Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
article

Time-based tags for fiction movies: comparing experts to novices using a video labeling game

Published: 01 February 2017 Publication History

Abstract

The cultural heritage sector has embraced social tagging as a way to increase both access to online content and to engage users with their digital collections. In this article, we build on two current lines of research. a We use Waisda?, an existing labeling game, to add time-based annotations to content. b In this context, we investigate the role of experts in human-based computation nichesourcing. We report on a small-scale experiment in which we applied Waisda? to content from film archives. We study the differences in the type of time-based tags between experts and novices for film clips in a crowdsourcing setting. The findings show high similarity in the number and type of tags mostly factual. In the less frequent tags, however, experts used more domain-specific terms. We conclude that competitive games are not suited to elicit real expert-level descriptions. We also confirm that providing guidelines, based on conceptual frameworks that are more suited to moving images in a time-based fashion, could result in increasing the quality of the tags, thus allowing for creating more tag-based innovative services for online audiovisual heritage.

References

[1]
Ådland, M.K., &Lykke, M. 2012. Social tagging in support of cancer patients' information interaction. In Social information research Vol. Volume 5, pp. pp.101-128. UK: Emerald Group Publishing.
[2]
Ahn, L.von, &Dabbish, L. 2008. Designing games with a purpose. Communications of the ACM, Volume 51 Issue 8, pp.58-67.
[3]
Baca, M. 2002. Introduction to art image access: Issues, tools, standards, and strategies. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Research Institute.
[4]
Bálint, K., &Kovács, A.B. 2012. Focalization and attachment. Studying the interaction effect of narrative and psychological factors in film viewers' emotional responses. Pszichológia, Volume 32 Issue 3, pp.271-291.
[5]
Ballan, L., Bertini, M., Del Bimbo, A., Meoni, M., &Serra, G. 2010. Tag suggestion and localization in user-generated videos based on social knowledge. In Proceedings of Second ACM SIGMM Workshop on Social Media pp. 3-8. New York, NY: ACM.
[6]
Ballan, L., Bertini, M., Del Bimbo, A., &Serra, G. 2011. Enriching and localizing semantic tags in Internet videos. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM International Conference on Multimedia pp. 1541-1544. New York, NY: ACM.
[7]
Bar-Ilan, J., Shoham, S., Idan, A., Miller, Y., &Shachak, A. 2008. Structured versus unstructured tagging: A case study. Online Information Review, Volume 32 Issue 5, pp.635-647.
[8]
Bertini, M., Del Bimbo, A., Ferracani, A., Gelli, F., Maddaluno, D., &Pezzatini, D. 2013a. A novel framework for collaborative video recommendation, interest discovery and friendship suggestion based on semantic profiling. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Multimedia pp. 451-452. New York, NY: ACM.
[9]
Bertini, M., Del Bimbo, A., Ferracani, A., Gelli, F., Maddaluno, D., &Pezzatini, D. 2013b. Socially-aware video recommendation using users' profiles and crowdsourced annotations. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Socially-aware Multimedia pp. 13-18. New York, NY: ACM.
[10]
De Boer, V., Hildebrand, M., Aroyo, L., Leenheer, P.D., Dijkshoorn, C., Tesfa, B., &Schreiber, G. 2012. Nichesourcing: Harnessing the power of crowds of experts. In A.ten Teije, J.Völker, S.Handschuh, H.Stuckenschmidt, M.d'Acquin, A.Nikolov, ' N.Hernandez Eds., Ekaw'12: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management pp. pp.16-20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. Retrieved from
[11]
Bordwell, D., &Thompson, K. 2003. Film art: An introduction 7th ed. Boston: Mcgraw-Hill College.
[12]
Burford, B., Briggs, P., &Eakins, J.P. 2003. A taxonomy of the image: On the classification of content for image retrieval. Visual Communication, Volume 2 Issue 2, pp.123-161.
[13]
Darvish, S., &Chin, A. 2010. Dealing with the video tidal wave: The relevance of expertise for video tagging. In Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia pp. 289-290. New York, NY: ACM.
[14]
Eakins, J.P., Briggs, P., &Burford, B. 2004. Image retrieval interfaces: A user perspective. In P.G.B.Enser, Y.Kompatsiaris, N.E.O'Connor, A.F.Smeaton, &A.W.M.Smeulders Eds., Image and video retrieval pp. pp.628-637. Berlin, Heildelberg: Springer.
[15]
Enser, P.G.B. 2000. Visual image retrieval: Seeking the alliance of concept-based and content-based paradigms. Journal of Information Science, Volume 26 Issue 4, pp.199-210.
[16]
Fossati, G. 2009. From grain to pixel: The archival life of film in transition. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
[17]
Freiburg, B., Kamps, J., &Snoek, C.G.M. 2011. Crowdsourcing visual detectors for video search pp. pp.913-916. New York, NY: ACM.
[18]
Fu, W.-T., Kannampallil, T., Kang, R., &He, J. 2010. Semantic imitation in social tagging. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Volume 17 Issue 3, 12:1-12:37.
[19]
Gedikli, F., &Jannach, D. 2013. Improving recommendation accuracy based on item-specific tag preferences. ACM Transaction on Intelligent Systems and Technology, Volume 4 Issue 1, 11:1-11:19.
[20]
Geisler, G., Willard, G., &Whitworth, E. 2010. Crowdsourcing the indexing of film and television media pp. 82:1-82:10. Silver Springs, MD: American Society for Information Science. Retrieved from "http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1920331.1920448"
[21]
Gibbon, D.C., Liu, Z., Basso, A., &Shahraray, B. 2013. Automated content metadata extraction services based on MPEG standards. Computer Journal, Volume 56 Issue 5, pp.628-645.
[22]
Gligorov, R., Hildebrand, M., <familyNamePrefix>van</familyNamePrefix>Ossenbruggen, J., Aroyo, L., &Schreiber, G. 2013. An evaluation of labelling-game data for video retrieval. In P.Serdyukov, P.Braslavski, S.O.Kuznetsov, J.Kamps, S.Rüger, E.Agichtein, ' E.Yilmaz Eds., Advances in information retrieval pp. pp.50-61. Berlin, Heildelberg: Springer.
[23]
Gligorov, R., Hildebrand, M., <familyNamePrefix>van</familyNamePrefix>Ossenbruggen, J., Schreiber, G., &Aroyo, L. 2011. On the role of user-generated metadata in audio visual collections pp. pp.145-152. New York, NY: ACM.
[24]
Goh, D.H.-L., Ang, R.P., Lee, C.S., &Chua, A.Y.K. 2011. Fight or unite: Investigating game genres for image tagging. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Volume 62 Issue 7, pp.1311-1324.
[25]
Goh, D.H.-L., &Lee, C.S. 2011. Perceptions, quality and motivational needs in image tagging human computation games. Journal of Information Science, Volume 37 Issue 5, pp.515-531.
[26]
Golbeck, J., Koepfler, J., &Emmerling, B. 2011. An experimental study of social tagging behavior and image content. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Volume 62 Issue 9, pp.1750-1760.
[27]
Good, B.M., Tennis, J.T., &Wilkinson, M.D. 2009. Social tagging in the life sciences: Characterizing a new metadata resource for bioinformatics. BMC Bioinformatics, Volume 10, pp.313-313.
[28]
Greisdorf, H., &O'Connor, B., 2002. Modelling what users see when they look at images: a cognitive viewpoint. Journal of Documentation, Volume 58 Issue 1, pp.6-29.
[29]
Guy, M., &Tonkin, E. 2006. Folksonomies: Tidying up tags? D-Lib Magazine, Volume 12 Issue 1. Retrieved from "http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/edoc/aw/d-lib/dlib/january06/guy/01guy.html"
[30]
Halpin, H., Robu, V., &Shepherd, H. 2007. The complex dynamics of collaborative tagging. In Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web pp. 211-220. New York, NY: ACM.
[31]
Hildebrand, M., Brinkerink, M., Gligorov, R., <familyNamePrefix>van</familyNamePrefix>Steenbergen, M., Huijkman, J., &Oomen, J. 2013. Waisda? Video Labeling Game. Presented at the ACM Multimedia, Barcelona.
[32]
Hollink, L. 2006. Semantic annotation for retrieval of visual resources Doctoral dissertation. Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam. Retrieved from "http://hdl.handle.net/1871/10846"
[33]
Hollink, L., Schreiber, A.T., Wielinga, B.J., &Worring, M. 2004. Classification of user image descriptions. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 61 Issue 5, pp.601-626.
[34]
Huang, C., Fu, T., &Chen, H. 2010. Text-based video content classification for online video-sharing sites. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Volume 61 Issue 5, pp.891-906.
[35]
Images for the Future. 2009. Waisda? Video labeling game: Evaluation report. Retrieved from "http://research.imagesforthefuture.org/index.php/waisda-video-labeling-game-evaluation-report"/
[36]
Ingwersen, P. 1992. Information retrieval interaction. London: Taylor Graham.
[37]
Inskip, C., MacFarlane, A., &Rafferty, P. 2008. Content or context?: Searching for musical meaning in task-based interactive information retrieval. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Information Interaction in Context pp. pp.72-74. New York, NY: ACM.
[38]
Kang, R., &Fu, W.-T. 2010. Exploratory information search by domain experts and novices. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces pp. pp.329-332. New York, NY: ACM.
[39]
Kim, H.H., &Kim, Y.H. 2010. Toward a conceptual framework of key-frame extraction and storyboard display for video summarization. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Volume 61 Issue 5, pp.927-939.
[40]
Klavans, J.L., LaPlante, R., &Golbeck, J. 2013. Subject matter categorization of tags applied to digital images from art museums. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 65, 3-12.
[41]
Layne, S.S. 1986. Analyzing the subject of a picture: A theoretical approach. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Volume 6 Issue 3, pp.39-62.
[42]
Lee, C.S., Goh, D.H.-L., Razikin, K., &Chua, A.Y.K. 2009. Tagging, sharing and the influence of personal experience. Journal of Digital Information, Volume 10 Issue 1. pp.1-15. Retrieved from "https://journals.tdl.org/jodi/index.php/jodi/article/view/275"
[43]
Li, G., Wang, M., Zheng, Y.-T., Li, H., Zha, Z.-J., &Chua, T.-S. 2011. ShotTagger: Tag location for Internet videos. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval pp. 37:1-37:8. New York, NY: ACM.
[44]
Lu, C., Park, J., &Hu, X. 2010. User tags versus expert-assigned subject terms: A comparison of LibraryThing tags and library of congress subject headings. Journal of Information Science, Volume 36 Issue 6, pp.763-779.
[45]
Madrigal, A.C. 2014, January. How Netflix Reverse Engineered Hollywood. The Atlantic. Retrieved from "http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/how-netflix-reverse-engineered-hollywood/282679/3"/
[46]
Matusiak, K.K. 2006. Towards user-centered indexing in digital image collections. OCLC Systems & Services, Volume 22 Issue 4, pp.283-298.
[47]
Melenhorst, M., Grootveld, M., <familyNamePrefix>van</familyNamePrefix>Setten, M., &Veenstra, M. 2008. Tag-based information retrieval of video content pp. pp.31-40. New York, NY: ACM.
[48]
Oomen, J., &Aroyo, L. 2011. Crowdsourcing in the cultural heritage domain: Opportunities and challenges pp. pp.138-149. New York, NY: ACM.
[49]
Oomen, J., Gligorov, R., &Hildebrand, M. 2014. Waisda?: making videos findable through crowdsourced annotations. In M.Ridge Ed., Crowdsourcing our Cultural Heritage pp. pp.161-184. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
[50]
Panofsky, E. 1939. Studies in iconology: Humanistic themes in the art of the Renaissance 1st Icon ed., 4th print. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
[51]
Peters, I. 2009. Folksonomies. Indexing and Retrieval in Web 2.0 1st ed. Berlin: De Gruyter.
[52]
Rudkin, D. 2007. Vampyr. London: University of California Press.
[53]
Sen, S., Lam, S.K., Rashid, A.M., Cosley, D., Frankowski, D., Osterhouse, J., ' Riedl, J. 2006. Tagging, communities, vocabulary, evolution. In Proceedings of the 2006 20th Anniversary Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work pp. pp.181-190. New York, NY: ACM.
[54]
Skov, M., &Lykke, M. 2012. Unlocking radio broadcasts: User needs in sound retrieval pp. pp.298-301. New York, NY: ACM.
[55]
Smith, G. 2007. Tagging: People-powered metadata for the social web. Berkeley, CA: New Riders Press.
[56]
Springer, M., Dulabahn, B., Michel, P., Natanson, B., Reser, D., Woodward, D., &Zinkham, H. 2008. For the common good: The Library of Congress Flickr pilot project Report. DC: Government of the United States; Library of Congress. Retrieved from "http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/focus-on-countries/north-and-south-america-and-the-caribbean/united-states/government-initiatives-united-states/culture-sport-and-recreation-united-states/libraries-united-states/for-the-common-good-the-library-of-congress-flickr-pilot-project-in-pdf-format-1333kb-.html"
[57]
Stock, W. G. 2010. Concepts and semantic relations in information science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Volume 61 Issue 10, pp.1951-1969.
[58]
Thøgersen, R. 2013. Data quality in an output-agreement game: A comparison between game-generated tags and professional descriptors. In P.Antunes, M.A.Gerosa, A.Sylvester, J.Vassileva, &G.-J.<familyNamePrefix>de</familyNamePrefix>Vreede Eds., Collaboration and technology pp. pp.126-142. Berlin, Heildelberg: Springer.
[59]
Thom-Santelli, J., Cosley, D., &Gay, G. 2010. What do you know?: Experts, novices and territoriality in collaborative systems. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems pp. pp.1685-1694. New York, NY: ACM.
[60]
Tirilly, P., Mu, X., Huang, C., Xie, I., Jeong, W., &Zhang, J. 2012. On the consistency and features of image similarity pp. pp.164-173. New York, NY: ACM.
[61]
Trant, J. 2009a. Tagging, folksonomy and art museums: Early experiments and ongoing research. Journal of Digital Information, Volume 10 Issue 1. Retrieved from "http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/viewArticle/270"
[62]
Trant, J. 2009b. Tagging, Folksonomy and Art Museums: Results of steve.museum's research. Retrieved from "http://www.museumsandtheweb.com/blog/jtrant/stevemuseum_research_report_available_tagging_fo.html"
[63]
Troncy, R., Huet, B., &Schenk, S. 2011. Multimedia semantics: Metadata, analysis and interaction. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
[64]
Tsai, L.-C., Hwang, S.-L., &Tang, K.-H. 2011. Analysis of keyword-based tagging behaviors of experts and novices. Online Information Review, Volume 35 Issue 2, pp.272-290.
[65]
Turner, J.M. 2009. Moving image indexing. In Encyclopedia of library and information sciences 3rd ed., pp. pp.3671-3681. New York: Taylor & Francis.
[66]
Turner, J.M. 2010. From ABC to http: The Effervescent evolution of indexing for audiovisual materials. Cataloging & Classification Quarterly, Volume 48 Issue 1, pp.83-93.
[67]
Von Ahn, L., &Dabbish, L. 2008. Designing games with a purpose. Communications of the ACM, Volume 51 Issue 8, pp.58-67.
[68]
Wang, M., Ni, B., Hua, X.-S., &Chua, T.-S. 2012. Assistive tagging: A survey of multimedia tagging with human-computer joint exploration. ACM Computing Surveys, Volume 44 Issue 4, 25:1-25:24.
[69]
Westman, S. 2009. Image Users' Needs and Searching Behaviour. In A.Göker &J.Davies Eds., Information retrieval: Searching in the 21st century; human information retrieval pp. pp.63-83. Chichester, U.K .: Wiley. Retrieved from
[70]
Wilkie, C. 1999. Managing film and video collections. London: Aslib and Information Management International.
[71]
Winget, M. 2009. Describing art: An alternative approach to subject access and interpretation. Journal of Documentation, Volume 65 Issue 6, pp.958-976.
[72]
Yeh, M.-C., &Wu, W.-P. 2014. Clustering faces in movies using an automatically constructed social network. IEEE MultiMedia, Volume 21 Issue 2, pp.22-31.
[73]
Zollers, A. 2007. Emerging motivations for tagging: Expression, performance, and activism. In Tagging and Metadata for Social Information Organization Workshop. Banff, Canada: WWW07. Retrieved from "http://www2007.org/workshops/paper_55.pdf"

Cited By

View all
  • (2022)Socio-Economic Diversity in Human AnnotationsProceedings of the 14th ACM Web Science Conference 202210.1145/3501247.3531588(98-109)Online publication date: 26-Jun-2022

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology
Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology  Volume 68, Issue 2
February 2017
269 pages
ISSN:2330-1635
EISSN:2330-1643
Issue’s Table of Contents

Publisher

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

United States

Publication History

Published: 01 February 2017

Qualifiers

  • Article

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
Reflects downloads up to 30 Aug 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2022)Socio-Economic Diversity in Human AnnotationsProceedings of the 14th ACM Web Science Conference 202210.1145/3501247.3531588(98-109)Online publication date: 26-Jun-2022

View Options

View options

Get Access

Login options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media