—The present report highlights seismic vulnerability is closely dependent on the social and econo... more —The present report highlights seismic vulnerability is closely dependent on the social and economic condition of the population. A brief review of past Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) and site characterization of efforts for estimating seismic hazard in India Seismic hazard analysis (SHA) involves the quantitative estimation of ground shaking hazards at a particular site. Seismic hazard studies are needed for the preparation of earthquake loading regulations and for various earthquake risk management purposes. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is a technique for estimating the annual rate of exceedance of a specified ground motion at a site due to known and suspected earthquake sources. Probabilistic analysis provides a framework in which uncertainties in the size, location, and rate of recurrence and effects of earthquakes to be explicitly considered in the evaluation of seismic hazard. Well established probabilistic analysis procedure is adopted to compute the prevalent hazard in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), short period and long period spectral accelerations for different return periods. Keywords – Earthquake PSHA, DSHA, PGA and spectral accelerations. I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION The earthquake is well-known fact that occurs without warning and involves violent shaking of the ground and everything over it. It's sudden release of accumulated strain energy of the moving lithospheric or crustal plates. The earthquake hazard can be reduced by earthquake-resistant design which may require many precautions be taken to prevent the structures from most possible types of failures. The main goal of the earthquake-resistant design is to produce a structure or facility that can withstand a certain level of shaking without excessive damage [12]. Sufficient knowledge for ground conditions is important for analyses, design and construction of projects and also delays of the project, failures etc., to the soil investigations. Hence, includes soil investigation for the part of the design process. Site characterization is one of the processes of a collection of information, consideration of data, assessment and depiction through maps without which the hazards in the below ground the site cannot be known. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) and another type of seismic hazard analysis is known as Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). In this case, we considered the uncertainties involved in the size of the earthquake, the location of the earthquake, and the rate of recurrence that is in the interval through which earthquake repeats or reoccur that of the earthquake. Considering uncertainties involved in all these parameters, then the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis is done, it was initially developed by [9].
The present study illustrates the slope stability analysis of dyke using limit equilibrium and fi... more The present study illustrates the slope stability analysis of dyke using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Stability analysis of the dyke has to be carried with the methods practiced for earthen dam. The stability of the dyke is analyzed using limit equilibrium (SLOPE/W) and finite element (PLAXIS 2D) methods under different construction stages and different operating conditions. The three different conditions viz. stability of dyke just after the end of construction, after deposition of the bottom ash and empty on the other side and rapid drawdown of water on the bottom ash side are assessed. The flow in the third case is unconfined due to the unknown phreatic surface and the unknown nature of the seepage. The variation of phreatic line plays a vital role in the safe performance of the dyke, hence it has to be critically evaluated so that it does not cut the downstream toe of the dyke. In the SLOPE/W software, the Morgenstern-Price method is made use of in the evaluation of factor of safety. The factor of safety has also been evaluated using the PLAXIS 2D software making use of the strength-reduction technique. A typical example considered was the earth dam i.e., dyke having dimensions of 14 m height, 6 m crest with slope of 1V:2H on both the upstream and downstream sides. The subsoil was of soft disintegrated rock (SDR) for a depth of 2 m and underlain by hard rock strata for a depth of 8 m. The factors of safety evaluated for different stability conditions of the dyke have highlighted the importance of considering them separately. Based on the results, it is noted that the most critical among all the conditions is the sudden drawdown case followed by the steady seepage which is critical for the downstream slope of the dyke.
The present research paper reviews on the different seismic hazards variations in the country. Al... more The present research paper reviews on the different seismic hazards variations in the country. All the thirty-two source zones of country covered into seven geological regions. A brief highlights of return period along with a review of past PSHA effects for estimating seismic hazard in India. Earthquake catalogue containing all unknown events of medium to large magnitudes are 4≤Mw<5, 5≤Mw<6, 6≤Mw<7, 7≤Mw<8 and 8≤Mw<9. After collecting earthquake raw data following process carried out to the preparation of earthquake data, Z-map used for declusturing the data, completeness of the catalogue and recurrence relation of Gutenberg-Richter's derived a frequency-magnitude recurrence relationship. Seismic hazard analysis describes the potential for earthquake related natural phenomena such as ground shaking, rupture of fault and soil liquefaction, Seismic hazard may be assessed deterministic and probabilistic approach. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) involves the development of a particular seismic scenario consisting of an earthquake of a specified size occurring at a specified location in other words provides a straightforward frame work for evaluation of worst-case ground motion. The Peak Horizontal Acceleration (PHA), Peak Vertical Acceleration (PVA) and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values obtained in the past study matches well with the values obtained by other authors studied for different area of the country.
Dams are mainly constructed of earth and rock-fill materials and hence they are generally referre... more Dams are mainly constructed of earth and rock-fill materials and hence they are generally referred to as embankment dams or fill-type dams. Earth-fill dams are simple structures which are able to prevent the sliding and overturning because of their self weight. Due to lack of suitable clay materials, sometimes the dams are designed as zoned core that is composed of three vertical zones including central impermeable core and two permeable shells on either sides of the core. A failure of earth dam is attributed to the following: hydraulic failure, seepage failure, piping through dam body and structural failure due to earthquake. The design and construction of an earth-fill dam is one of the key challenges in the field of geotechnical engineering, because of the unavoidable variation in foundation condition and the properties of the available construction materials. A homogeneous earth-fill dam should be designed with relatively flat slopes to reduce the risk of failure. The practical seepage problems are not easily convertible into an equivalent numerical counterpart because of the heterogeneity of the natural soils and the varying boundary conditions. The role of drainage system is also vital as it shifts the phreatic surface ensuring the safety of downstream toe. This paper presents the results of seepage and stability analyses of the considered earth dam using finite element method. The seepage analysis is divided into two categories viz. Steady state and Transient analyses. Based on the parametric sensitivity analysis, both the seepage and stability studies have brought out the importance of considering the coupled effects on the overall stability of the earth dam. It is concluded that the coupled analysis is a prerequisite for the design and performance evaluation of the earth dam under all conditions of seepage and stability. The study shows that increase in the Young's modulus of core and shell resulted in the decrease of the maximum crest displacement and the variation in angle of internal friction plays a vital role in the fulfilment of the overall stability criteria. The slope of 1V:2.5H was adopted for both the downstream and the upstream sides. The factor of safety (FS) was greater than 1.6 for both the full (high) reservoir condition and low reservoir condition whereas, the FS values were found to be less than the stipulated values for the other stability considerations.
Site characterization involves taking samples of soil, testing the samples, and evaluation of sub... more Site characterization involves taking samples of soil, testing the samples, and evaluation of subsurface features, subsurface material types and their properties. The accuracy of characterization depends on ground features, subsoil condition and changes in geological aspects. In order to get the geotechnical properties of the soil stratum, it is necessary to carry out experiments both in the laboratory and field. The laboratory and field tests produce information especially about the type and strength of soils which are vital for the economic and safe design of infrastructure facilities and buildings. In the Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) test, concepts of refraction analysis, time term method and tomographic inversion are used to calculate the seismic wave velocity with respect to depth for full of temple complex. The shear wave velocities are generated for 2D profiles layer and classified the soil layer are made using the results of average shear wave velocity up to top 30 m of the overburden (Vs)30
Dams are mainly constructed of earth and rock-fill materials and hence they are generally referre... more Dams are mainly constructed of earth and rock-fill materials and hence they are generally referred to as embankment dams or fill-type dams. Earth-fill dams are simple structures which are able to prevent the sliding and overturning because of their self weight. Due to lack of suitable clay materials, sometimes the dams are designed as zoned core that is composed of three vertical zones including central impermeable core and two permeable shells on either sides of the core. A failure of earth dam is attributed to the following: hydraulic failure, seepage failure, piping through dam body and structural failure due to earthquake. The design and construction of an earth-fill dam is one of the key challenges in the field of geotechnical engineering, because of the unavoidable variation in foundation condition and the properties of the available construction materials. A homogeneous earth-fill dam should be designed with relatively flat slopes to reduce the risk of failure. The practical seepage problems are not easily convertible into an equivalent numerical counterpart because of the heterogeneity of the natural soils and the varying boundary conditions. The role of drainage system is also vital as it shifts the phreatic surface ensuring the safety of downstream toe. This paper presents the results of seepage and stability analyses of the considered earth dam using finite element method. The seepage analysis is divided into two categories viz. Steady state and Transient analyses. Based on the parametric sensitivity analysis, both the seepage and stability studies have brought out the importance of considering the coupled effects on the overall stability of the earth dam. It is concluded that the coupled analysis is a prerequisite for the design and performance evaluation of the earth dam under all conditions of seepage and stability. The study shows that increase in the Young's modulus of core and shell resulted in the decrease of the maximum crest displacement and the variation in angle of internal friction plays a vital role in the fulfilment of the overall stability criteria. The slope of 1V:2.5H was adopted for both the downstream and the upstream sides. The factor of safety (FS) was greater than 1.6 for both the full (high) reservoir condition and low reservoir condition whereas, the FS values were found to be less than the stipulated values for the other stability considerations.
The present study illustrates the slope stability analysis of dyke using limit equilibrium and fi... more The present study illustrates the slope stability analysis of dyke using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Stability analysis of the dyke has to be carried with the methods practiced for earthen dam. The stability of the dyke is analyzed using limit equilibrium (SLOPE/W) and finite element (PLAXIS 2D) methods under different construction stages and different operating conditions. The three different conditions viz. stability of dyke just after the end of construction, after deposition of the bottom ash and empty on the other side and rapid drawdown of water on the bottom ash side are assessed. The flow in the third case is unconfined due to the unknown phreatic surface and the unknown nature of the seepage. The variation of phreatic line plays a vital role in the safe performance of the dyke, hence it has to be critically evaluated so that it does not cut the downstream toe of the dyke. In the SLOPE/W software, the Morgenstern-Price method is made use of in the evaluation of factor of safety. The factor of safety has also been evaluated using the PLAXIS 2D software making use of the strength-reduction technique. A typical example considered was the earth dam i.e., dyke having dimensions of 14 m height, 6 m crest with slope of 1V:2H on both the upstream and downstream sides. The subsoil was of soft disintegrated rock (SDR) for a depth of 2 m and underlain by hard rock strata for a depth of 8 m. The factors of safety evaluated for different stability conditions of the dyke have highlighted the importance of considering them separately. Based on the results, it is noted that the most critical among all the conditions is the sudden drawdown case followed by the steady seepage which is critical for the downstream slope of the dyke.
The present research paper reviews on the different seismic hazards variations in the country. Al... more The present research paper reviews on the different seismic hazards variations in the country. All the thirty-two source zones of country covered into seven geological regions. A brief highlights of return period along with a review of past PSHA effects for estimating seismic hazard in India. Earthquake catalogue containing all unknown events of medium to large magnitudes are 4≤Mw<5, 5≤Mw<6, 6≤Mw<7, 7≤Mw<8 and 8≤Mw<9. After collecting earthquake raw data following process carried out to the preparation of earthquake data, Z-map used for declusturing the data, completeness of the catalogue and recurrence relation of Gutenberg-Richter's derived a frequency-magnitude recurrence relationship. Seismic hazard analysis describes the potential for earthquake related natural phenomena such as ground shaking, rupture of fault and soil liquefaction, Seismic hazard may be assessed deterministic and probabilistic approach. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) involves the development of a particular seismic scenario consisting of an earthquake of a specified size occurring at a specified location in other words provides a straightforward frame work for evaluation of worst-case ground motion. The Peak Horizontal Acceleration (PHA), Peak Vertical Acceleration (PVA) and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values obtained in the past study matches well with the values obtained by other authors studied for different area of the country.
Site characterization involves taking samples of soil, testing the samples, and evaluation of sub... more Site characterization involves taking samples of soil, testing the samples, and evaluation of subsurface features, subsurface material types and their properties. The accuracy of characterization depends on ground features, subsoil condition and changes in geological aspects. In order to get the geotechnical properties of the soil stratum, it is necessary to carry out experiments both in the laboratory and field. The laboratory and field tests produce information especially about the type and strength of soils which are vital for the economic and safe design of infrastructure facilities and buildings. In the Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) test, concepts of refraction analysis, time term method and tomographic inversion are used to calculate the seismic wave velocity with respect to depth for full of temple complex. The shear wave velocities are generated for 2D profiles layer and classified the soil layer are made using the results of average shear wave velocity up to top 30 m of the overburden (Vs)30
—The present report highlights seismic vulnerability is closely dependent on the social and econo... more —The present report highlights seismic vulnerability is closely dependent on the social and economic condition of the population. A brief review of past Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) and site characterization of efforts for estimating seismic hazard in India Seismic hazard analysis (SHA) involves the quantitative estimation of ground shaking hazards at a particular site. Seismic hazard studies are needed for the preparation of earthquake loading regulations and for various earthquake risk management purposes. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) is a technique for estimating the annual rate of exceedance of a specified ground motion at a site due to known and suspected earthquake sources. Probabilistic analysis provides a framework in which uncertainties in the size, location, and rate of recurrence and effects of earthquakes to be explicitly considered in the evaluation of seismic hazard. Well established probabilistic analysis procedure is adopted to compute the prevalent hazard in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), short period and long period spectral accelerations for different return periods. Keywords – Earthquake PSHA, DSHA, PGA and spectral accelerations. I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION The earthquake is well-known fact that occurs without warning and involves violent shaking of the ground and everything over it. It's sudden release of accumulated strain energy of the moving lithospheric or crustal plates. The earthquake hazard can be reduced by earthquake-resistant design which may require many precautions be taken to prevent the structures from most possible types of failures. The main goal of the earthquake-resistant design is to produce a structure or facility that can withstand a certain level of shaking without excessive damage [12]. Sufficient knowledge for ground conditions is important for analyses, design and construction of projects and also delays of the project, failures etc., to the soil investigations. Hence, includes soil investigation for the part of the design process. Site characterization is one of the processes of a collection of information, consideration of data, assessment and depiction through maps without which the hazards in the below ground the site cannot be known. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) and another type of seismic hazard analysis is known as Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). In this case, we considered the uncertainties involved in the size of the earthquake, the location of the earthquake, and the rate of recurrence that is in the interval through which earthquake repeats or reoccur that of the earthquake. Considering uncertainties involved in all these parameters, then the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis is done, it was initially developed by [9].
The present study illustrates the slope stability analysis of dyke using limit equilibrium and fi... more The present study illustrates the slope stability analysis of dyke using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Stability analysis of the dyke has to be carried with the methods practiced for earthen dam. The stability of the dyke is analyzed using limit equilibrium (SLOPE/W) and finite element (PLAXIS 2D) methods under different construction stages and different operating conditions. The three different conditions viz. stability of dyke just after the end of construction, after deposition of the bottom ash and empty on the other side and rapid drawdown of water on the bottom ash side are assessed. The flow in the third case is unconfined due to the unknown phreatic surface and the unknown nature of the seepage. The variation of phreatic line plays a vital role in the safe performance of the dyke, hence it has to be critically evaluated so that it does not cut the downstream toe of the dyke. In the SLOPE/W software, the Morgenstern-Price method is made use of in the evaluation of factor of safety. The factor of safety has also been evaluated using the PLAXIS 2D software making use of the strength-reduction technique. A typical example considered was the earth dam i.e., dyke having dimensions of 14 m height, 6 m crest with slope of 1V:2H on both the upstream and downstream sides. The subsoil was of soft disintegrated rock (SDR) for a depth of 2 m and underlain by hard rock strata for a depth of 8 m. The factors of safety evaluated for different stability conditions of the dyke have highlighted the importance of considering them separately. Based on the results, it is noted that the most critical among all the conditions is the sudden drawdown case followed by the steady seepage which is critical for the downstream slope of the dyke.
The present research paper reviews on the different seismic hazards variations in the country. Al... more The present research paper reviews on the different seismic hazards variations in the country. All the thirty-two source zones of country covered into seven geological regions. A brief highlights of return period along with a review of past PSHA effects for estimating seismic hazard in India. Earthquake catalogue containing all unknown events of medium to large magnitudes are 4≤Mw<5, 5≤Mw<6, 6≤Mw<7, 7≤Mw<8 and 8≤Mw<9. After collecting earthquake raw data following process carried out to the preparation of earthquake data, Z-map used for declusturing the data, completeness of the catalogue and recurrence relation of Gutenberg-Richter's derived a frequency-magnitude recurrence relationship. Seismic hazard analysis describes the potential for earthquake related natural phenomena such as ground shaking, rupture of fault and soil liquefaction, Seismic hazard may be assessed deterministic and probabilistic approach. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) involves the development of a particular seismic scenario consisting of an earthquake of a specified size occurring at a specified location in other words provides a straightforward frame work for evaluation of worst-case ground motion. The Peak Horizontal Acceleration (PHA), Peak Vertical Acceleration (PVA) and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values obtained in the past study matches well with the values obtained by other authors studied for different area of the country.
Dams are mainly constructed of earth and rock-fill materials and hence they are generally referre... more Dams are mainly constructed of earth and rock-fill materials and hence they are generally referred to as embankment dams or fill-type dams. Earth-fill dams are simple structures which are able to prevent the sliding and overturning because of their self weight. Due to lack of suitable clay materials, sometimes the dams are designed as zoned core that is composed of three vertical zones including central impermeable core and two permeable shells on either sides of the core. A failure of earth dam is attributed to the following: hydraulic failure, seepage failure, piping through dam body and structural failure due to earthquake. The design and construction of an earth-fill dam is one of the key challenges in the field of geotechnical engineering, because of the unavoidable variation in foundation condition and the properties of the available construction materials. A homogeneous earth-fill dam should be designed with relatively flat slopes to reduce the risk of failure. The practical seepage problems are not easily convertible into an equivalent numerical counterpart because of the heterogeneity of the natural soils and the varying boundary conditions. The role of drainage system is also vital as it shifts the phreatic surface ensuring the safety of downstream toe. This paper presents the results of seepage and stability analyses of the considered earth dam using finite element method. The seepage analysis is divided into two categories viz. Steady state and Transient analyses. Based on the parametric sensitivity analysis, both the seepage and stability studies have brought out the importance of considering the coupled effects on the overall stability of the earth dam. It is concluded that the coupled analysis is a prerequisite for the design and performance evaluation of the earth dam under all conditions of seepage and stability. The study shows that increase in the Young's modulus of core and shell resulted in the decrease of the maximum crest displacement and the variation in angle of internal friction plays a vital role in the fulfilment of the overall stability criteria. The slope of 1V:2.5H was adopted for both the downstream and the upstream sides. The factor of safety (FS) was greater than 1.6 for both the full (high) reservoir condition and low reservoir condition whereas, the FS values were found to be less than the stipulated values for the other stability considerations.
Site characterization involves taking samples of soil, testing the samples, and evaluation of sub... more Site characterization involves taking samples of soil, testing the samples, and evaluation of subsurface features, subsurface material types and their properties. The accuracy of characterization depends on ground features, subsoil condition and changes in geological aspects. In order to get the geotechnical properties of the soil stratum, it is necessary to carry out experiments both in the laboratory and field. The laboratory and field tests produce information especially about the type and strength of soils which are vital for the economic and safe design of infrastructure facilities and buildings. In the Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) test, concepts of refraction analysis, time term method and tomographic inversion are used to calculate the seismic wave velocity with respect to depth for full of temple complex. The shear wave velocities are generated for 2D profiles layer and classified the soil layer are made using the results of average shear wave velocity up to top 30 m of the overburden (Vs)30
Dams are mainly constructed of earth and rock-fill materials and hence they are generally referre... more Dams are mainly constructed of earth and rock-fill materials and hence they are generally referred to as embankment dams or fill-type dams. Earth-fill dams are simple structures which are able to prevent the sliding and overturning because of their self weight. Due to lack of suitable clay materials, sometimes the dams are designed as zoned core that is composed of three vertical zones including central impermeable core and two permeable shells on either sides of the core. A failure of earth dam is attributed to the following: hydraulic failure, seepage failure, piping through dam body and structural failure due to earthquake. The design and construction of an earth-fill dam is one of the key challenges in the field of geotechnical engineering, because of the unavoidable variation in foundation condition and the properties of the available construction materials. A homogeneous earth-fill dam should be designed with relatively flat slopes to reduce the risk of failure. The practical seepage problems are not easily convertible into an equivalent numerical counterpart because of the heterogeneity of the natural soils and the varying boundary conditions. The role of drainage system is also vital as it shifts the phreatic surface ensuring the safety of downstream toe. This paper presents the results of seepage and stability analyses of the considered earth dam using finite element method. The seepage analysis is divided into two categories viz. Steady state and Transient analyses. Based on the parametric sensitivity analysis, both the seepage and stability studies have brought out the importance of considering the coupled effects on the overall stability of the earth dam. It is concluded that the coupled analysis is a prerequisite for the design and performance evaluation of the earth dam under all conditions of seepage and stability. The study shows that increase in the Young's modulus of core and shell resulted in the decrease of the maximum crest displacement and the variation in angle of internal friction plays a vital role in the fulfilment of the overall stability criteria. The slope of 1V:2.5H was adopted for both the downstream and the upstream sides. The factor of safety (FS) was greater than 1.6 for both the full (high) reservoir condition and low reservoir condition whereas, the FS values were found to be less than the stipulated values for the other stability considerations.
The present study illustrates the slope stability analysis of dyke using limit equilibrium and fi... more The present study illustrates the slope stability analysis of dyke using limit equilibrium and finite element methods. Stability analysis of the dyke has to be carried with the methods practiced for earthen dam. The stability of the dyke is analyzed using limit equilibrium (SLOPE/W) and finite element (PLAXIS 2D) methods under different construction stages and different operating conditions. The three different conditions viz. stability of dyke just after the end of construction, after deposition of the bottom ash and empty on the other side and rapid drawdown of water on the bottom ash side are assessed. The flow in the third case is unconfined due to the unknown phreatic surface and the unknown nature of the seepage. The variation of phreatic line plays a vital role in the safe performance of the dyke, hence it has to be critically evaluated so that it does not cut the downstream toe of the dyke. In the SLOPE/W software, the Morgenstern-Price method is made use of in the evaluation of factor of safety. The factor of safety has also been evaluated using the PLAXIS 2D software making use of the strength-reduction technique. A typical example considered was the earth dam i.e., dyke having dimensions of 14 m height, 6 m crest with slope of 1V:2H on both the upstream and downstream sides. The subsoil was of soft disintegrated rock (SDR) for a depth of 2 m and underlain by hard rock strata for a depth of 8 m. The factors of safety evaluated for different stability conditions of the dyke have highlighted the importance of considering them separately. Based on the results, it is noted that the most critical among all the conditions is the sudden drawdown case followed by the steady seepage which is critical for the downstream slope of the dyke.
The present research paper reviews on the different seismic hazards variations in the country. Al... more The present research paper reviews on the different seismic hazards variations in the country. All the thirty-two source zones of country covered into seven geological regions. A brief highlights of return period along with a review of past PSHA effects for estimating seismic hazard in India. Earthquake catalogue containing all unknown events of medium to large magnitudes are 4≤Mw<5, 5≤Mw<6, 6≤Mw<7, 7≤Mw<8 and 8≤Mw<9. After collecting earthquake raw data following process carried out to the preparation of earthquake data, Z-map used for declusturing the data, completeness of the catalogue and recurrence relation of Gutenberg-Richter's derived a frequency-magnitude recurrence relationship. Seismic hazard analysis describes the potential for earthquake related natural phenomena such as ground shaking, rupture of fault and soil liquefaction, Seismic hazard may be assessed deterministic and probabilistic approach. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis (DSHA) involves the development of a particular seismic scenario consisting of an earthquake of a specified size occurring at a specified location in other words provides a straightforward frame work for evaluation of worst-case ground motion. The Peak Horizontal Acceleration (PHA), Peak Vertical Acceleration (PVA) and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) values obtained in the past study matches well with the values obtained by other authors studied for different area of the country.
Site characterization involves taking samples of soil, testing the samples, and evaluation of sub... more Site characterization involves taking samples of soil, testing the samples, and evaluation of subsurface features, subsurface material types and their properties. The accuracy of characterization depends on ground features, subsoil condition and changes in geological aspects. In order to get the geotechnical properties of the soil stratum, it is necessary to carry out experiments both in the laboratory and field. The laboratory and field tests produce information especially about the type and strength of soils which are vital for the economic and safe design of infrastructure facilities and buildings. In the Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) test, concepts of refraction analysis, time term method and tomographic inversion are used to calculate the seismic wave velocity with respect to depth for full of temple complex. The shear wave velocities are generated for 2D profiles layer and classified the soil layer are made using the results of average shear wave velocity up to top 30 m of the overburden (Vs)30
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