- The University of Manchester, Public health, AlumnusUniversity of Benin, Medicine and Surgery, Alumnusadd
- Clinical lecturer and Nephrologist practicing in a Nigerian State-owned institution. Research interests in clinical n... moreClinical lecturer and Nephrologist practicing in a Nigerian State-owned institution. Research interests in clinical nephrology and medical education. A humanitarian, Passionate about improving lives of CKD patients in her community, and advancing medical educationedit
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Background: Exposure to environmental pollutants has been associated with the high burden of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in disadvantaged populations. Although biologically plausible, the evidence for kidney damage from hydrocarbon or... more
Background: Exposure to environmental pollutants has been associated with the high burden of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in disadvantaged populations. Although biologically plausible, the evidence for kidney damage from hydrocarbon or crude oil exposure is still conflicting. Several human and animal studies from as far back as the 1950s have associated some forms of chronic glomerulonephritis or CKD, with long-term human exposure to hydrocarbons. However, other studies have produced opposite findings or dispute findings of positive studies. Methods: This paper reviews in detail the mechanisms of environmental and human exposure to crude oil and the evidence for crude oil associated chronic kidney disease. Additionally, a search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar, revealing 152 articles, out of which, 64 articles were included for review; animal studies and case reports were excluded Results: Overall, 64% of the studies reviewed supported an association between hydrocarbon exposure and kidney disease. Eight out of the nine cohort studies reported a positive association, and the only meta-analysis reported an increased risk for renal cancer. Conversely, 50% of the mortality studies reported no increased risk of deaths due to cancer among petroleum oil workers. Existing review articles on this subject were mostly inconclusive (55%). Conclusion: A significant proportion of studies have supported the increased risk for CKD in exposed individuals. The possibility that crude oil exposure may indeed cause harm underscores the need to re-open the subject matter. Well-designed epidemiological studies, particularly situated in oil producing communities of disadvantaged countries may be a step in the right direction.
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The number of ESRD patients is rapidly increasing globally. Although the best treatment option for ESRD is transplant, due to shortage of organs patients have to wait for some years for kidney transplant. Living kidney transplant gives... more
The number of ESRD patients is rapidly increasing globally. Although the best treatment option for ESRD is transplant, due to shortage of organs patients have to wait for some years for kidney transplant. Living kidney transplant gives better recipient and allograft outcomes but donor safety is equally important. To ascertain the safety of donation, living kidney donors undergo extensive evaluation prior to getting accepted for kidney donation. In the long term, donors are at higher risk for hypertension and proteinuria than general population and need close follow up after solitary nephrectomy. This review focuses on the evaluation and outcomes of kidney donors.
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Background: Renal replacement therapy is indicated for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of ESRD patients at initiation of hemodialysis vary depending on several factors including... more
Background: Renal replacement therapy is indicated for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of ESRD patients at initiation of hemodialysis vary depending on several factors including comorbidities, physicians' practice and geographical region amongst others. Aim: We determined the levels of estimated GFR of ESRD patients at initiation of hemodialysis in a single tertiary centre in Nigeria Method: This was a retrospective study. Records of all ESRD patients dialysed over a 12 month period were collated. Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or acute-on-chronic kidney disease were excluded. GFR was estimated using CKD-EPI formula. Early dialysis was defined as dialysing at an estimated GFR of >10ml/min. Results: A total of 78 patients initiated haemodialysis during the period of review. Mean age was 45±18 years while male to female ratio was 1.2: 1. Serum creatinine concentration ranged from 4.8-19.4mg/dl with a median of 10mg/dl while estimated GFR ranged from 2-12ml/min with a median of 5ml/min. Seventy-one out of 78 (91%) ESRD patients dialysed late while only 9% dialysed early; early initiation of dialysis was commoner in patients with human immuno-deficiency virusassociated nephropathy (HIVAN) and obstructive uropathy. Among the patients with HIVAN and obstructive nephropathy, 50% and 66% respectively dialysed early (p=0.003). Conclusion: Majority of ESRD patients in the centre dialysed late. Patients with HIVAN and obstructive uropathy tend to dialyse early compared to ESRD due to other aetiologies. Further research geared towards identifying possible predictors of early dialysis among ESRD patients is required. Keywords: estimated glomerular filtration rate, haemodialysis initiation, HIVAN, obstructive uropathy
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Background: The incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) are worse in developing countries due to late diagnosis, poor access and high cost of care. Surgical patients may have up to 10 fold increased risk for AKI due to... more
Background: The incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) are worse in developing countries due to late diagnosis, poor access and high cost of care. Surgical patients may have up to 10 fold increased risk for AKI due to complications arising from the primary surgical illness, peri-operative complications and treatment. Methods: This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study of the epidemiology of AKI in two Nigerian tertiary institutions. Patients who had surgery during a 1year period were included. Patients' identification were obtained from the theatre registers, and relevant data collected from their hospital files. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) serum creatinine criteria. Results: Two hundred and twenty patients were studied, and the majority were males (60.9%). Forty patients developed AKI (18.2%), with the majority in KDIGO stage 1 (12.7%). Mean age was 43.7±17.6 years compared to 37.2±21.7 years among those without AKI (mean difference=6.489, p=0.079). More males than females developed AKI (19.4% vs 16.3%, p=0.558). AKI was diagnosed in 38.5% of patients with sepsis compared to 16.9% of non-septic patients (p=0.061); in 23.9% of patients who had significant blood loss compared to 15.4% of patients without significant blood loss (p=0.128). Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was significantly commoner among patients with AKI (20% vs 7.8% p = 0.023). Mortality was 25% among patients who developed AKI compared to 7.2% in those without AKI (p=0.005) CONCLUSION: Patients diagnosed with AKI had a higher mean age. Perisurgical AKI was commoner in males, patients with sepsis, and those who lost significant blood intra-operatively. ICU admission and mortality were significantly higher among patients with AKI.
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This is an Early Access article. Please select the PDF button, above, to view it.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health challenge affecting the world in general. Its devastating impact is more evident in developing countries such as Nigeria. The incidence of cardiovascular disease rises with reducing renal... more
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health challenge affecting the world in general. Its devastating impact is more evident in developing countries such as Nigeria. The incidence of cardiovascular disease rises with reducing renal function and majority of patients with chronic kidney disease succumb to cardiovascular events before reaching end stage renal disease. The aim of the study is to correlate electrocardiographic abnormalities with renal function indices like PCV, eGFR amongst others. We analyzed electrocardiographic patterns retrospectively over a period of 4 years amongst adult patients with end stage renal disease. We studied 150 patients, 63.3% males and 36.7% females with a mean age of 50 ± 17years. The mean packed cell volume, estimated glomerular filtration rate and QTc was 23 ± 5.4 %, 9.7 ± 5.8 ml/min and 444.9ms ± 20.2 respectively. Left ventricular hypertrophy was the predominant abnormality accounting for 82.7% and 81.3% using Sokolo-Lyon and Araoye criteria r...
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IntroductionAlthough environmental exposure to hydrocarbons has been linked to non-communicable diseases, its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still an emerging area. Epidemiological studies associating CKD with prolonged... more
IntroductionAlthough environmental exposure to hydrocarbons has been linked to non-communicable diseases, its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still an emerging area. Epidemiological studies associating CKD with prolonged exposure to hydrocarbons have mostly focused on occupational exposure, with fewer studies on environmental exposure from residing in contaminated areas. The aim of this study was to determine any association between long-term exposure to petrochemical products and the risk of CKD by comparing the residence and occupational history of young patients with CKD and non-CKD controls.Materials and methodsA case–control study of 74 cases and 74 age- and sex-matched non-CKD controls was carried out. Cases were patients with CKD who were aged 18–44 years and diagnosed with suspected chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). Patients were recruited from an outpatient nephrology clinic and medical wards. Patients with CKD from traditional causes were excluded. Data we...
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Background Ambient air pollution has persisted in many communities resulting in chronic human exposure to unhealthy pollutants. Epidemiological studies on air pollution have been mainly quantitative with a dearth of information on health... more
Background Ambient air pollution has persisted in many communities resulting in chronic human exposure to unhealthy pollutants. Epidemiological studies on air pollution have been mainly quantitative with a dearth of information on health risk perception, a key component of environmental health risk management. The aim of this qualitative study was to illuminate the health risk perception of ambient air pollution amongst persons residing near a petrochemical industry. In addition, determine their perception of existing control measures and ideas for more effective control. Methods A focus group study of residents near a petrochemical refinery. Participants were purposively selected based on age, sex, long-term residence in the community, occupation, and involvement with community leadership. Three 90mins face-to-face focus groups and one individual interview were conducted while observing COVID-19 safety precautions. The moderator guided discussions using a pre-formed topic guide. Al...
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Background: Media channels increased COVID-19 pandemic uncertainty and disputes, hindering dissemination and acceptance of evidence-based health information. Socioeconomic, cultural, and developmental factors affect a community’s access... more
Background: Media channels increased COVID-19 pandemic uncertainty and disputes, hindering dissemination and acceptance of evidence-based health information. Socioeconomic, cultural, and developmental factors affect a community’s access to credible health information. This community-based study aims to assess semi-urban residents’ understanding of COVID-19.Methods. This was a cross-sectional study of 384 multistage-sampled residents of the study site. Sociodemographic, psychographic, and COVID-19 and treatment knowledge were obtained using a semistructured questionnaire. Six questions were used to measure knowledge, which was deemed adequate (three or more correct answers) or inadequate (fewer than three correct responses). Results: 54 out of 364 responders (14.8%) knew COVID-19. 68.9% of respondents stated citrus fruits or spices, 46.1% mentioned infection safety, and 13.3% mentioned chloroquine for prevention. Regarding treatment, 55.5% of responders reported chloroquine and 20.9%...
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This is an Early Access article. Please select the PDF button, above, to view it.
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There is conflicting evidence on the role of lipid biomarkers in breast cancer (BC), and no study to our knowledge has examined this association among African women. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for... more
There is conflicting evidence on the role of lipid biomarkers in breast cancer (BC), and no study to our knowledge has examined this association among African women. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association of lipid biomarkers—total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides—with odds of BC overall and by subtype (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched and triple-negative or TNBC) for 296 newly diagnosed BC cases and 116 healthy controls in Nigeria. Each unit standard deviation (SD) increase in triglycerides was associated with 39% increased odds of BC in fully adjusted models (aOR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.86). Among post-menopausal women, higher total cholesterol (aOR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.57), LDL cholesterol (aOR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.04, 2.41), and triglycerides (aOR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.21, 3.01) were associated with increased odds of BC. Additionally, each unit SD increase in LDL was associat...
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BACKGROUND The incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) are worse in developing countries due to late diagnosis, poor access and high cost of care. Surgical patients may have up to 10 fold increased risk for AKI due to... more
BACKGROUND The incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI) are worse in developing countries due to late diagnosis, poor access and high cost of care. Surgical patients may have up to 10 fold increased risk for AKI due to complications arising from the primary surgical illness, peri-operative complications and treatment. METHODS This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study of the epidemiology of AKI in two Nigerian tertiary institutions. Patients who had surgery during a 1year period were included. Patients' identification were obtained from the theatre registers, and relevant data collected from their hospital files. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) serum creatinine criteria. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty patients were studied, and the majority were males (60.9%). Forty patients developed AKI (18.2%), with the majority in KDIGO stage 1 (12.7%). Mean age was 43.7±17.6 years compared to 37.2±21.7 years among those without...
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Introduction: The general indication for the use of iodinated contrast media (CM) is to create an X-ray attenuation differential in tissues in order to increase the visualization of the disease process. The use of CM can be associated... more
Introduction: The general indication for the use of iodinated contrast media (CM) is to create an X-ray attenuation differential in tissues in order to increase the visualization of the disease process. The use of CM can be associated with clinical and biochemical effects some of which may be harmful e.g. contrast induced nephropathy, haemodynamic alterations and idiosyncratic reactions amongst others. This hospital- based prospective analytical study investigated biochemical derangements associated with the use of contrast media.Methods: One hundred and eighty consenting adult patients who received intravenous contrast media during radiological investigations at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria were recruited over a 6-month period. Data on their socio- demographic characteristics and health status were collated. Venous blood was collected pre- and up to 72 hour- post contrast studies to measure for serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine and albumin. Urine...
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Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at synthesising epidemiological data on the association between long-term air pollution and kidney-related outcomes in oil and natural gas (ONG) situated communities.Methods: We... more
Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at synthesising epidemiological data on the association between long-term air pollution and kidney-related outcomes in oil and natural gas (ONG) situated communities.Methods: We synthesised studies using the PRISMA 2020 guideline. We searched databases including Medline, Cochrane Library, CIHANL, CAB s, Greenlife, African Journal Online, Google Scholar and Web of Science, from inception to April 2021. Heterogeneity across studies and publication bias were assessed.Results: Twenty-five studies were systematically reviewed but only 14 were included in the meta-analysis and categorised based on the outcome studied. Residents of exposed communities have increased risk for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.44–2.01), lower eGFR (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.48–0.67) and higher serum creatinine (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.06–1.82) compared to less exposed or unexposed populations. The risks for hypertension and kidney cancer between...
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Background: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is an abrupt and sustained rise in serum creatinine, urine output or both. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality especially among hospitalised patients. Despite the poor outcome... more
Background: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is an abrupt and sustained rise in serum creatinine, urine output or both. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality especially among hospitalised patients. Despite the poor outcome associated with the problem, data is lacking regarding the epidemiology of AKI in developing countries. Objectives : To determine the incidence of AKI among medical admissions, to study the aetiological pattern, clinical presentation, complications and short-term outcome of the disease; and to determine the predictor of poor outcome among cases studied. Methodology: This was a retrospective study. The case records of all cases of diagnosed AKI admitted into the medical wards for a period of 2 years was reviewed. AKI was regarded as sudden deterioration in renal function (azotaemia) with or without oliguria; and the absence of any evidence of chronicity. Results: There were 2431 Medical admissions during the study period and of these, there were 33 cas...
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BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental pollutants has been associated with the high burden of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in disadvantaged populations. Although biologically plausible, the evidence for kidney damage from hydrocarbon or... more
BACKGROUND Exposure to environmental pollutants has been associated with the high burden of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in disadvantaged populations. Although biologically plausible, the evidence for kidney damage from hydrocarbon or crude oil exposure is still conflicting. Several human and animal studies from as far back as the 1950s have associated some forms of chronic glomerulonephritis or CKD, with long-term human exposure to hydrocarbons. However, other studies have produced opposite findings or dispute findings of positive studies. METHODS This paper reviews in detail the mechanisms of environmental and human exposure to crude oil and the evidence for crude oil associated chronic kidney disease. Additionally, a search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar, revealing 152 articles, out of which, 64 articles were included for review; animal studies and case reports were excluded Results: Overall, 64% of the studies reviewed supported an association between hydrocarbon exp...
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Background The exposure of health care professionals (HCP) to patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the course of performing their professional duties may expose them to contracting the virus. This may likely increase their... more
Background The exposure of health care professionals (HCP) to patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the course of performing their professional duties may expose them to contracting the virus. This may likely increase their tendency to self-medicate for prevention or treatment of perceived infection. Aim This study determined the prevalence of COVID-19 related self-medication and its determinants among HCPs in three tertiary hospitals in Southern Nigeria. Method This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 669 adult HCPs from three tertiary hospitals in three Southern Nigerian States using a non-probability convenience sampling method. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data entry and analysis were done using IBM SPSS version 22. Results The mean age of the respondents was 35.6 ± 8.7 years. Two hundred and forty-three respondents (36.3%) reported having practiced COVID-19 related self-medication. The commonly used medications ...
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Over the last three decades, researchers have investigated population density and health outcomes at differing scale. There has not been a systematic review conducted in order to synthesise this evidence. Following the Preferred Reporting... more
Over the last three decades, researchers have investigated population density and health outcomes at differing scale. There has not been a systematic review conducted in order to synthesise this evidence. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically reviewed quantitative evidence published since 1990 on population density and non-communicable disease (NCD) within Westernised countries. Fifty-four studies met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated utilising a quality assessment tool for ecological studies. High population density appears to be associated with higher mortality rates of a range of cancers, cardiovascular disease and COPD, and a higher incidence of a range of cancers, asthma and club foot. In contrast, diabetes incidence was found to be associated with low population density. High and low population density are therefore risk markers for a range of NCDs, indicating that there are unidentified factors and mechan...
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Background: Renal replacement therapy is indicated for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of ESRD patients at initiation of hemodialysis vary depending on several factors including... more
Background: Renal replacement therapy is indicated for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of ESRD patients at initiation of hemodialysis vary depending on several factors including comorbidities, physicians' practice and geographical region amongst others. Aim: We determined the levels of estimated GFR of ESRD patients at initiation of hemodialysis in a single tertiary centre in Nigeria Method: This was a retrospective study. Records of all ESRD patients dialysed over a 12 month period were collated. Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) or acute-on-chronic kidney disease were excluded. GFR was estimated using CKD-EPI formula. Early dialysis was defined as dialysing at an estimated GFR of >10ml/min. Results: A total of 78 patients initiated haemodialysis during the period of review. Mean age was 45±18 years while male to female ratio was 1.2: 1. Serum creatinine concentration ranged from 4.8-19.4mg/dl with a median of 10mg/dl ...
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Objectives: The student and their learning environment determine the achievement of learning outcomes. Regardless of the affordances presented to a student, learning will not occur if factors exist that significantly compete with the... more
Objectives: The student and their learning environment determine the achievement of learning outcomes. Regardless of the affordances presented to a student, learning will not occur if factors exist that significantly compete with the students’ ability to engage.This study was to determine student-related factors influencing academic performance Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytic study of graduands within 0-12 months of graduation from the Medical School of Delta State University, Nigeria. Only non-consenting doctors were excluded. A questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic data, information about motivation to study medicine, social behaviours, study habits, dietary habits, family support, and self-perceived emotional status. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPPS Statistics for windows version 22(IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) Results: Seventy-one newly graduated medical students were studied. The mean age was 25±2.5years, and males were in the maj...
Hepatitis sero-positivity at initiation of haemodialysis may suggest a causal role or arise due to repeated blood transfusions and reduced immunity associated with advanced chronic kidney disease. This study was to determine the... more
Hepatitis sero-positivity at initiation of haemodialysis may suggest a causal role or arise due to repeated blood transfusions and reduced immunity associated with advanced chronic kidney disease. This study was to determine the sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B and C infection at initiation of haemodialysis, and describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients. This is a cross-sectional study of all end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients who had haemodialysis from January 2012 to January 2016 in the study centre. Patients with HIV infection were excluded. Data on the demographic characteristics, health status, aetiology of renal disease, clinical and biochemical parameters were collected. Fifteen (4.9%) out of 341 patients were hepatitis sero-positive; 2.6% were hepatitis B seropositive, while 2.3% were hepatitis C positive. Majority (86.6%) of the patients were males. Hepatitis infection was significantly commoner among patients with sickle cell disease (2 out of 6, p...
The number of ESRD patients is rapidly increasing globally. Although the best treatment option for ESRD is transplant, due to shortage of organs patients have to wait for some years for kidney transplant. Living kidney transplant gives... more
The number of ESRD patients is rapidly increasing globally. Although the best treatment option for ESRD is transplant, due to shortage of organs patients have to wait for some years for kidney transplant. Living kidney transplant gives better recipient and allograft outcomes but donor safety is equally important. To ascertain the safety of donation, living kidney donors undergo extensive evaluation prior to getting accepted for kidney donation. In the long term, donors are at higher risk for hypertension and proteinuria than general population and need close follow up after solitary nephrectomy. This review focuses on the evaluation and outcomes of kidney donors.
Renal ultrasound is used to determine the size, location, architecture of the kidneys, and to exclude obstruction. Echogenic kidneys and renal size may indicate the presence of renal parenchymal disease. Some authors have reported a... more
Renal ultrasound is used to determine the size, location, architecture of the kidneys, and to exclude obstruction. Echogenic kidneys and renal size may indicate the presence of renal parenchymal disease. Some authors have reported a significant correlation between renal echogenicity and renal function. A retrospective cross-sectional study carried out in a Tertiary Hospital in Southern Nigeria, using records of CKD patients seen in the renal outpatient clinic. All adults diagnosed with CKD according to KDIGO definition were included; but patients with advanced cystic kidney disease, hydronephrosis, and fatty liver or other liver diseases diagnosed on ultrasonography, were excluded. A data sheet was used to collect information regarding patient's age, sex, anthropometry, aetiology of CKD, and serum creatinine. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using CKD-EPI calculator. Information on ultrasonographic parameters such as renal length, renal echogenicity, corticomedullary dif...
Objectives: The study aimed to examine health workers’ perceptions of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in Nigeria and their willingness to receive the vaccine when it becomes available.Methods: This multi-center... more
Objectives: The study aimed to examine health workers’ perceptions of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine in Nigeria and their willingness to receive the vaccine when it becomes available.Methods: This multi-center cross-sectional study used non-probability convenience sampling to enroll 1,470 hospital workers aged 18 and above from 4 specialized hospitals. A structured and validated self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data entry and analysis were conducted using IBM SPSS ver. 22.0.Results: The mean age of respondents was 40±6 years. Only 53.5% of the health workers had positive perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine, and only slightly more than half (55.5%) were willing to receive vaccination. Predictors of willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine included having a positive perception of the vaccine (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 4.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.50−5.69), perceiving a risk of contracting COVID-19 (AOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.25–3.98...
Background The association between obesity and breast cancer (BC) has been extensively studied among US, European and Asian study populations, with often conflicting evidence. However, despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and... more
Background The association between obesity and breast cancer (BC) has been extensively studied among US, European and Asian study populations, with often conflicting evidence. However, despite the increasing prevalence of obesity and associated conditions in Africa, the continent with the highest age-standardized BC mortality rate globally, few studies have evaluated this association, and none has examined in relation to molecular subtypes among African women. The current analysis examines the association between body composition, defined by body mass index (BMI), height, and weight, and BC by molecular subtype among African women. Methods We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between measures of body composition and BC and molecular subtypes among 419 histologically confirmed cases of BC and 286 healthy controls from the Mechanisms for Established and Novel Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Women of Nigerian Descent (MEND) case-con...