To test the contribution of neurogenic inflammation and neuropeptide release to the pathophysiolo... more To test the contribution of neurogenic inflammation and neuropeptide release to the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). CRPS is characterized by edema and increased skin temperature, sympathetic dysfunction and pain, or hyperalgesia. This investigation was prompted by a recent study by the authors that suggested a facilitated neurogenic inflammation in CRPS. In addition to physical examination, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) serum concentrations were measured using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human CGRP in 19 patients with acute CRPS, on the affected and unaffected sides (n = 13), before and 9 months after therapy (n = 9). In addition, an age- and sex-matched group of 16 healthy controls was investigated. In blood from the cubital vein, CGRP levels in patients with CRPS (122.2 +/- 14.6 pmol/L) were increased (controls 83.8 +/- 6.7 pmol/L, p < 0.03). There was no difference between the affected and unaffected sides. There was, however, a reduction of serum CGRP after therapy (acute disease: 141.2 +/- 18.5 pmol/L, after therapy 106.7 +/- 11.3 pmol/L, p < 0.005); absolute CGRP levels then no longer differed from controls. Increased serum CGRP was correlated to the incidence of nerve lesions (p < 0.02) and hyperhidrosis (p < 0.04). There was no correlation to other clinical symptoms, duration of CRPS, or pain. However, normalization of CGRP after therapy was accompanied by clinical improvement of local inflammatory signs, but not by pain reduction. Increased systemic CGRP levels in patients with acute CRPS suggest neurogenic inflammation as a pathophysiologic mechanism contributing to vasodilation, edema, and increased sweating. However, pain and hyperalgesia, in particular in chronic stages, were independent of increased neuropeptide concentration.
Calcitonin is expressed in medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC). It is processed from a large molec... more Calcitonin is expressed in medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC). It is processed from a large molecular weight precursor and is flanked at its C-terminal end by a 21 aminoacid peptide (PDN-21) formed in equimolar concentrations to calcitonin by enzymatic cleavage of the prohormone. This investigation compared basal measurements of calcitonin and PDN-21 and the response of the two peptides following pentagastrin stimulation in normal controls and in family members with C-cell hyperplasia or early neoplasia. The results showed that calcitonin and PDN-21 may both be used in family screening for the MEN-2 syndrome, but the unstimulated circulating concentrations of calcitonin were higher and more influenced by C-cell hypersecretion than PDN-21 (P less than 0.01), and the increase in stimulated concentrations of calcitonin were significantly higher than for PDN-21 (P less than 0.01). These findings may be explained by differences with respect to secretion and metabolic clearance rate for the two peptides.
CGRP was extracted from three familial and four sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) and w... more CGRP was extracted from three familial and four sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) and was measured by an assay specific for the amidated C-terminus. The antibody showed equal affinity for alpha- and beta-CGRP. All tumors contained high concentrations of CGRP (range: 63-7889 pmol/g) compared to spinal cord (86 pmol/g), thyroid gland (4 pmol/g), and two small-cell lung carcinomas (4 and 1 pmol/g, respectively). The concentration of calcitonin (CT) was determined with an assay specific for an epitope involving the midportion and C-terminal end of the molecule. In six of the seven tumors investigated, concentrations of CT were found to be higher than for CGRP. Gel chromatography showed heterogeneity with respect to CGRP immunoreactivity. Thus, in all seven extracts, three peaks were seen with Kd values 0.37, 0.63, and 0.80, respectively. This profile of immunoreactive CGRP was similar to that obtained from human medulla spinalis, thereby indicating normal posttranslational processing of pro-CGRP in MTC tumors. Further characterization of the three main peaks identified by gel chromatography was performed on pooled fractions from one of the tumors using HPLC, sequencing, and mass spectrometry. The immunoreactive peak with Kd 0.37 was identified as human beta-CGRP, the peak with Kd 0.63 as 19-37 beta-CGRP, and the peak with Kd 0.80 as 25-37 beta-CGRP. No alpha-CGRP was identified in this tumor. This indicates selective expression of beta-CGRP, at least in the tumor investigated.
The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to examine whether the vitamin D a... more The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to examine whether the vitamin D analogue calcipotriol, topically applied to psoriatic skin lesions, had any effect on calcium or bone metabolism. Thirty-four outpatients with psoriasis vulgaris were randomized to treatment with either calcipotriol ointment (50 micrograms/g) or vehicle ointment twice daily for 3 weeks. The patients were put on a calcium energy fixed diet and examined once weekly. The mean amount of calcipotriol ointment used was 40.3 g/week (range 8.2-95.4 g/week). The results of biochemical markers on calcium and bone metabolism showed no significant differences between the two groups. No correlation was found between the amount of ointment used and changes in parameters on calcium and bone metabolism during the 3-week treatment. It is concluded that calcipotriol ointment (50 micrograms/g), applied in doses of 8.2-95.4 g/week for 3 weeks to psoriatic skin lesions, has no effect on calcium or bone metabo...
The present study was undertaken to measure the output of histamine and calcitonin gene-related p... more The present study was undertaken to measure the output of histamine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from injured and restituting gastric mucosa into venous blood and to study the effect of acid back-diffusion on the release of these mediators and their role in the hyperemic response to injury. Stomachs of cats were perfused with saline at pH 1.0 or 7.4. Gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was determined with radioactive microspheres, and blood flow in the portal vein and celiac artery was determined by transit-time flowmetry. H+ back-diffusion/secretion was measured by pH-stat titration and by measuring the arteriovenous base excess difference. Mucosal injury was produced by exposure to 2 M NaCl. Histamine and CGRP in portal venous blood were measured by radioimmunoassay. During mucosal exposure to 2 M NaCl GMBF increased, and histamine (0.23 nmol/min) and CGRP (1.2 pmol/min) were released from the mucosa into blood. The hyperemic response was reduced by pretreatment with H1 and H2 blockers and still further by addition of the blocker CGRP8-37. After mucosal damage and luminal perfusion at pH 7.4, GMBF and output of CGRP and histamine decreased towards base-line levels within 30 min. During luminal perfusion at pH 1.0 associated with acid back-diffusion, GMBF and histamine output remained high, whereas the output of CGRP decreased to base-line level. Pretreatment with H1 and H2 blockers reduced the hyperemic response as measured 30 min after damage. The hyperemic response caused by 2 M NaCl is most likely mediated by histamine and CGRP and maintained by histamine released by back-diffusion of H+ through the superficially damaged gastric mucosa.
The aetiology of the reduced systemic vascular resistance and abnormal 'filling' ... more The aetiology of the reduced systemic vascular resistance and abnormal 'filling' of the vascular bed in cirrhosis is still obscure. As increased concentrations of the potent vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have recently been reported in cirrhosis, we related CGRP to central and peripheral haemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis. Thirty-one cirrhotic patients and six control subjects underwent an investigation with determination of systemic haemodynamics and circulating CGRP. Circulating CGRP was significantly increased in patients with cirrhosis (P < 0.02) and covaried directly with the severity of cirrhosis (P < 0.02). The increased CGRP covaried negatively with the reduced systemic vascular resistance (P < 0.02), the reduced central blood volume (P < 0.01), and reduced central circulation time (P < 0.002) and positively with the non-central blood volume (P < 0.05). These results suggest that increased CGRP may play a role in the systemic vasodilatation in cirrhosis and may contribute to the abnormal distribution of the blood volume, which may lead to abnormal sodium and water handling.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation, 2007
Prolonged Q-T interval (QT) has been reported in patients with cirrhosis who also exhibit profoun... more Prolonged Q-T interval (QT) has been reported in patients with cirrhosis who also exhibit profound abnormalities in vasoactive peptides and often present with elevated heart rate (HR). The aim of this study was to relate QT to the circulating level of endothelins (ET-1 and ET-3) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in patients with cirrhosis. In addition, we studied problems with HR correction of QT. Forty-eight patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension were studied during a haemodynamic investigation. Circulating levels of ETs and CGRP were determined by radioimmunoassays. Correction of QT for HR above 60 beats per min was performed using the methods described by Bazett (QT(C)) and Fridericia (QT(F)). Prolonged QT(C) (above 440 ms), found in 56% of the patients, was related to the presence of significant portal hypertension and liver dysfunction (p < 0.05 to 0.001), but not to elevated ET-1, ET-3 or CGRP. When corrected according to Bazett, QT(C) showed no significant relation to differences in HR between patients (r = 0.07, ns). QTF showed some undercorrection of HR (r = -0.36; p < 0.02). During HR variation in the individual patient, QT(C) revealed a small but significant overcorrection (2.6 ms per heartbeat per min; p < 0.001). This value was significantly (p < 0.02) smaller with QTF (1.2 ms per heartbeat per min). The prolonged QT(C) in cirrhosis is related to liver dysfunction and the presence of portal hypertension, but not to the elevated powerful vasoconstrictor (ET-1) or vasodilator (CGRP, ET-3) peptides. The problems with correction of the QT for elevated HR in cirrhosis are complex, and the lowest HR should be applied for determination of the QT.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation, 1996
In a randomized cross-over study healthy non-obese male human subjects received standardized isoc... more In a randomized cross-over study healthy non-obese male human subjects received standardized isocaloric, isovolumetric meals consisting of either carbohydrate, protein or fat and a non-caloric control meal consisting of an equal volume of water. Peripheral venous plasma concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and peptide YY (PYY) were measured pre- and postprandially. Plasma CGRP concentrations were lowered following the protein meal and following the fat meal, but remained unaltered after carbohydrate or water ingestion. Plasma VIP concentrations increased slightly following the carbohydrate meal and following water loading. The PYY concentrations increased after the protein and the carbohydrate meal and a slight rise was observed following fat ingestion. Water loading did not affect the plasma level of PYY. We conclude that the postprandial peripheral plasma concentrations of CGRP, VIP and PYY are dependent on the caloric meal composition. The VIP, but not the CGRP and PYY concentrations seem to be influenced by gastric distension. The physiological significance of the postprandial alterations in peripheral concentrations of these peptides is at present uncertain.
Studies indicate that centrally mediated rhythms in sympathetic tone play a prominent role in diu... more Studies indicate that centrally mediated rhythms in sympathetic tone play a prominent role in diurnal cardiovascular variability. Recent evidence from heart transplant recipients, in whom blood pressure does not decline during sleep despite normal variability in plasma norepinephrine, however, suggests that afferent cardiac nervous traffic is necessary for the generation of diurnal variability. This implies that in the presence of an innervated heart excluded from the systemic circulation, blood pressure would still decrease during sleep. To assess this hypothesis, we studied 24-hour blood pressure, heart rate, and neuroendocrine variability in patients with biventricular assist devices in whom the retained native hearts had ceased to pump. Eight patients were free of medication and were studied every 3 hours. Pump rates and output were kept constant throughout the study. Blood pressure showed a significant decline during sleep, as did norepinephrine and epinephrine (all P < .05). Atrial natriuretic factor showed a significant increase around midnight (P < .01). Significantly elevated levels were found for all hormones studied except for aldosterone and endothelin. Our results suggest that diurnal variations in cardiac function or in catecholamine levels (indicative of sympathetic activity) as found in cardiac transplant recipients alone are not responsible or sufficient for producing a nocturnal drop in blood pressure. The presence of an innervated heart appears crucial in this respect. This could be of importance for the understanding of circadian cardiovascular pathophysiology.
Retinoblastoma is found in a hereditary and nonhereditary form. Long survivors treated for the he... more Retinoblastoma is found in a hereditary and nonhereditary form. Long survivors treated for the hereditary form seem to be predisposed for developing a second primary tumor later in life. The retinoblastoma genes are supposed to be responsible for this disposition. This report describes the development of a Ewing's tumor in a nine-year-old girl, who had both eyes removed in early life for retinoblastoma.
To date calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the most potent vasodilatatory peptide describe... more To date calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the most potent vasodilatatory peptide described. Evidence indicates that the level of CGRP increases during exercise in humans. Furthermore, hypoxia, lactic acid (LA) and sympathetic activity affect the release of CGRP. ...
To test the contribution of neurogenic inflammation and neuropeptide release to the pathophysiolo... more To test the contribution of neurogenic inflammation and neuropeptide release to the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). CRPS is characterized by edema and increased skin temperature, sympathetic dysfunction and pain, or hyperalgesia. This investigation was prompted by a recent study by the authors that suggested a facilitated neurogenic inflammation in CRPS. In addition to physical examination, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) serum concentrations were measured using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human CGRP in 19 patients with acute CRPS, on the affected and unaffected sides (n = 13), before and 9 months after therapy (n = 9). In addition, an age- and sex-matched group of 16 healthy controls was investigated. In blood from the cubital vein, CGRP levels in patients with CRPS (122.2 +/- 14.6 pmol/L) were increased (controls 83.8 +/- 6.7 pmol/L, p < 0.03). There was no difference between the affected and unaffected sides. There was, however, a reduction of serum CGRP after therapy (acute disease: 141.2 +/- 18.5 pmol/L, after therapy 106.7 +/- 11.3 pmol/L, p < 0.005); absolute CGRP levels then no longer differed from controls. Increased serum CGRP was correlated to the incidence of nerve lesions (p < 0.02) and hyperhidrosis (p < 0.04). There was no correlation to other clinical symptoms, duration of CRPS, or pain. However, normalization of CGRP after therapy was accompanied by clinical improvement of local inflammatory signs, but not by pain reduction. Increased systemic CGRP levels in patients with acute CRPS suggest neurogenic inflammation as a pathophysiologic mechanism contributing to vasodilation, edema, and increased sweating. However, pain and hyperalgesia, in particular in chronic stages, were independent of increased neuropeptide concentration.
Calcitonin is expressed in medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC). It is processed from a large molec... more Calcitonin is expressed in medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC). It is processed from a large molecular weight precursor and is flanked at its C-terminal end by a 21 aminoacid peptide (PDN-21) formed in equimolar concentrations to calcitonin by enzymatic cleavage of the prohormone. This investigation compared basal measurements of calcitonin and PDN-21 and the response of the two peptides following pentagastrin stimulation in normal controls and in family members with C-cell hyperplasia or early neoplasia. The results showed that calcitonin and PDN-21 may both be used in family screening for the MEN-2 syndrome, but the unstimulated circulating concentrations of calcitonin were higher and more influenced by C-cell hypersecretion than PDN-21 (P less than 0.01), and the increase in stimulated concentrations of calcitonin were significantly higher than for PDN-21 (P less than 0.01). These findings may be explained by differences with respect to secretion and metabolic clearance rate for the two peptides.
CGRP was extracted from three familial and four sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) and w... more CGRP was extracted from three familial and four sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC) and was measured by an assay specific for the amidated C-terminus. The antibody showed equal affinity for alpha- and beta-CGRP. All tumors contained high concentrations of CGRP (range: 63-7889 pmol/g) compared to spinal cord (86 pmol/g), thyroid gland (4 pmol/g), and two small-cell lung carcinomas (4 and 1 pmol/g, respectively). The concentration of calcitonin (CT) was determined with an assay specific for an epitope involving the midportion and C-terminal end of the molecule. In six of the seven tumors investigated, concentrations of CT were found to be higher than for CGRP. Gel chromatography showed heterogeneity with respect to CGRP immunoreactivity. Thus, in all seven extracts, three peaks were seen with Kd values 0.37, 0.63, and 0.80, respectively. This profile of immunoreactive CGRP was similar to that obtained from human medulla spinalis, thereby indicating normal posttranslational processing of pro-CGRP in MTC tumors. Further characterization of the three main peaks identified by gel chromatography was performed on pooled fractions from one of the tumors using HPLC, sequencing, and mass spectrometry. The immunoreactive peak with Kd 0.37 was identified as human beta-CGRP, the peak with Kd 0.63 as 19-37 beta-CGRP, and the peak with Kd 0.80 as 25-37 beta-CGRP. No alpha-CGRP was identified in this tumor. This indicates selective expression of beta-CGRP, at least in the tumor investigated.
The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to examine whether the vitamin D a... more The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to examine whether the vitamin D analogue calcipotriol, topically applied to psoriatic skin lesions, had any effect on calcium or bone metabolism. Thirty-four outpatients with psoriasis vulgaris were randomized to treatment with either calcipotriol ointment (50 micrograms/g) or vehicle ointment twice daily for 3 weeks. The patients were put on a calcium energy fixed diet and examined once weekly. The mean amount of calcipotriol ointment used was 40.3 g/week (range 8.2-95.4 g/week). The results of biochemical markers on calcium and bone metabolism showed no significant differences between the two groups. No correlation was found between the amount of ointment used and changes in parameters on calcium and bone metabolism during the 3-week treatment. It is concluded that calcipotriol ointment (50 micrograms/g), applied in doses of 8.2-95.4 g/week for 3 weeks to psoriatic skin lesions, has no effect on calcium or bone metabo...
The present study was undertaken to measure the output of histamine and calcitonin gene-related p... more The present study was undertaken to measure the output of histamine and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from injured and restituting gastric mucosa into venous blood and to study the effect of acid back-diffusion on the release of these mediators and their role in the hyperemic response to injury. Stomachs of cats were perfused with saline at pH 1.0 or 7.4. Gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was determined with radioactive microspheres, and blood flow in the portal vein and celiac artery was determined by transit-time flowmetry. H+ back-diffusion/secretion was measured by pH-stat titration and by measuring the arteriovenous base excess difference. Mucosal injury was produced by exposure to 2 M NaCl. Histamine and CGRP in portal venous blood were measured by radioimmunoassay. During mucosal exposure to 2 M NaCl GMBF increased, and histamine (0.23 nmol/min) and CGRP (1.2 pmol/min) were released from the mucosa into blood. The hyperemic response was reduced by pretreatment with H1 and H2 blockers and still further by addition of the blocker CGRP8-37. After mucosal damage and luminal perfusion at pH 7.4, GMBF and output of CGRP and histamine decreased towards base-line levels within 30 min. During luminal perfusion at pH 1.0 associated with acid back-diffusion, GMBF and histamine output remained high, whereas the output of CGRP decreased to base-line level. Pretreatment with H1 and H2 blockers reduced the hyperemic response as measured 30 min after damage. The hyperemic response caused by 2 M NaCl is most likely mediated by histamine and CGRP and maintained by histamine released by back-diffusion of H+ through the superficially damaged gastric mucosa.
The aetiology of the reduced systemic vascular resistance and abnormal 'filling' ... more The aetiology of the reduced systemic vascular resistance and abnormal 'filling' of the vascular bed in cirrhosis is still obscure. As increased concentrations of the potent vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) have recently been reported in cirrhosis, we related CGRP to central and peripheral haemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis. Thirty-one cirrhotic patients and six control subjects underwent an investigation with determination of systemic haemodynamics and circulating CGRP. Circulating CGRP was significantly increased in patients with cirrhosis (P < 0.02) and covaried directly with the severity of cirrhosis (P < 0.02). The increased CGRP covaried negatively with the reduced systemic vascular resistance (P < 0.02), the reduced central blood volume (P < 0.01), and reduced central circulation time (P < 0.002) and positively with the non-central blood volume (P < 0.05). These results suggest that increased CGRP may play a role in the systemic vasodilatation in cirrhosis and may contribute to the abnormal distribution of the blood volume, which may lead to abnormal sodium and water handling.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation, 2007
Prolonged Q-T interval (QT) has been reported in patients with cirrhosis who also exhibit profoun... more Prolonged Q-T interval (QT) has been reported in patients with cirrhosis who also exhibit profound abnormalities in vasoactive peptides and often present with elevated heart rate (HR). The aim of this study was to relate QT to the circulating level of endothelins (ET-1 and ET-3) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in patients with cirrhosis. In addition, we studied problems with HR correction of QT. Forty-eight patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension were studied during a haemodynamic investigation. Circulating levels of ETs and CGRP were determined by radioimmunoassays. Correction of QT for HR above 60 beats per min was performed using the methods described by Bazett (QT(C)) and Fridericia (QT(F)). Prolonged QT(C) (above 440 ms), found in 56% of the patients, was related to the presence of significant portal hypertension and liver dysfunction (p < 0.05 to 0.001), but not to elevated ET-1, ET-3 or CGRP. When corrected according to Bazett, QT(C) showed no significant relation to differences in HR between patients (r = 0.07, ns). QTF showed some undercorrection of HR (r = -0.36; p < 0.02). During HR variation in the individual patient, QT(C) revealed a small but significant overcorrection (2.6 ms per heartbeat per min; p < 0.001). This value was significantly (p < 0.02) smaller with QTF (1.2 ms per heartbeat per min). The prolonged QT(C) in cirrhosis is related to liver dysfunction and the presence of portal hypertension, but not to the elevated powerful vasoconstrictor (ET-1) or vasodilator (CGRP, ET-3) peptides. The problems with correction of the QT for elevated HR in cirrhosis are complex, and the lowest HR should be applied for determination of the QT.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation, 1996
In a randomized cross-over study healthy non-obese male human subjects received standardized isoc... more In a randomized cross-over study healthy non-obese male human subjects received standardized isocaloric, isovolumetric meals consisting of either carbohydrate, protein or fat and a non-caloric control meal consisting of an equal volume of water. Peripheral venous plasma concentrations of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and peptide YY (PYY) were measured pre- and postprandially. Plasma CGRP concentrations were lowered following the protein meal and following the fat meal, but remained unaltered after carbohydrate or water ingestion. Plasma VIP concentrations increased slightly following the carbohydrate meal and following water loading. The PYY concentrations increased after the protein and the carbohydrate meal and a slight rise was observed following fat ingestion. Water loading did not affect the plasma level of PYY. We conclude that the postprandial peripheral plasma concentrations of CGRP, VIP and PYY are dependent on the caloric meal composition. The VIP, but not the CGRP and PYY concentrations seem to be influenced by gastric distension. The physiological significance of the postprandial alterations in peripheral concentrations of these peptides is at present uncertain.
Studies indicate that centrally mediated rhythms in sympathetic tone play a prominent role in diu... more Studies indicate that centrally mediated rhythms in sympathetic tone play a prominent role in diurnal cardiovascular variability. Recent evidence from heart transplant recipients, in whom blood pressure does not decline during sleep despite normal variability in plasma norepinephrine, however, suggests that afferent cardiac nervous traffic is necessary for the generation of diurnal variability. This implies that in the presence of an innervated heart excluded from the systemic circulation, blood pressure would still decrease during sleep. To assess this hypothesis, we studied 24-hour blood pressure, heart rate, and neuroendocrine variability in patients with biventricular assist devices in whom the retained native hearts had ceased to pump. Eight patients were free of medication and were studied every 3 hours. Pump rates and output were kept constant throughout the study. Blood pressure showed a significant decline during sleep, as did norepinephrine and epinephrine (all P < .05). Atrial natriuretic factor showed a significant increase around midnight (P < .01). Significantly elevated levels were found for all hormones studied except for aldosterone and endothelin. Our results suggest that diurnal variations in cardiac function or in catecholamine levels (indicative of sympathetic activity) as found in cardiac transplant recipients alone are not responsible or sufficient for producing a nocturnal drop in blood pressure. The presence of an innervated heart appears crucial in this respect. This could be of importance for the understanding of circadian cardiovascular pathophysiology.
Retinoblastoma is found in a hereditary and nonhereditary form. Long survivors treated for the he... more Retinoblastoma is found in a hereditary and nonhereditary form. Long survivors treated for the hereditary form seem to be predisposed for developing a second primary tumor later in life. The retinoblastoma genes are supposed to be responsible for this disposition. This report describes the development of a Ewing's tumor in a nine-year-old girl, who had both eyes removed in early life for retinoblastoma.
To date calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the most potent vasodilatatory peptide describe... more To date calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the most potent vasodilatatory peptide described. Evidence indicates that the level of CGRP increases during exercise in humans. Furthermore, hypoxia, lactic acid (LA) and sympathetic activity affect the release of CGRP. ...
Uploads
Papers by Søren Schifter