices of these students as they draw on different modalities from popular culture (film, music and so on) and different linguistic and nonlinguistic resources. This transtextual and transmodal analysis enables us to show how these young adults relocalize linguistic and cultural resources in both their on- and offline interactions.
The paper explores the use of varied semiotic resources in the linguistic, social and cultural pr... more The paper explores the use of varied semiotic resources in the linguistic, social and cultural practices of young adults in the context of Bangladesh and Mongolia. Based on a translinguistic analysis (including pre-textual history, contextual relations, sub-textual meaning, intertextual echoes and post-textual interpretation) of these practices, and linking this to other recent calls to reconceptualise the notions of bilingualism and multilingualism, this paper combines Bakhtin's heteroglossic and Pennycook's transgressive approaches to the analysis of language practices through what we call a transglossic framework. The paper examines four sets of on/offline linguistic practices taken from two large ethnographic projects from Bangladesh and Mongolia and unravels the ways young adults recycle linguistic and cultural elements from popular culture and mobilise a range of semiotic resources for their communicative purposes. The paper finally suggests that a sophisticated theoretical construction of language as proposed by Bakhtin and Pennycook needs to be addressed and complemented with an equally advanced analytic tool, such as this transglossic framework.
Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia – two countries loc... more Focusing on online interactions among young adults in Bangladesh and Mongolia – two countries located politically, culturally and economically on the Asian periphery – this paper looks at how young adults use linguistic and cultural resources in their online interactions as part of a complex and emergent stylization of place. On the one hand, they appropriate the cultural and linguistic flows according to their locations and engage in a playful stylization and reconfiguration of what the local means. On the other hand, they engage in stylization and reflexive language use, often involving exaggerated linguistic variation, mixing, and other semiotic resources in order to produce and perform a range of social and cultural identities. The paper hence shows how the circulation and takeup of popular cultural flows around Asia can involve diverse processes of linguistic and cultural stylization.
Drawing on contemporary transgressive theoretical approaches, this paper examines how modern urba... more Drawing on contemporary transgressive theoretical approaches, this paper examines how modern urban youth populations perform new identities by manipulating 'global?local' cultural and linguistic resources available to them such as popular culture flows. In its search for a post-Socialist identity, after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, urban settings in Mongolia have been largely caught between the emerging transcultural flows. Young urban Mongolians have been participating in these current dynamic global interactions in multiple ways, while locating and styling their new identities within fluid spaces such as popular music. The linguistic practice of popular music in this regard is the main site for the exploration of the new identities performed by the urban youth population both as producers and consumers. It is the most dynamic and expressive space for urban youth to play, perform and negotiate within their identities.
This book analyses the language practices of young adults in Mongolia and Bangladesh in online an... more This book analyses the language practices of young adults in Mongolia and Bangladesh in online and offline environments. Focusing on the diverse linguistic and cultural resources these young people draw on in their interactions, the authors draw attention to the creative and innovative nature of their transglossic practices. Situated on the Asian periphery, these young adults roam widely in their use of popular culture, media voices and linguistic resources. This innovative and topical book will appeal to students and scholars of sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, cultural studies and linguistic anthropology.
The studies in this collection seek to examine the notions of ‘linguistic diversity’ and ‘hybridi... more The studies in this collection seek to examine the notions of ‘linguistic diversity’ and ‘hybridity’ through the lenses of new critical theories and theoretical frameworks embedded within the broader discussion of the sociolinguistics of globalization. The chapters include critical inquiries into online/offline languages in society, language users, language learners and language teachers who may operate ‘between’ languages and are faced with decisions to navigate, negotiate and invent or re-invent languages, local and global and virtual spaces. The research took place in contexts that include linguistic landscapes, schools, classrooms, neighborhoods and virtual spaces of Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, South Korea and the USA.
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Drawing on linguistic ethnographic data analysis, this article aims to
expand the Rampton’s concept of ‘language crossing’ through
integrating the notion of ‘linguistic racism’ experienced by
Mongolian background immigrant women in Australia. These
women encounter linguistic homogeneity, discrimination, and
alienation in varied ways in their daily institutional and noninstitutional
settings based on how they speak English or their
usage of heritage languages. As a result, they establish everyday
linguistic resistance strategies to combat linguistic racism, which
further add two new dimensions to the concept of language
crossing – ‘crossing as a resistance strategy’ and ‘crossing as a
passing strategy’. Adopting these crossing strategies allow these
women to use their preferred forms of communication to resist
dominant linguistic norms and standards in the dominant culture.
These strategies further make it possible for these speakers to
pass as the native speakers of that dominant language. Finally, the
paper argues that it is almost impossible to understand ‘language
crossing’ as a discrete understanding isolated from the concept of
‘linguistic racism’. It is better to examine these concepts together,
as they seem to complement each other in terms of investigating
the everyday linguistic practices, sociolinguistic realities and
struggles that these immigrant women encounter.
of ‘translingual Englishes’ by incorporating the idea of ‘unequal
Englishes’ as a way of understanding the role of English in relation
to understudied Asian peripheral contexts such as Mongolia and
Bangladesh. It is clear that young speakers in these Asian countries
are creatively involved with ‘translingual Englishes’, in which various
English and other linguistic and cultural resources are in constant
interplay. Yet there are also particular local constraints that either
limit or expand their usage of English. Translingual Englishes may be
creative and playful but they are also associated with differences in
one’s unequal social class, wealth and power.
• Demonstrates that while the Internet and the human desire to connect with others is universal, people in different cultures and regions have different preferences for what, where, and how they communicate online
• Identifies the ways in which the Internet and social media have profoundly impacted the world economically, culturally, and politically
• Chronicles the development of major social media innovations that have shaped online environments
Drawing on linguistic ethnographic data analysis, this article aims to
expand the Rampton’s concept of ‘language crossing’ through
integrating the notion of ‘linguistic racism’ experienced by
Mongolian background immigrant women in Australia. These
women encounter linguistic homogeneity, discrimination, and
alienation in varied ways in their daily institutional and noninstitutional
settings based on how they speak English or their
usage of heritage languages. As a result, they establish everyday
linguistic resistance strategies to combat linguistic racism, which
further add two new dimensions to the concept of language
crossing – ‘crossing as a resistance strategy’ and ‘crossing as a
passing strategy’. Adopting these crossing strategies allow these
women to use their preferred forms of communication to resist
dominant linguistic norms and standards in the dominant culture.
These strategies further make it possible for these speakers to
pass as the native speakers of that dominant language. Finally, the
paper argues that it is almost impossible to understand ‘language
crossing’ as a discrete understanding isolated from the concept of
‘linguistic racism’. It is better to examine these concepts together,
as they seem to complement each other in terms of investigating
the everyday linguistic practices, sociolinguistic realities and
struggles that these immigrant women encounter.
of ‘translingual Englishes’ by incorporating the idea of ‘unequal
Englishes’ as a way of understanding the role of English in relation
to understudied Asian peripheral contexts such as Mongolia and
Bangladesh. It is clear that young speakers in these Asian countries
are creatively involved with ‘translingual Englishes’, in which various
English and other linguistic and cultural resources are in constant
interplay. Yet there are also particular local constraints that either
limit or expand their usage of English. Translingual Englishes may be
creative and playful but they are also associated with differences in
one’s unequal social class, wealth and power.
• Demonstrates that while the Internet and the human desire to connect with others is universal, people in different cultures and regions have different preferences for what, where, and how they communicate online
• Identifies the ways in which the Internet and social media have profoundly impacted the world economically, culturally, and politically
• Chronicles the development of major social media innovations that have shaped online environments