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Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Krak des Chevaliers

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Krak des Chevaliers
concentric castle, crusader castle, castle
Pahi laCrac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din Mali niŋ
Di pilli ni1031 Mali niŋ
Zuliya wuhibuKrak des Chevaliers Mali niŋ
Tum' baŋsimCrusader, Crusades Mali niŋ
TiŋaSyria Mali niŋ
Din be shɛli polonaAl-Husn, Syria Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli34°45′25″N 36°17′41″E Mali niŋ
Ŋun su li n-nyɛKnights Hospitaller Mali niŋ
Significant eventList of World Heritage in Danger Mali niŋ
Binyɛra ka bɛ zaŋ namlilimestone Mali niŋ
Contraji ŋun su tumaShibl al-Dawla Nasr, Knights Hospitaller Mali niŋ
Heritage designationpart of UNESCO World Heritage Site Mali niŋ
World Heritage soli(ii), (vi) Mali niŋ
Category for the view from the itemCategory:Views from Krak des Chevaliers Mali niŋ
Map
E-Class

Krak des Chevaliers , Arabic: قلعة الحصن, romanized: Qalʿat al-Ḥiṣn also called Hisn al-Akrad (Arabic: حصن الأكراد, romanized: Ḥiṣn al-Akrād, lit. 'Fortress of the Kurds') and formerly Crac de l'Ospital; Krak des Chevaliers or Crac des Chevaliers (French pronunciation: ​[kʁak de ʃ(ə)valje]),

nyɛla daadaa kastili be Syria ka nyɛ kastili shɛli bɛ ni gu ka di ni mali afaani dunia. Kuridish n daa be ni tuuli 11th century ka di tahiMirdasids na. Yuuni 1142 di daa zaŋ mi ti Raymond II, Count of Tripoli, n zaŋ ti Knights Hospitaller. Di daa bela bɛ sulinsi ni ka naan yi ti lu yuuni 1271.

Hospitallers maa daa labi mi pili kastili maa mɛbu yuma din gbaai 1140s ka daa ti naai 1170 tiŋgbani damli ni daa saɣim li nyaaŋa. Kastili nima din daa be County of Tripoli boda nima daa malila tariga, tiŋa titali din daa be First Crusade nyaaŋa. Krak des Chevaliers daa nyɛla din gahim, ka nyɛ soojɛnima biɛhigu sheei. Di buyi labi mɛ nyaaŋa 13th century saha, Krak des Chevaliers daa leei la concentric castle. Dini n daa nam nyaaŋa polo gooni la. Lala yuma ŋɔ tuuli pirigili daa buɣisila Krak des Chevaliers' ni "golden age". Di zuɣusaa, Krak des Chevaliers mali la garrison din galisim paai 2,000. 1250s zaŋ kana Knights Hospitaller daa bi niŋ saha ka 1271 Mamluk Sultan Baibars daa gbaai Krak des Chevaliers siege din daa niŋ 36 days nyaaŋa, ka di nyɛla chuuta gbɔŋ din daa Hospitallers' Grand Master ti chɛ ka Knights bi chaŋ viɛnyɛla.

Niya nima daa labi mi kpuɣi Crusader castles 19th century saha n niŋ vihigu zaŋ chaŋ Krak des Chevaliers, ni mɛbu niya shɛŋa di ni mali. 19th bahigu bee 20th century piligu bi daa mɛ binshɛŋa kastili ŋɔ ni, ka di daa saɣim di sitira. Ninvuɣi kɔbisinu ban daa be din ni la daa yi mi yuuni 1933 ka bɛ daa zaŋ kastili ŋɔ ti French Alawite State nima, ka bɛ daa labi kpuɣi daa luhi ni labi zali niya. Syria ni daa yihi bɛ maŋsulinsi polo yuuni 1946, ka bɛ daa paa su li.

Zuŋɔ, al-Husn tiŋkpaŋa daa bela kastili ŋɔ sheei ka mali ninvuɣi biɛlim kalinlj 9,000. Krak des Chevaliers nyɛla 40 kilometres (25 mi) waɣilim zaŋ chaŋ Homs tiŋgbani wulinpuhili polo, din miri Lebanon boda, ka be sulinsi ni. Tum yuuni 2006, Krak des Chevaliers mini Qal'at Salah El-Din daa nyɛla din pahi UNESCO World Heritage Sites ni.[1] Di yaɣishɛli daa saɣim la Syrian civil war la ni. Tum di saha, di labi mɛ tuma daa pili la ni. UNESCO mini Syrian gɔmnanti tiri la di lahabli yuuni yuuni.[2]

Etymology

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Zaamani ŋɔ Arabic bachi din za nti kastili nyɛla qal'a, amaa krat des chevaliers nyɛla "hisn", kadi booni hosn [ hɔs'n ] Syria Arabic[3] zilinli zuɣu bee " fort ". Dinbɔŋɔ nyɛla bɛ ni yihi shɛli yuli Hosn al-Akrãd puuni, kadi gbunni nyɛ 'fort of the kurds'.[4][5] Di daa nyɛla Franks ( i. e. Crusaders ) ni booni shɛli Le Crat, ka gabiro ni karak ( fortress ), Le Crac.[6][7] Crat daa nyɛla Frenchi bachi yaɣilila puuni nti Akrãd, n zaŋ ti Kurds. Baŋmi ni ka dama ni taarihi puuni, laribu yariba zaŋ la crusader nima nti " Franks " mini " Latins " ni di waligi ba ka che asɔrinima ban nyɛ Byzantines di ni ni niŋ ka crusader nima ŋɔ booni Musulinima ŋɔ " Saracens " nima.[8][9][10] Franks yɛlimaŋli taarihi nyɛla din pirigi bɛ empaya yuuni 843 puuni ka di bi yuugi ka bi yiɣi kpe Asia.

Baayan knights Hospitaller ŋɔ daa deegi kastili ŋɔ n niŋ o sulinsi ni, di daa nyɛla bɛ ni mi shɛli Crac de I'Ospital ; Guillaume - Rey's 1871 tuma soli zuɣu, di daa nyɛla chronicler nima ban nyɛ crusader nima kamani Crac des Chevaliers nima ŋɔ ( di sabbu n lahi nyɛ Krak des Chevaliers ), ka Chevalier nyɛ Frenchi bachi n zaŋ ti " knights " ( c.f chivalry silimiisili ni yina mi " Chevalerie" Frenchi bachi ni ).[11][12][13]

Biɛhigu sheei

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Krak des Chevaliers overlooking the surrounding area.

Lala kastili ŋɔ nyɛla din za zuɣusaa ka di waɣilim nyɛ 650 mitesi (2,130 ft ) zaŋ gbaagi Tartus, Syria wulin puhili yaɣili din be Homs Gap.[14] Lala fɔlingi ŋɔ yaɣili zuɣu, di nyɛla 27 kilomiesi (17 mi ) zaŋ yi, dini n daa nyɛ Gibelacar castle ( Hisn Ibn Akkar ).[15]12th century ni. Soli din yiri lala Homs fɔlingi din niŋ talahi ŋɔ chaŋ mi ti gɔhi bee n gbaagi Tripoli mini Homs fɔndi. Jebel Ansariyah dola kastili ŋɔ nu zaa zuɣu ka Lebanon do nu dirigu zuɣu. Luɣi shɛŋa ŋan gili li nyɛla din mali kulim,[16]ka kulibɔna mini saa niŋdiba anfaani.[17] Crusader nima tiŋgbani ŋɔ mali kulim nti kɔbu a yi zaŋli maɣisi Kingdom of Jerusalem tiŋ zuɣu ŋɔ. Tripoli kuɣu bihi baligu ŋɔ daa viɛli ti luɣishɛŋa din nyɛ gubu dini.[18]

Tripoli buni daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ ti knights yuuni 1140s pulini, nti pahi Krak des Chevaliers, Rafanea mini Montferrand tiŋsi ŋɔ, nti pahi Beqa'a plain ŋɔ nyɛla din pirigi Homs mini Tripoli. Homs daa na ʒin be crusader nima ŋɔ sulinsi ni, din zuɣu yaɣili din gbaagi Krak des Chevaliers daa nyɛla din kuli zoora poloni lala tiŋ maa ni. Di mini di niriba maa zaa tahi knights yɛlimuɣisira zaŋchaŋ gubu ni bi teritori maa zaa yoli, di daa ŋmanila Homs miribami ni bi nyɛŋ ba. Kastili ŋɔ so wuhibo ni poli yaɣi ŋɔ, di daa nyɛla luɣishɛli din niŋ talahi nti knights.[19][20]

Taarihi

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Position of the Krak des Chevaliers within the County of Tripoli.

Origins and Crusader period

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13th century so doligu puuni, Ibn Shaddad ŋun daa nyɛ taarihi baŋda yuuni 1031 pulini Aleppo mini Homs Mirdasid emir, shibla al- Dawla Nasr daa kpala Kurdish tribesmen setilimenti kastili maa polo,[21] ka di daa booni " Hisn al-safh ".[22][23] Nasr daa labisi Hisn al-safh na ni di sɔŋ ka di kpa Mirdasids so shɛli din be Tripoli yaɣili la, baayan bi daa kɔŋ Hisn Ibn Akkar nti Fatimids yuuni 1029 pulini.[24] Nasr linjin kpam tali ŋɔ ni Kurdish trupsi lala yaɣili ŋɔ zuɣu, bɛ daa mila kastili ŋɔ la " Hisn al-Akkãd ( fortress of the Kurds ).[25][26] Kastili ŋɔ daa dola Jibal al-Alawiyin zoli ŋɔ nu dirigu zuɣu n zaŋ ti gbaagi palli din do Homs mini Tripoli sunsuuni.[27] Kastilinima ŋɔ ni daa mera, dibaŋdiba ( engineers ) maa daa piila yaɣishɛŋa ŋan kpuɣi zuɣusaa, kamani kunkuna mini zoya, din daa tiri gbura din nyɛ Naawuni nama.[28]

Napɔŋ din kpuɣi yuuni 1099 January n chaŋ Jerusalem First Crusade maa saha, Raymond IV of Toulouse din nyɛ kompini la daa nyɛla Hisn al-Akrãd linjimanima la ni kpe shɛba ni yaa, Krak guuri tooni dana so ŋun niŋ yom ni Raymond Foraja nima.[29]

Biɛɣu ni daa neegi, ka Raymond chaŋ kastili ŋɔ ni nti nyɛ ka di lɛbila tankpaɣu. Ka crusader nima ŋɔ deegi kastili ŋɔ zaa lala yuuni maa February goli puuni amaa ka chɛli saha shɛli bɛ ni daa tuɣi bɛ chandi zaŋ chaŋ Jerusalem. Tuma nima daa pilila yuuni 1110 pulini di ni daa niŋ ka Tancred Prince of Galilee deegi lala yaɣili maa n niŋ o sulinsi ni.[30] Kastili daŋdili maa daa be di ko ka che din kpalim, ka lala tuuni kastili bobi shɛli bɛ niŋ nyɛvuli lala yaɣili maa.[31]

Knights Hospitaller laɣingu piɛbu puuni bi ne, amaa di yimina 1070s ŋɔ Jerusalem tiŋgbani. Di pilimi ni religious order din mali zaɣa ni barinima ka naanyi doli na nti yuli haʒi chendiba zaŋ chaŋ tiŋgbani shɛli din niŋ kasi. Baayan tuuli crusade din capturing Jerusalem in 1909, crusader ŋɔ pirigili daa zaŋ bi buni pala din be Levant la nti St.John Ashibiti la. Suŋsim din daa daŋ na daa nyɛla din be Kingdom of Jerusalem pali shɛli din kpa la, amaa saha shɛli laɣingu daa yɛligi bi gbubibu ni crusader tiŋsi ŋɔ Tripoli tiŋgbani, ni Principality of Antioch din mali gbubiri suŋ. Shɛhiranima wuhiya ni yuuni 1130s lala laɣingu ŋɔ lɛbila linjin tali[32][33] saha shɛli Fulk, King of Jerusalem tiŋgbani mi daa yihi kastili pali shɛli din daa mɛ Beth Gibelin nti laɣingu ŋɔ yuuni 1136.[34][35] Yuuni 1139 sunsuuni mini yuuni 1143, ' papal bull ' ni tooi wuhi ni laɣingu ŋɔ bɔmi niriba ka bi ka taɣi haʒi niŋdiba. Linjin laɣinshɛba daa lahi pahi, kamani knights Templar, ban daa bo gubu nti haʒi niŋdiba.[36][37]

Artist's rendering of Krak des Chevaliers as seen from the northeast. From Guillaume-Rey, Étude sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre (1871).

Yuuni 1142 mini 1144 sunsuuni Raymond II ŋun nyɛ Tripoli zuɣulana ŋɔ ti laɣingu ŋɔ buni tiŋ maa ni.[38][39] Jonathan Riley Smith ŋun nyɛ taarihi baŋda zilinkom zuɣu, lala ' Hospitaller nima ŋɔ nyɛla ban kpa " palatinate " Tripoli sunsuuni.[40][41] ka di mali yaa. Lala buni maa laɣimla Kastilinima din leegi ka Hospitaller nima ŋɔ daa mali niya ni bɛ gu ka taɣi Tripoli tiŋgbani. Krak des Chevalier nima lahi pahiya, Hospitaller nima ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni zaŋ kastili dibaa anahi shɛŋa din baɣi tiŋ maa bɔdanima nti ba, ka di che ka laɣingu maa galisi ka deegi lala luɣili maa zaa. Raymond II mini lala laɣingu ŋɔ gbaabu puuni wuhiya ni o yi bi bɛli lala laɣingu maa zaa tɔbu tuhiri ŋɔ, din ŋuna lala saɣingu maa zami nti laɣingu maa zaa, di mi yi di niŋ ka o kani, waligimsim naan kana tooni dana maa mini laɣingu maa sunsuuni. Din lahi pahi, Raymond II naan ku tooi bo suhidoo ni Musulinima kadi pala Hospitaller nima ŋɔ nti o soli.[42][43] Hospitaller nima ŋɔ lɛbigi Krak des Chevalier nima ŋɔ ka di zani nti luɣishɛli bɛ buni pala saawaranima ni yɛn gbahira, ka di tuma tumdi kastili maa puuni din yɛn che ka di lɛbigili shɛli crusader tali kpaŋsibu ni yɛn be Levant tiŋgbani.[44][45]

Baayan bi deegi lala luɣili maa yuuni 1142 puuni, bɛ pilila kastili pala mɛbu ni di zani nti Kurdish kpaŋsibo din daa pun gari la. Lala tuma ŋɔ daa kuli nyɛla din yuugi hali ni yuuni 1170, saha shɛli tiŋgbani dambo ni daa saɣim kastili maa. Yibu shee din nyɛ laribu dini wuhiya ni lala tiŋgbani dambo ŋɔ n saɣim kastili maa jɛma duu (castle's capel), din daa yɛn zani jɛma du kurili maa zaani.[46][47] Yuuni 1163, crusader nima ŋɔ daa yi yiri shɛli din nyɛ nasara dini Nur ad-Din zuɣu Battle of al-Buqaia tɔbu puuni ka di miri Krak des Chevalier nima.[48][49]

Yuuni 1175 mini 1180 sunsuuni, sanzali daa che ka crusader nima ŋɔ mini Musulinima ŋɔ dihi nuu ni yuma ayi, amaa ka Tripoli ka lala bini maa puuni. 1180s yuuni pulini, Musulinima mini chefurinima muɣisibu ni taba zaŋ chaŋ bɛ luɣa polo daa kuli nyɛla din bɛni saha kam.[50][51] Yuuni 1180, Saladin daa kpe Tripoli tiŋgbani nti saɣindi lala yaɣili maa. O paabu din pa yurilim dini tɔbu puuni, crusader nima ŋɔ daa labisi bɛ ʒiʒii ni kpee ŋun guri nyaaŋa ni bɛ yaa ŋɔ. Saladin daa bi tooi gu ka taɣi lala luɣili maa di ni daa leegi ka o daa bi tooi fa kastili maa, ni saha shɛli bɛ ni labisi o nyaaŋa maa, Hospitaller nima ŋɔ daa tooi labi m mali bi tiŋgbani shɛŋa din daa saɣim saɣim maa.[52][53] Battle of Hattin shɛli din daa ŋme yuuni 1187 la daa nyɛla binshɛɣu din n zaŋ nti crusader nima ŋɔ lubu. Lusignan Guy, Jerusalem na zuɣu daa nyɛla bɛ ni gbahi shɛba ni yɛlimaŋli saha shɛli tuuli crusader nima maa ni daa kpa. Din nyaaŋa ka Saladin ti soli ni bɛ darigi bɛ ni daa gbahi Templar mini Hospitaller knights shɛba maa. Lala nima ŋɔ n daa nyɛ ban kuli guri crusader fɔndi ŋɔ.[54][55] Tobu maa nyaaŋa, Belmont, Belvoir mini Bethgibelin Hospitaller Kastilinima ŋɔ daa lu n zahim ti Musulinima ban nyɛ linjimanima ŋɔ. Lala laɣingu ŋɔ kuli zaŋla bɛ nina n kpa bɛ kastili din be Tripoli la di mini lubu lubu maa zaa daa niŋya maa yoli.[56][57] Silimiin goli May, yuuni 1188 puuni, Saladin daa nyɛla ŋun gari tooni n zaŋ linjima n chaŋ Krak des Chevalier nima ŋɔ ŋmɛbu, amaa bɛ ni daa nyɛ kastili maa, bɛ daa baŋya ni kastili maa be gubu puuni, di saha ka bɛ chaŋ nti kpe Margat Hospitaller kastili maa puuni, din gba daa leegi ka o bi tooi kpehili nuuni.[58][59]

Tiŋgbani damli shɛli daa lahi niŋ yuuni 1202, ka di nyɛla kastili maa labimi m mali baayan lala damli maa nyaaŋa. 13th century puuni tuma ŋɔ n daa nyɛ saha bahigu shɛli bɛ ni daa zaŋ m mɛ Krak des Chevaliers tiŋgbani ka di ti di punpɔŋɔna viɛlim. Kuɣa du kpulli daa mɛya yuuni 1142 mini 1170 sunsuuni, ka tuuli mɛbu maa lɛbi kastili maa puuni duu. Dii yidi daa niŋ ka goma mɛ n gili lala puuni, duu maa di n di kana ka ti punpɔŋɔ na nyaaŋa goma, di bobili shɛli di pala din yɛn baŋ.[60][61]

Cutaway section of the Krak from south to north
Cutaway section of the Krak from south to north

13th century tuuli pirigili maa daa nyɛla be Krak des Chevaliers " silimiin yuma ", ka crusader yaɣishɛŋa din mali yahi kana nti doni luɣishɛŋa din bi lu n zahim, Krak des Chevalier nima mini bɛ linjin tusaa ayi (2000) n deegi lala bɔbili maa zaa. Di daa nyɛla luɣishɛli din mali yaa ka di leegi ka di kpalim crusader nima ŋɔ yuuni 1271, ka di daa lahi nyɛ yaɣi kpeeni shɛli din mali kom pam din nyɛ din kpalim crusader nima ŋɔ sulinsi puuni kpalindi zaa lala saha maa crusader nima ban daa gari kulilala yaɣili maa daa nyɛla ban kpalim n zani kastili maani, ka ti sɔŋsima. Hungray na so ŋun yuli booni Andrew II la daa kaagi kastili maa yuuni 1218 ka moli ni kastili ŋɔ nyɛla asɔri tiŋgbani saafe. O daa niŋ suhupiɛlli pam ni kastili maa zaŋ chaŋ yuuni kam o ni yihiri o laɣi nyɔri din nyɛ maaki pihi yɔbu (60 marks) mini maaki pihinahi (40marks) ntiri masita mini ban kam kpalim.

Geoffrey de Joinville, ŋun nyɛ bɛ ni mi so 'chronicler ' crusades la, Jean de Joinville kpila Krak des chevaliers yuuni 1203 bee 1204 ka bɛ daa sɔɣi o kastili jɛma duu maa ni.[62]

Zaamani yɛli kpeeni shɛli din bɛni zaŋ jɛndi Krak des Chevaliers nima nyɛla Musulinsi pilli ni nuu timbu ni Musulinsi tooni tibo ka lahi yuuni zuɣusaa zaŋ chaŋ nyaaŋa labilo din dalim crusader nima ni ŋɔ di mini bɛ ku gbaaya ni knights Hospitaller ŋɔ zaŋla kpɛŋ Hama mini Homs setilimenti puuni ni bi niŋ nu puɣu n niŋlala laɣingu din mali maa. Yalli daa bi di saha dini daa leegi ka ninvuɣi shɛba ban yɛn deegi Saladin ŋɔ niŋ nyɔna nyɔna bɛ sunsuuni. Waɣilim din be Krak des Chevaliers zaŋ chaŋ Musulinsi yaɣa ti li soli ka di kpuɣila taya tumbu soya, din niŋ di kamani pilli n nyɛla ka bɛ yɛn muɣisi fɔndi din baɣi baɣi li. Zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1203, linjimanima ŋɔ daa nyɛla ban kperi Montferrand ( din be Musulinsi sulisi puuni ) mini Hama, ni yuuni 1207 mini 1208, kastili ŋɔ linjimanima daa tim nuu ni Homs ataakibu maa ni Krak des Chevaliers nima ŋɔ nyɛla zoosim pilli n zaŋ nti Hama yuuni 1230 mini 1233 pulini baayan amir zuɣisiya ni o ku ŋme nupuɣu. Ŋun daa pun gari maa daa ni nyɛ nasara, amaa yuuni 1233, zoosim daa nyɛla din wuhiri kpɛŋ, ka to ayirimo zaŋ chaŋ Krak des Chevalier nima ŋɔ daanfaani.[63][64]

The area between the inner and outer walls is narrow and was not used for accommodation.

Yuuni 1250s puuni, Hospitaller nima ŋɔ zuɣusuŋ tali Krak des Chevaliers tiŋgbani nyɛla din kpuɣi napɔŋ din nyɛ zaɣibiɛɣu. Musulin linjimanima ban kalinli yiɣisi dabba tuhi pia (10000 men) nyɛla ban saɣim tiŋgbani maa yaɣishɛli din be kastili maa polo yuuni 1252, baayan lala laɣingu maa ni daa lu pam. Yuuni 1268, Hugues Revel ŋun nyɛ masitala kɔmpleniya lala yaɣili maa daa pun deela niriba ban kalinli yiɣisi tuhi pia (1000), ka di saɣim punpɔŋɔ ka lala laɣingu ŋɔ buni din be Jerusalem tiŋgbani kpalim yihiri nyɔri biɛlifu na. O daa lahi baŋya ni saha ŋɔ lala laɣingu ŋɔ niriba ban kpalim m be wulin puhili yaɣili kpalim la kamani niriba kɔbisi ta (300). Musulinsi ŋɔ yaɣili zuɣu, yuuni 1260, Baibars daa lɛbila Egypt Sultan din daa leegi ka bɛ yihi toon'dana so ŋun na biɛni ka o yuli booni Qutuz, ka chaŋ ni o ti laɣim Egypt mini Syria Musulinsi setilimenti din daa pun ŋme nupuɣu n niŋ Hospitaller nima ban be Krak des Chevaliers la bɛ lahi zɔri dabiɛm ni bi niŋ laa.[65][66]

Hugues Revel ŋun ŋuna, ninvuɣishɛba ban guli Kastilinima ŋɔ bɛ ni baŋ ka piigi shɛba ; Pierre de Mirmande ( Grand Commander ) mini Geoffrey le Rat ( Grand Master ). Baibars daa kpe yaɣishɛŋa ŋan be Krak des Chevalier ŋɔ polo yuuni 1270, ka di ti o nachimba maa soli ni bi zaŋ bi binkɔbiri ka bɛ ŋubiri mɔri kastili maa yaɣili saha shɛli o ni daa deegi lahibali maa lala yuuni shɛli king Louis IX of France la na ni daa ʒi crusade din pahiri dibaa anii tooni tali maa, Baibars daa yi Cairo tiŋgbani din yɛn taɣi zaba zaba. Baayan Louis kpibu nyaaŋa yuuni 1271, Baibars daa labina ni o ti kpehi Krak des Chevaliers nuuni. Poi ka o naanyi chaŋ kastili ŋɔ ni, Sultan daa gbaala kastili bihi din be lala yaɣili maa, nti pahi Chastel Blanc. March goli dabaa ata dali, Baibars linjimanima maa paana Krak des Chevaliers.[67][68] Saha shɛli Sultan ti yɛn yina nimaani, Mamluk fɔɔsis pun yɛn taɣi taɣi la Kastilinima ŋɔ n zali dabisa gbaliŋ.[69][70] Laribu akawunti nima din kpari kpari ŋɔ zaɣi yini n na nyɛ punpɔŋɔ na dini, nti pahi Ibn Shaddad, di mini o daa ka lala luɣili maa zaa yoli. Piizantinima ban daa be lala yaɣili maa daa nyɛla ban kpuɣi napɔŋ n labi kastili shɛli din nyɛ gubu dini, ka di lahi nyɛ bɛ ni zaŋ shɛli ka di be nyaaŋa gooni maa polo. Baibars yi kuli paana, o ŋoola mangonel nima din nyɛ tobu buni kpeeni shɛli o ni yɛn zaŋ n lɛbigi m pa kastili maa zuɣu. Gooni bilifu din be sambani n kperi na kastili maa ni, Ibn Shaddad sabila lala dabisa ayi maa n sɔŋ ka tuuli boobu din nyɛ gubu dini lu nti ban ko n gili linjimanima maa.[71][72]

Saa nahim lala luɣili maa, amaa March goli biɛɣu pishi ni yini dali, dini daa kuli niŋ ka Krak des Chevaliers nudirigu yaɣili mini Baibars fɔɔsis kpɛhi 'triangular outwork palisade ni daa gu shɛli la nuuni. March goli biɛɣu pihita yini ka dali, lala ninvuɣi shɛba ban ataakiri li ŋɔ gbi taawa maa gbunni din be southwest larigi maa ni maa, ka di che ka di wurim ka Baibars linjin shɛba ban ataakiri ŋɔ kpe lala voli maa ni. Sambani duu ŋɔ puuni, bɛ daa laɣimya ni piizantinima ban bo gubu kastili maa puuni. Di mini sambani duu maa luya maa zaa yoli, nti pahi linjin biɛli shɛba bɛ ni daa ku maa, crusader nima ŋɔ labi nyaaŋa ni dabiɛm zaŋ chaŋ duu din be puuni. Baayan biɛɣu pia nyaaŋa, bisiijinima ŋɔ zaŋ washiika nti ti linjin gɔɣu nima ŋɔ, din yi knights Hospitaller nima Grand Masita sani Tripoli tiŋgbani, ka di tiba soli (aman) ka bi laɣim chisimam yuuni 1271 April goli dabaa anii dali.[73] Di mi ni washiika maa zaa daa nyɛ ʒiri maa zaa yoli, linjin gɔɣu ŋɔ laɣim gbaagi ka Sultan che bi nyavuya.[74][75] Ninvuɣi pali shɛba ban su kastili maa kpuɣi napɔna ni di malibu, ka bi zaŋsim zaa biɛla sambani duu maa puuni.[76][77] Hospitaller jɛma duu maa daa lɛbigila mosque ni mihrab dibaa ayi ( prayer niches ) din pahi puuni maa.[78][79]

Nyaaŋa Taarihi/ Later History

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
The east end of the castle's barrel-vaulted chapel
The south face of the inner ward with its steep glacis

Ottoman saha (1516-1918), kastili ŋɔ daa nyɛla din deegi lookali Janissaries kɔmpini ka di daa lahi zani nti luɣishɛli bɛ ni deeri farigu - nahiye ( tax district ) din be Hisn al-Akrãd, ka nyɛ tuuli din tabi Tripoli Sanjak ni Homs, Tripoli Eyalet yaɣa ayi maa zaa. Kastili maa maŋ maŋa daa nyɛla dizdar ni kɔmandiri shɛli (( castle warden ). Turkmen mini Kurdish bala pam daa ʒinila lala yaɣili maa ka district maa be ninvuɣi gahinda ban yi Dandashi zuliyani ŋɔ sulinsi puuni 18th century saha. Yuuni 1844, Ottoman gɔmnanti ŋɔ daa yɛn kpa linjin gɔri kɔmpini nimaani, amaa ka labi taɣi ni niiyanima baayan gbaabu gbaaya ni kastili maa nyɛla din kurigi ka di kpebu lahi niŋ tom. Yaɣili din nyɛ district ŋɔ zuɣu daa nyɛla bɛ ni labisi shɛli ka di miri Talkalakh.[80][81]

Bɛ ni daa yihi Franks tiŋgbani shɛli din niŋ kasi n naai yuuni 1291, European nima ŋɔ mini kastili crusader nima maa tabi baŋbu daa gbarigiya. Di daa bi niŋ hali ni saha shɛli 19th century ni daa labisi zaŋsim na zaŋ chaŋ lala ya maa lɛbigibu, di saha tiɛhi zilima mi daa kani poi yuuni 1837. Emmanuel Guillaume - Rey n daa nyɛ European tuuli vihigu baŋda ŋun karim crusader nima kastili tiŋgbani shɛli din niŋ kasi.[82] Yuuni 1871, o daa zaŋ Etudes sur les monuments de I' architecture militaire des Croisés en syrie et dans île de chyper n wuhi salo, di ni n nyɛ plan nima mini drawing nima zaŋ jɛndi crusader kastili shɛŋa din be Syria, nti pahi Krak des Chevaliers. Saha shɛŋa o drawing nima ni bɛ za dede, yaha Krak des Chevaliers tiŋgbani bɛ sabiri nahingbana shɛŋa din daa leegi ka di barigi.[83]

Smoke coming from the castle in August 2013, during the Syrian Civil War

Paul Deschamps daa kaagi kastili maa yuuni 1927 February goli puuni saha shɛli Rey ni daa kaagi kastili 19th century puuni tiŋkpaŋ din niriba paai kɔbisi nu daa kpaya kastili maa puuni. Du gbɛri shɛŋa din daa labi mali maa daa lahi saɣim ya: gbunni yanima daa lɛbi lɔba noya ka luɣishɛŋa mi ka batilimenti nima gba saɣim. Deschamps mini fellow architect François Anus buɣisiya ni bi daa yihi detritus shɛŋa ; Genaral Maurice Gamelin yihi la Alawite linjimanima pihi yɔbu ni bi sɔŋ. Deschamps yila yuuni 1927 March goli puuni, ka tuma pili saha shɛli o ni daa labina yuma ayi nyaaŋa. Deschamps tuma zuɣusaa dubu kastili ŋɔ puuni daa che ka o zaŋ Les Châteaux des Croisés en Terre Sante I: le Crac des Chevaliers n wuhi salo yuuni 1934, nti pahi Anus plan zilima.[84] Lala vihigu ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni paɣi shɛli ka linjima taarihi baŋda ŋun yuli booni D.J. Cathcart King buɣisili ni " brilliant mini exhaustive " yuuni 1949,[85][86] ni akoiloji akɔnti din be dede nti pahi Hugh Kennedy ŋun nyɛ taarihi baŋda ni namin sabi taarihi zaŋ jɛndi Medieval kastili yini ŋɔ shɛm yuuni 1994.[87][88]

Bin din gbaa 1929 di daa pun nyɛla yɛtɔɣa nima ni yirina wuhira ni castle leei mi din yɛn French control. 16 November 1933 Krak des Chevaliers daa nyɛla bini zaŋ niŋ French tiŋgbani sulinsi ni, ka Académie des Beaux-Arts mi mali zaɣasim ni dina. Tiŋkpanima ŋɔ daa nyɛla bini yiŋsi ka yoba laɣari F1 million ni di mahi bi suhu.Yuma ayi nyaanga so-chibigi daa nyɛla bini kpuɣi ni di neei ka mali zali, tum-tumdiba kalli ka maa kɔbiga ni pishi n daa tum li. Din daa naa, Krak des Chevaliers daa leeila luɣi shɛli din gba pahi mali nam tɛri ka niriba kanna n ti lihira din be French Levant.[89] Pierre Coupel, ŋun gba na mini pun tum lala tuma tatabo Tower of the Lions mini castle diba ayi din be Sidon, n daa lihi tuma ŋɔ zuɣu.[90][91] Di mini di labi mali ŋɔ, archaeological excavations daa bi niŋ dini. Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, bini daa yooi yuuni 1920, daa naai yuuni 1946 Syrian ni daa deei maŋsulinsi.[92][93] Bi daa Castle ŋɔ leei World Heritage Site by UNESCO, n ti pahi Qal’at Salah El-Din, yuuni 2006,[94] ka Syrian gɔmnanti n suli.

Smoke coming from the castle in August 2013, during the Syrian Civil War

Nivuɣu shɛba bin be daa castle ŋɔ ni daa mɛ bi yiya tiŋ ŋɔ kpaŋa ni tiŋkpaŋ din yuli booni al-Husn nyɛla din nyɛ lebigimsim zaa.[95][96] Niriba pam bin be al-Husn's ka maa Muslims 9,000 nyɛla bin di anfaai pam lala yaɣali ŋɔ.[97][98][99][100][101][102] Syrian Civil War din daa pili yuuni 2011, ka wuhiri UNESCO ni be che ka bi baŋ ni tobu ŋɔ ni tooi mali barina n ti kaya yaɣa din Krak des Chevaliers.[103] Castle ŋɔ daa nyɛla Syrian Arab Army, ni shell August goli ni yuuni 2012 ka daa saɣam Crusader chapel.[104] Di daa lahi nyɛla din saɣam July 2013 ka di nyɛla airstrike din yina Syrian Arab Air Force, Siege of Homs saha,[105][106] ni yaɣa 18 August 2013. Syrian Arab Army daa fa castle ŋɔ mini village of al-Hosn yuuni 2014 Match goli ni. Din-dali hali ni zuŋɔ, UNESCO yihi lahabaya zaŋ kpa yaɣali ŋɔ ni be shɛm, labi mɛ ni guli zali sochibsi.[107][108]

Architecture/Mɛbu

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Plan of Krak des Chevaliers from Guillaume-Rey Étude sur les monuments de l'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'île de Chypre (1871). North is on the right.

Sabbu din yina 20th century, T. E. Lawrence, niriba pam ni mi shɛli Lawrence of Arabia, wuhiya ni Krak des Chevaliers n daa nyɛ kastili viɛlli duniya yaaŋa zuɣu .[109] Kastili nima din be Europe daa mali la biɛhig shee ti ban su li ka daa nyɛ luɣishɛŋa din mali niŋ nyambɔ sheei;Gubu daa nyɛla din niŋ talahi Levant ka bɛ daa zaŋ li pahi kastili dizai ni. Kennedy daa tɛhimi"ni kastili ŋɔ ni mɛ n ŋmahindi tɔbu maʒini la di paai du kara kamani Margat mini Crac des Chevaliers."[110]

The inner court seen from the south

Krak des Chevaliers ni tooi kali pahi spur castle, di ni be luɣishɛli la, ni di 13th-century yɛligibu ni kɛbigibu concentric castle. Di yɛliŋ mini di zaa daa ŋmani la Vadum Jacob, Crusader kastili shɛlibdin mɛ yuuni 1170s bahigu.[111] Margat gba nyɛla kastili din baɣi Krak des Chevaliers.[112] Bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli mɛ Krak des Chevaliers n daa nyɛ limestone; ashlar facing maa viɛlim chɛ mi ka mortar dii bi tooi baŋda.[113] kastili maa nyaaŋa daa mali la "walled suburb" bɛ ni mi shɛli burgus. Di toondini polo daa mali laa "triangular outwork" ka Crusaders daa naan tooi mali niya ni bɛ mɛ kuɣa mini taawa nima gili li. So bɛ mi bɛ ni daa guli li shɛm 1271 siege, amaa bɛ buŋisiya ni " timber palisade" n daa gili li.[114] Kastili maa toondini polo din tam luɣishɛli maa mini zoli maa shihi la taba, din yɛn chɛ ka siege engines ni tooi paai tiŋgbani ni. Din gbubili di puuni maa nyɛla din mali yaa, ni taawa bɔbigu ka dikpuni kpɛŋ gbubi li.

Inner ward

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Yuuni1142 mini 1170 sunsuni Knights Hospitaller daa du shɛli mɛbu lala yaɣili ŋɔ. Kuɣa ka bɛ daa mɛ n gili gooni ŋɔ ka di gbubi li . Di duno titali daa bela taawa dibaa ayi sunsuuni wulinluhili polo, ka duno shɛli be northwest taawa polo. Di sunsuni daa malinla dundɔŋ ka vaulted chambers gili li. Di tiŋgbani ma doo ma daa chɛ mi ka kastili maa ka shifa.Luɣishɛli din daa mali di maŋ maŋ banzani nyɛla "Crusader castles" ka "steep slopes" mi gbubi Krak des Chevaliers yaɣa zaa zaɣi yini, kastili ŋɔ banzani yaa ni daa be shɛli. Bɛ daa labi mi.mɛ lala yaɣili ŋɔ ʒɛmana kastili mɛbu.[115]

Hall of the knights, 2009

Bɛ di daa labi taɣi Krak des Chevaliers nahingbaŋ 13th century saha, bɛ daa mɛla goon pala gili di puuni maa. Bɛ daa mɛli mi ka fɔliŋ bihi be di sunsuni zaŋ chaŋ wulinpuhili mini wulinluhili polo. Lala yaɣili ŋɔ, glacis sirigili n daa soŋ taɣili gbubi din taɣiri li ka chɛri bidib'bina mini tiŋgbani damli. Taawa kara dibaa anahi nyɛla din mɛ n yina glacis ŋɔ ni; di daa nyɛla Knights of the garrison deei niŋ sheei, kamani pihiyɔbu 60 di zuɣusaa. Southwest taaawa daa mɛmi ŋmahindi "Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller" duri. Machicolations daa ka di wulinpuhili polo. Polo din daa be nyaaŋa gooni maa mini toon in dini maa daa pɔri mi ka ku tooi soŋ binshɛɣu bee n niŋ biɛhigu sheei. Wulinluhili polo, dikpuna ŋɔ banzani ni daa ka yaa shɛli polo, di daa malila cistern din yooi ka aqueduct be din ni. Di daa zanibla "moat" mini din tiri kastili ŋɔvkom zaani.[116]

Duŋdɔŋ bili ŋɔ naabu polo mali la chochi bila ka di wulinluhili polo mali esplanade. Esplanade du mi gari dundoŋ ŋɔ zaa. Knights biɛhigu shee n nyɛ dundɔŋ ŋɔ wulinluhili polo. Di mini di daa mɛ 12th century zaa yoli, di puuni maa labi mi mali 13th-century. Di nachiinsi ŋɔ nyɛla Gothic architecture shɛhira, di ni tooi buɣisi kamani 1230s saha.[117]

Chapel

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
The west end of the chapel

Saha chochi bila maa daa mɛ mi zani tiŋgbani damli la ni daa saɣim shɛli yuuni 1170.[118] Chochi naabu sheei wulinpuhili polo kon mali "apse", ka wulinluhili gooni maa bela nyɛ chochi kuri maa dini.[119] Saha ŋɔ chochi maa mali la barrel vault apse din dii bi niɣim; di dizai saha nyɛla din di yɛn yaɣi France tiŋgbani maani ni, amaa ka di mini din daa mɛ yuuni 1186 Margat la mali nahigbaŋ yinsi.[118] Di daa pirigi la buta saɣisi taba. Cornice chaŋ mi gili chochi ŋɔ hali ni di "vault" ni naai shɛli ka dikpuni la piligi la. Di buɣisibu wulinpuhili zaŋ chaŋ wulinluhili, daa nyɛla 21.5 metres (71 ft) waɣil ni 8.5 metres (28 ft) yɛliŋ ka di duno titali la be wulinluhili polo ka zaɣibili din pahiri buyi la be tuduu polo gooni maa ni. Bɛ ni daa labi taɣi kastili ŋɔ nahingbana 13th century saha, bɛ daa labi mi yihi dunoli maa wulinluhili polo. Bɛ daa niŋ la takɔriti ni chochi maa ni, yiŋga wulinluhili polo, yiŋa wulinpuhili polo, yiŋa south central bay polo, ni di apse maaa east naabu mali takɔri karili. Yuuni 1935 bɛ daa lahi mɛla chochi shɛli lala chochi maa duno titali maa nyaaŋa , amaa di lahi kani.[120]

Outer ward

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Sit tibi copia, sit sapientia, formaque detur; Inquinat omnia sola superbia, si comitetur.Translation: You may have bounty, you may have wisdom, you may be granted beauty; pride alone defiles all [these things] if it accompanies [them].

Hospitallers labi mɛ li buyi ni Hospitallers daa pili la 13th century piligu ka leei niŋ yuun gbaliŋ. Nyaaŋa goma ŋɔ daa mɛ la saha shɛli di daa labiri mɛri mɛri maŋli la, ka di ti Krak des Chevaliers di saha ŋɔ nahingbana. Di waɣilim zuɣusaa nyɛla 9 metres (30 ft), ka di nyaaŋa mali taawa nima din ŋɔɔi yina dikpuna maa ni. Di ni niŋ ka di puuni taawa nima la nyɛ zaɣi mɔrimɔri ka bi ŋɔɔi yaɣi di dikpuna maa l zuɣu la, 13th-century nyaaŋa taawa nima ŋɔ nyɛla zaɣi kpula. Lala taawa dizai ŋɔ daa nyɛla zaɣi palli hali ka contemporary Templar kastili nima ka lala taawa kpula ŋɔ .[121] Lala baŋsim ŋɔ daa pili la Château Gaillard , France tiŋgbani ni, Richard the Lionheart n daa pili li yuuni 1196 mini 1198 sunsuni.[122] Southeast polo mɛbu n nyɛ din ka yaa di zaani ka so na bɛ mɛ bɛ ni daa mɛli dahinshɛli. Kamani 1250s bɛ daa pahila "postern" tuduu polo gooni maa ni.[123]

Arrow slits dinbbe dikpuna mini taawa nima maa ni daa nyɛla bɛ ni wali shɛli ni dibbaligi dead ground kastili ŋɔ ni. Machicolations daa "crowned '" dikpuna maa, n tiri ban guli li soli ni bɛ tooi kari bɛ dimba gooni ŋɔ gbunni. Machicolations kpula la daa bi yɔli: di daa be Krak des Chevaliers yɛla daa nyɛla din niɣim pam ka din be Saône bee Margat ku tooi zaŋ maɣisi Crusader kastili nima. Amaa, di daa ŋmani la musulinima tuma, kamani gubu din be Citadel of Aleppo. Di dii bi neei doni ni tooi baŋ bɛ ni lihi shɛli ka mɛ shɛli,di ni niŋ ka bɛ ni zaŋli pahi Krak des Chevaliers dahinshɛli bi mi la, amaa di bi kahigi musulinima mini Asori nima linjima nima yɛltɔɣa. "Wall-walk" bɛ ni mi shɛli chemin de ronde ka bɛ daa mali defendiri li. Hugh Kennedy ŋun nyɛ taarihi baŋda yɛliya ni dikpuni ŋɔ nyaaŋa gubu ŋɔ n nyɛ "the most elaborate and developed anywhere in the Latin east ... the whole structure is a brilliantly designed and superbly built fighting machine".[124]

Bɛ ni daa mɛ nyaaŋa gɔma ŋɔ 13th century bɛ daa mali la di duno kara maa. Ka niŋli "vaulted corridor" zaŋ du zuɣusaa northeast dunoli nyaaŋa.[125] Lala corridor ŋɔ daa waɣimi chaŋ ti gɔŋ, ka di leei bent entrance shɛhiri li. Duno gona daa nyɛla Byzantine nima ni zaŋ shɛli na, amaa din daa be Krak des Chevaliers daa nyɛla din mali niɣima shɛhirili zaɣi yini.[126] Di yɛligi la 137 metres (450 ft) , zaŋ dolisi di waɣilim maa mali la murder-holes di yɛn chɛ ka ban guli li ni tooi yihi mizaalnima din ni.[125] Ŋun kam tuhi chana ka bi doli ŋmaligi bu maa shɛ kastili maa dikpuna ayi maa gbuni. Pɔi ka a tooi paai di puuni, sheei a doli soli maa gili.[126]

Frescoes

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
Remains of medieval frescoes in the castle's chapel

Di mini linjima nima galisi nimaani maa zaa yoli, kastili ŋɔ pahila Crusader art (in the form of frescoes) din bi tooi gu viɛyɛliŋga. Yuma din gbaai 1935, 1955, ni 1978 daadaa frescoes daa nyɛla bi ni nyɛ shɛli Krak des Chevaliers di ni daa niŋ ka di tari mini white-wash yaa daa gbarigi.Frescos tooni mini di nyaansi zaa daa peenti mi, chochi karili la mini chochi din be dunoli titali la nyaaŋa, din lahi kani. Yuuni 1982 sabbu, taarihi baŋda, Jaroslav Folda daa nya mi ka saha shɛli bɛ ni daa di bɛ niŋdi vihigu zaŋ chaŋ Crusader frescoes din yɛn zaŋ maɣisi fragmentary binyɛra din daa guui Krak des Chevaliers. Din daa be chochi maani daa peenti mi ni masonry zaŋ chaŋ 1170–1202 labi mɛ ni. "Mold, smoke, and moisture" chɛ mi ka di niŋ tɔm ni bɛ gu ka taɣi frescoes. Frescoes zaɣi ʒɛhi mini vakaha zaɣi kaba din be chochi ŋɔ puni maa wuhiri la di ni niŋ tɔm shɛm ni di paai. Din be chochi ŋɔ nyaaŋa maa wuhiri la Presentation of Jesus at the Temple.[127]

Tɛmplet:Wideimage

See also/Lihi pahi

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Works cited

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  • Albright, W. F. (1936), "Archaeological Exploration and Excavation in Palestine and Syria, 1935", American Journal of Archaeology, Archaeological Institute of America, 40 (1): 154–167, JSTOR 498307
  • Barber, Malcolm (1995), The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-55872-3
  • Boas, Adrian J. (1999), Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin East, London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-17361-2
  • Brown, R. Allen (2004) [1954], Allen Brown's English Castles, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, ISBN 1-84383-069-8
  • DeVries, Kelly (1992), Medieval Military Technology, Hadleigh: Broadview Press, ISBN 978-0-921149-74-3
  • Ellenblum, Roni (2007), Crusader Castles and Modern Histories, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-86083-3
  • Folda, Jaroslav; French, Pamela; Coupel, Pierre (1982), "Crusader Frescoes at Crac des Chevaliers and Marqab Castle", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University, 36: 177–210, JSTOR 1291467
  • France, John (1997), Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-58987-1
  • Kennedy, Hugh (1994), Crusader Castles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-42068-7


Further reading

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]


Kundivihira

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
  1. Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din UNESCO, retrieved 2010-11-08
  2. UNESCO and Syrian government documents related to the monument site.
  3. De Lacy O'Leary. Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages p. 122.
  4. King 1949, p. 83
  5. Setton & Hazard 1977, p. 152
  6. "Frank". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership
  7. "Latin". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership
  8. "Saracen". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership
  1. ↑ Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din, UNESCO, retrieved 2010-11-08
  2. ↑ UNESCO and Syrian government documents related to the monument site.
  3. ↑ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Comparative_Grammar_of_the_Semitic_Langu/5UC0t1EpMUwC
  4. ↑ Adams, Alton D. (1900-08-11). "Petroleum Fuel for Warships". Scientific American 83 (6): 83–83. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican08111900-83. ISSN 0036-8733.
  5. ↑ 1946-, Murray, Michael P., (1999). Recent recruiting trends and their implications for models of enlistment supply. RAND. ISBN 0-585-22058-1. OCLC 44962968.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ "Z", Ecology, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., pp. 152–152, retrieved 2022-12-17
  7. ↑ 1903-1982., Lerner, Abba P. (Abba Ptachya), (1983). Selected economic writings of Abba P. Lerner. New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1385-8. OCLC 8846737.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Signing in : Oxford English Dictionary (en).
  9. ↑ Signing in : Oxford English Dictionary (en).
  10. ↑ Signing in : Oxford English Dictionary (en).
  11. ↑ "Inhaltsübersicht", Jesus, De Gruyter, pp. 146–146, 1966-12-31, retrieved 2022-12-17
  12. ↑ Petrovich), Popov, N. P. (Nikolaĭ (1995). The Russian people speak : democracy at the crossroads. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0300-2. OCLC 31287767.
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  24. ↑ p. 108
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  28. ↑ p. 63
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  30. ↑ p. 86
  31. ↑ p. 109
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  33. ↑ author., United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means,. Medical care for the aged : Executive hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Eighty-ninth Congress, first session, on H.R. 1, and other proposals for medical care for the aged. January 27, 28, February 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 16, 1965. OCLC 1019679979.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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  37. ↑ author., United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means,. Medical care for the aged : Executive hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Eighty-ninth Congress, first session, on H.R. 1, and other proposals for medical care for the aged. January 27, 28, February 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 16, 1965. OCLC 1019679979.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
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  46. ↑ ........................, ........................ (2018-10-05). "150 166 150 166 150 166". Polo del Conocimiento 3 (10): 150. DOI:10.23857/pc.v3i10.735. ISSN 2550-682X.
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  49. ↑ P., Crease, Robert (1993). The play of nature : experimentation as performance. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-585-10578-2. OCLC 42922770.
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  51. ↑ Pitts), Sherburne, John P. (John (1988). Through Indian country to California : John P. Sherburne's diary of the Whipple Expedition, 1853-1854. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1447-9. OCLC 17549883.
  52. ↑ Russell, Henry Norris (1932-09). "New Planetary Discoveries". Scientific American 147 (3): 146–147. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0932-146. ISSN 0036-8733.
  53. ↑ 1732-1810., Knox, William, (1769). The controversy between Great Britain and her colonies reviewed. Printed for J. Almon. OCLC 537185151.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  55. ↑ music., Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich, 1840-1893, composer, arranger of. Концерт но. 1 для фортепиано с оркестром, си-бемоль минор соч. 23 (ЧС 53) : переложение автора для двух фортепиано. ISBN 978-3-7957-1557-1. OCLC 1086332654.
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  57. ↑ (Peter), Bartos, P. Special concretes : workability and mixing : proceedings of the international RILEM workshop organized by RILEM Technical Committee TC 145, Workability of Special Concrete Mixes, in collaboration with RILEM Technical Committee TC 150, Efficiency of Concrete Mixers, and held at the University of Paisley, Scotland, March 2-3, 1993. ISBN 978-1-4822-7137-9. OCLC 1053852780.
  58. ↑ "Lorazepam", Neonatal Formulary, Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 147–147, retrieved 2022-12-15
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  60. ↑ "'Here Comes the Sun': 20–20 Vision 151 151 152 152 152 153 153", Stormy Skies, Routledge, pp. 165–172, 2016-04-01, ISBN 978-1-315-61087-0, retrieved 2022-12-15
  61. ↑ 1602-1671., Leigh, Edward, (M.DCL. [1650]). Critica sacra: or, Observations on all the radices, or primitive Hebrew words of the Old Testament in order alphabeticall wherein both they (and many derivatives also issuing from them) are fully opened, out of the best lexicographers and scholiasts. By Edward Leigh Esquire, Mr of Arts of both universities. printed by A. Miller for Thomas Underhill, and are to be sold at his shop at the sign of the blue Anchor and Bible in Pauls Churchyard near the little North door. OCLC 1049121382. Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  64. ↑ 1808?., Boyle, P. (Patrick), d. (1792). The fashionable court guide, or town visiting directory, for the year 1792. The second edition. Corrected and much enlarged. By P. Boyle. printed for the proprietor; and sold by Mess. Hookham and Carpenter, No. 147, New, and No. 15, Old Bond-Street; Welles, Grosvenor, Chater, No. 11, Cornhill; and J. Kerby, 190, Oxford-Street. OCLC 1325966454.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  72. ↑ I., Nikolskaya, K. (1968). Observations of chromospheric spicules in the H and He I 3888.65 Å lines. Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory. OCLC 6713038.
  73. ↑ Baybars' siege of 1271 | The Krak des Chevaliers.
  74. ↑ "O", Ecology, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., pp. 88–92, retrieved 2022-12-16
  75. ↑ I., Nikolskaya, K. (1968). Observations of chromospheric spicules in the H and He I 3888.65 Å lines. Smithsonian Institution Astrophysical Observatory. OCLC 6713038.
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  77. ↑ Portugal), Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence (5th : 1991 : Albufeira, (1991). EPIA '91 : 5th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Albufeira, Portugal, October 1-3, 1991 : proceedings. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-54535-2. OCLC 24319510.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  78. ↑ Saminpanya, Seriwat (2019-11-05). "Shedding New Light on Ancient Glass Beads by Synchrotron, SEM-EDS, and Raman Spectroscopy Techniques". Scientific Reports 9 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-52322-2. ISSN 2045-2322.
  79. ↑ P., Harrington, John (1997). The Irish play on the New York stage, 1874-1966. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-4957-8. OCLC 605129121.
  80. ↑ (2012) "Author Index Vol. 227, 2012". Ophthalmologica 227 (4): 234–234. DOI:10.1159/000338321. ISSN 1423-0267.
  81. ↑ 1948-2007., Kapiszewski, Andrzej, (2004). Conflicts across the Atlantic : essays on Polish-Jewish relations in the United States during World War I and in the interwar years. Księg. Akademicka. ISBN 83-7188-682-9. OCLC 57516516.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  82. ↑ author., Guardo, Elena,. Arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay Sets of Points in P 1 x P 1. ISBN 978-3-319-24166-1. OCLC 932169216.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  83. ↑ G., Nicholls, David (2002). Bioenergetics 3. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-518121-1. OCLC 162681107.
  84. ↑ Phosphorescent Tetradentate Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Fused 6/5/5 or 6/5/6 Metallocycles.
  85. ↑ Adams, Alton D. (1900-08-11). "Petroleum Fuel for Warships". Scientific American 83 (6): 83–83. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican08111900-83. ISSN 0036-8733.
  86. ↑ 1946-, Murray, Michael P., (1999). Recent recruiting trends and their implications for models of enlistment supply. RAND. ISBN 0-585-22058-1. OCLC 44962968.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  87. ↑ "Inhaltsübersicht", Jesus, De Gruyter, pp. 146–146, 1966-12-31, retrieved 2022-12-16
  88. ↑ Petrovich), Popov, N. P. (Nikolaĭ (1995). The Russian people speak : democracy at the crossroads. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0300-2. OCLC 31287767.
  89. ↑ P., 6, (1994). The question of independence : the case for pragmatism in public policies towards the non-profit sector. ISBN 1-898309-60-4. OCLC 81434217.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  90. ↑ "Naloxone", Neonatal Formulary, Malden, Massachusetts, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 167–167, retrieved 2022-12-16
  91. ↑ 1919-, Auser, Cortland P., (1969). Nathaniel P. Willis. Twayne Publishers. OCLC 21499.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  92. ↑ Synthesis and Reactivity of the 9- and 10-Vertex Iron-Monocarborane Anions [7, 7, 7-(CO)3-closo-7, 1-FeCB7H8- and [6, 6, 6, 10, 10, 10-(CO)6-closo-6, 10, 1-Fe2CB7H8]-].
  93. ↑ author., Alkooheji, Lamya,. Discourse and identity formation : parliamentary debates in Bahrain. ISBN 978-90-272-6501-2. OCLC 1021060897.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  94. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din (en).
  95. ↑ "Back Matter", Microfictions, UNP - Nebraska, pp. 198–199, retrieved 2022-12-16
  96. ↑ 1944-, Luck, Peter, (1988). A time to remember. Heinemann Australia. ISBN 0-85561-163-4. OCLC 24276221.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  97. ↑ "Back Matter", Microfictions, UNP - Nebraska, pp. 198–199, retrieved 2022-12-16
  98. ↑ 1944-, Luck, Peter, (1988). A time to remember. Heinemann Australia. ISBN 0-85561-163-4. OCLC 24276221.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  99. ↑ https://archive.today/20130112193428/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-17-2004.htm
  100. ↑ http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-17-2004.htm
  101. ↑ "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS", American Standard, University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 181–181, retrieved 2022-12-16
  102. ↑ J., Attema, P. A. (2010). Regional pathways to complexity : settlement and land-use dynamics in early Italy from the Bronze Age to the Republican period. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-485-1344-4. OCLC 767579369.
  103. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. Director-General of UNESCO appeals for protection of Syria’s cultural heritage (en).
  104. ↑ Robert Fisk: Syria's ancient treasures pulverised (en) (2012-08-11).
  105. ↑ .:Middle East Online::Latest victim of Syria air strikes: Famed Krak des Chevaliers castle:. (2013-10-02).
  106. ↑ Archive copy.
  107. ↑ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din (en).
  108. ↑ "World Heritage Site", Wikipedia (in English), 2022-12-11, retrieved 2022-12-16
  109. ↑ DeVries 1992, p. 231
  110. ↑ Kennedy 1994, p. 9
  111. ↑ Boas 1999, p. 110
  112. ↑ Kennedy 1994, p. 163
  113. ↑ Kennedy 1994, p. 159
  114. ↑ King 1949, p. 88
  115. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kennedy150
  116. ↑ Kennedy 1994, pp. 158–161, 163
  117. ↑ Kennedy 1994, pp. 161–162
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kennedy1502
  119. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named FFC179
  120. ↑ Folda, French & Coupel 1982, pp. 178–179
  121. ↑ A chirim ya: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kennedy152-153
  122. ↑ Brown 2004, p. 62
  123. ↑ Kennedy 1994, p. 156
  124. ↑ Kennedy 1994, pp. 153–156
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 King 1949, p. 87
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Kennedy 1994, pp. 157–158
  127. ↑ Folda, French & Coupel 1982, pp. 178–183
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