On July 15, 2016, a coup attempt was carried out in Turkey, but the coup planners failed to achie... more On July 15, 2016, a coup attempt was carried out in Turkey, but the coup planners failed to achieve their goals. The coup attempt organized by the Fetullah Terrorist Organization and its US-based leader Fetullah Gulen left 251 people martyred and 2,196 injured. Today, the Turkish government accuses FETÖ of working to overthrow Turkish institutions since the late 1960s. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), founded in 1810 in the United States, sent its first missionaries to the Ottoman Empire in 1820 and played an active role in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire by engaging in disruptive activities in this land for 200 years. In this study, first, an outline of this agency’s (known as the American Board) history in the Ottoman State and the Republic of Turkey will be given. Then, Fetullah Terrorist Organization’s similarities with the American Board will be evaluated.
Öz: Kendilerini "öteki" yoluyla tanıtma ve tanıma çabası içerisinde olan şarkiyatçılar,... more Öz: Kendilerini "öteki" yoluyla tanıtma ve tanıma çabası içerisinde olan şarkiyatçılar, sıklıkla kadınların temsiline odaklanmış, anlatılarında cinsiyetlendirilmiş bir mekân olarak harem ve kafesli pencerelerin gerisinde hayattan kopuk olarak yaşayan, korunmaya muhtaç, aciz doğulu kadını betimlemişlerdir. Şarkiyatçıların edilgen olan ve "Türk Kadınları" diye genelde çoğul olarak kullanılan anlatımları, milliyetçi söylem içerisinde etkin olan ve kitleler önünde konuşabilen bir bireye dönüşür. Milliyetçi söylemde Türk kadını savaşa katkı veren "ulusun annesi" haline gelir ve kadın olarak temsil edilen vatan gibi o da korunmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında Türk kadını algısı, şarkiyatçı ve milliyetçi söylem içerisinde incelenip karşılaştırılacak, savaş zamanı Türk kadını anlatılarından örnekler verilecektir. Çalışmada amaçlanan, şarkiyatçı söylem ile milliyetçi söylemin Türk kadını betimlemeleri bağlamında karşılaştırılmasıyla her i...
In Ottoman archival sources, female prostitution is richly documented, in contrast to poorly docu... more In Ottoman archival sources, female prostitution is richly documented, in contrast to poorly documented male prostitution. However, academic or scholarly studies referring to both are limited in number. (Sarıyannis, 2008: 65) To fill in this gap, this article, as part of a TUBITAK funded project** deals with the perception of prostitution in Ottoman Empire. In this study only female prostitutes are examined. Simple adultery cases in judicial registers, as well as male prostitutes, are left aside. In the study prostitutes’ customers and procurers’ (men or women) are also defined, and references to them are highlighted. The Ottoman archives, from which the female prostitutes of the time are analyzed, are gathered from the General Directorate of State Archives of the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey and include Kalebend and Mühimme (Defterleri) Records. The period analyzed is roughly limited to the late 18th century to coincide with the reign of Selim the third. This period is chosen because, other than the regular practices applied to the prostitutes, like driving them from the towns and cities (internal exile) or imprisoning them, under his rule the death penalty was imposed on five prostitutes as a warning or deterrent to others. Prostitution was regarded as sinful and forbidden in Ottoman Empire. In Islamic Law, the penalty for such deeds was recm (stoning to death), but it was once used in the empire. In the archives, the prostitutes were given nicknames, according to their place of birth, physical characteristics or simply by referring to flower names. Their portrayal was similar to Kathryn Norberg’s definition of prostitutes in her article ‘Prostitutes’; “[They were] no more than a name or a number, a cipher almost always without identity or voice”. (Norberg, 1993: 459). By describing other people’s point of views about them and by giving details from female prostitutes’ imprisonments and exiles, this study aims to explain how hegemonic masculinity is constructed in Ottoman Empire.
On July 15, 2016, a coup attempt was carried out in Turkey, but the coup planners failed to achie... more On July 15, 2016, a coup attempt was carried out in Turkey, but the coup planners failed to achieve their goals. The coup attempt organized by the Fetullah Terrorist Organization and its US-based leader Fetullah Gulen left 251 people martyred and 2,196 injured. Today, the Turkish government accuses FETÖ of working to overthrow Turkish institutions since the late 1960s. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), founded in 1810 in the United States, sent its first missionaries to the Ottoman Empire in 1820 and played an active role in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire by engaging in disruptive activities in this land for 200 years. In this study, first, an outline of this agency’s (known as the American Board) history in the Ottoman State and the Republic of Turkey will be given. Then, Fetullah Terrorist Organization’s similarities with the American Board will be evaluated.
Öz: Kendilerini "öteki" yoluyla tanıtma ve tanıma çabası içerisinde olan şarkiyatçılar,... more Öz: Kendilerini "öteki" yoluyla tanıtma ve tanıma çabası içerisinde olan şarkiyatçılar, sıklıkla kadınların temsiline odaklanmış, anlatılarında cinsiyetlendirilmiş bir mekân olarak harem ve kafesli pencerelerin gerisinde hayattan kopuk olarak yaşayan, korunmaya muhtaç, aciz doğulu kadını betimlemişlerdir. Şarkiyatçıların edilgen olan ve "Türk Kadınları" diye genelde çoğul olarak kullanılan anlatımları, milliyetçi söylem içerisinde etkin olan ve kitleler önünde konuşabilen bir bireye dönüşür. Milliyetçi söylemde Türk kadını savaşa katkı veren "ulusun annesi" haline gelir ve kadın olarak temsil edilen vatan gibi o da korunmalıdır. Bu çalışmada, Birinci Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında Türk kadını algısı, şarkiyatçı ve milliyetçi söylem içerisinde incelenip karşılaştırılacak, savaş zamanı Türk kadını anlatılarından örnekler verilecektir. Çalışmada amaçlanan, şarkiyatçı söylem ile milliyetçi söylemin Türk kadını betimlemeleri bağlamında karşılaştırılmasıyla her i...
In Ottoman archival sources, female prostitution is richly documented, in contrast to poorly docu... more In Ottoman archival sources, female prostitution is richly documented, in contrast to poorly documented male prostitution. However, academic or scholarly studies referring to both are limited in number. (Sarıyannis, 2008: 65) To fill in this gap, this article, as part of a TUBITAK funded project** deals with the perception of prostitution in Ottoman Empire. In this study only female prostitutes are examined. Simple adultery cases in judicial registers, as well as male prostitutes, are left aside. In the study prostitutes’ customers and procurers’ (men or women) are also defined, and references to them are highlighted. The Ottoman archives, from which the female prostitutes of the time are analyzed, are gathered from the General Directorate of State Archives of the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Turkey and include Kalebend and Mühimme (Defterleri) Records. The period analyzed is roughly limited to the late 18th century to coincide with the reign of Selim the third. This period is chosen because, other than the regular practices applied to the prostitutes, like driving them from the towns and cities (internal exile) or imprisoning them, under his rule the death penalty was imposed on five prostitutes as a warning or deterrent to others. Prostitution was regarded as sinful and forbidden in Ottoman Empire. In Islamic Law, the penalty for such deeds was recm (stoning to death), but it was once used in the empire. In the archives, the prostitutes were given nicknames, according to their place of birth, physical characteristics or simply by referring to flower names. Their portrayal was similar to Kathryn Norberg’s definition of prostitutes in her article ‘Prostitutes’; “[They were] no more than a name or a number, a cipher almost always without identity or voice”. (Norberg, 1993: 459). By describing other people’s point of views about them and by giving details from female prostitutes’ imprisonments and exiles, this study aims to explain how hegemonic masculinity is constructed in Ottoman Empire.
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