Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
article

Modeling and analyzing real-time wireless sensor and actuator networks using actors and model checking

Published: 01 October 2018 Publication History

Abstract

Programmers often use informal worst-case analysis and debugging to ensure that schedulers satisfy real-time requirements. Not only can this process be tedious and error-prone, it is inherently conservative and thus likely to lead to an inefficient use of resources. We propose to use model checking to find a schedule which optimizes the use of resources while satisfying real-time requirements. Specifically, we represent a Wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN) as a collection of actors whose behaviors are specified using a Java-based actor language extended with operators for real-time scheduling and delay representation. We show how the abstraction mechanism and the compositionality of actors in the actor model may be used to incrementally build a model of a WSAN's behavior from node-level and network models. We demonstrate the approach with a case study of a distributed real-time data acquisition system for high-frequency sensing using Timed Rebeca modeling language and the Afra model checking tool.

References

[1]
Agha, G.A.: ACTORS--A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems. MIT Press Series in Artificial Intelligence. MIT Press, Cambridge (1990)
[2]
Amnell, T., Fersman, E., Mokrushin, L., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: Times: a tool for schedulability analysis and code generation of real-time systems. In: Larsen, K.M., Niebert, M.P. (eds.) FORMATS. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 60---72. Springer, Berlin (2003)
[3]
Buss, A.H.: Modeling with event graphs. In: Charnes, J.M., Morrice, D.J., Brunner, D.T., Swain, J.J. (eds.) Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Winter Simulation, WSC 1996, Coronado, CA, USA, 8---11 Dec 1996, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 153---160 (1996)
[4]
Clarke, E.M., Grumberg, O., Peled, D.: Model Checking. MIT Press, Cambridge (1999)
[5]
David, A., Illum, J., Larsen, K.G., Skou, A.: Model-based design for embedded systems. In: Model-Based Framework for Schedulability Analysis Using UPPAAL 4.1, CRC Press, pp. 93---119 (2010)
[6]
Frank, S., de Boer, F.S., Chothia, T., Jaghoori, M.M.: Modular schedulability analysis of concurrent objects in creol. In: Arbab, F., Sirjani, M. (eds.) Fundamentals of Software Engineering, Third IPM International Conference, FSEN 2009, Kish Island, Iran, 15---17 Apr 2009, Revised Selected Papers, vol. 5961 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, pp. 212---227 (2009)
[7]
El-Hoiydi, A.: Spatial TDMA and CSMA with preamble sampling for low power ad hoc wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC 2002), 1---4 July 2002, Taormina, Italy, pp. 685---692, IEEE Computer Society (2002)
[8]
Fersman, E., Mokrushin, L., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: Schedulability analysis of fixed-priority systems using timed automata. Theor. Comput. Sci. 354(2), 301---317 (2006)
[9]
Fersman, E., Pettersson, P., Yi, W.: Timed automata with asynchronous processes: schedulability and decidability. In: Katoen, J.P., Stevens, P. (eds.) TACAS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2280, Springer, pp. 67---82 (2002)
[10]
Hewitt, C., Bishop, P., Steiger, R.: A universal modular ACTOR formalism for artificial intelligence. In: Nilsson, N.J. (ed.) IJCAI, pp. 235---245, William Kaufmann (1973)
[11]
Hill, J., Szewczyk, R., Woo, A., Hollar, S., Culler, D., Pister, K.: System architecture directions for networked sensors. SIGPLAN Not. 35, 93---104 (2000)
[12]
Illinois SHM Services Toolsuite. http://shm.cs.illinois.edu/software.html
[13]
Jafari, A., Khamespanah, E., Sirjani, M., Hermanns, H., Cimini, M.: Ptrebeca: modeling and analysis of distributed and asynchronous systems. Sci. Comput. Program. 128, 22---50 (2016)
[14]
Jaghoori, M.M., de Boer, F., Longuet, D., Chothia, T., Sirjani, M.: Schedulability of asynchronous real-time concurrent objects. J. Log. Algebr. Program. 78(5), 402---416 (2009)
[15]
Jaghoori, M.M., de Boer, F.S., Longuet, D., Chothia, T., Sirjani, M.: Compositional schedulability analysis of real-time actor-based systems. Acta Inf. 54(4), 343---378 (2017).
[16]
Khamespanah, E., Khosravi, R., Sirjani, M.: Efficient TCTL model checking algorithm for timed actors. In: Boix, E.G., Haller, P., Ricci, A., Varela, C. (eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Programming based on Actors Agents and Decentralized Control, AGERE! 2014, Portland, OR, USA, 20 Oct 2014, pp. 55---66, ACM (2014)
[17]
Khamespanah, E., Khosravi, R., Sirjani, M.: An efficient TCTL model checking algorithm and a reduction technique for verification of timed actor models. Sci. Comput. Program. (2017)
[18]
Khamespanah, E., Mechitov, K., Sirjani, M., Agha, G.: Schedulability analysis of distributed real-time sensor network applications using actor-based model checking. In: Proceedings of Model Checking Software--23rd International Symposium, SPIN 2016, Co-located with ETAPS 2016, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 7---8 Apr 2016, pp. 165---181 (2016)
[19]
Khamespanah, E., Sirjani, M., Sabahi-Kaviani, Z., Khosravi, R., Izadi, M.-J.: Timed rebeca schedulability and deadlock freedom analysis using bounded floating time transition system. Sci. Comput. Program. 98, 184---204 (2015)
[20]
Khamespanah, E., Sirjani, M., Viswanathan, M., Khosravi, R.: Floating time transition system: more efficient analysis of timed actors. In: Braga, C., Ölveczky, P.C. (eds.) Formal Aspects of Component Software--12th International Symposium, FACS 2015, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 14---16 oct 2015, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer (2016)
[21]
Levis, P., Lee, N., Welsh, M., Culler, D.: TOSSIM: accurate and scalable simulation of entire tinyos applications. In: Akyildiz, I.E., Estrin, D., Culler, D.E., Srivastava, M.B. (eds.) Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys 2003, Los Angeles, California, USA, 5---7 Nov 2003, pp. 126---137, ACM (2003)
[22]
Linderman, L.E., Mechitov, K.A., Spencer, B.F.: TinyOS-based real-time wireless data acquisition framework for structural health monitoring and control. Struct. Control Health Monit. 20, 1007---1020 (2012)
[23]
Lipari, G., Buttazzo, G.: Schedulability analysis of periodic and aperiodic tasks with resource constraints. J. Syst. Archit. 46(4), 327---338 (2000)
[24]
Liu, J.W.S.: Real-Time Systems, 1st edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (2000)
[25]
Norström, C., Wall, A., Yi, W.: Timed automata as task models for event-driven systems. In: RTCSA, IEEE Computer Society, pp. 182---189 (1999)
[26]
Olveczky, P.C., Thorvaldsen, S.: Formal modeling, performance estimation, and model checking of wireless sensor network algorithms in real-time maude. Theor. Comput. Sci. 410(2---3), 254---280 (2009)
[27]
Polastre, J., Hill, J.L., Culler, D.E.: Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In: Stankovic, J.A., Arora, A., Govindan, R. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA, 3---5 Nov 2004, pp. 95---107, ACM (2004).
[28]
Ren, S., Agha, G.: RTsynchronizer: language support for real-time specifications in distributed systems. In: Gerber, R., Marlowe, T.J. (eds.) Workshop on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Real-Time Systems, pp. 50---59. ACM, New York (1995)
[29]
Rebeca Formal Modeling Language. http://www.rebeca-lang.org/
[30]
Reynisson, A.H., Sirjani, M., Aceto, L., Cimini, M., Jafari, A., Ingólfsdóttir, A., Sigurdarson, S.H.: Modelling and simulation of asynchronous real-time systems using timed Rebeca. Sci. Comput. Program. 89, 41---68 (2014)
[31]
Zeinab, S., Mohammadi, S., Sirjani, M.: Comparison of NoC routing algorithms using formal methods. In: Proceedings of PDPTA'13 (2013)
[32]
Sharifi, Z., Mosaffa, M., Mohammadi, S., Sirjani, M.: Functional and performance analysis of network-on-chips using actor-based modeling and formal verification. In: ECEASST, vol. 66 (2013)
[33]
Shnayder, V., Hempstead, M., Chen, B.R., Allen, G.W., Welsh, M.: Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications. In: Stankovic, J.A., Arora, A., Govindan, R. (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys 2004, Baltimore, MD, USA, 3---5 Nov 2004, pp. 188---200, ACM (2004).
[34]
Sirjani, M., de Boer, F.S., Movaghar-Rahimabadi, A.: Modular verification of a component-based actor language. J. UCS 11(10), 1695---1717 (2005)
[35]
Sirjani, M., Jaghoori, M.M.: Ten years of analyzing actors: Rebeca experience. In: Gul, A., Danvy, O., Meseguer, J. (eds.) Formal Modeling: Actors, Open Systems, Biological Systems--Essays Dedicated to Carolyn Talcott on the Occasion of Her 70th Birthday. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7000, pp. 20---56. Springer, Berlin (2011)
[36]
Sirjani, M., Movaghar, A., Shali, A., de Boer, F.S.: Modeling and verification of reactive systems using Rebeca. Fundam. Inform. 63(4), 385---410 (2004)
[37]
Spencer, B.F., Jo, H., Mechitov, K.A., Li, J., Sim, S.H., Kim, R.E., Cho, S., Linderman, L.E., Moinzadeh, P., Giles, R.K., Agha, G.: Recent advances in wireless smart sensors for multi-scale monitoring and control of civil infrastructure. J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit. 6(1), 1---25 (2015)
[38]
Sameer, S., Kim, W.: et Gul Agha Sens: a sensor, environment and network simulator. In: Proceedings 37th Annual Simulation Symposium (ANSS-37 2004), 18---22 Apr 2004, Arlington, VA, USA, pp. 221---228, IEEE Computer Society (2004)

Cited By

View all
  • (2020)From Requirements to Verifiable Executable Models Using RebecaSoftware Engineering and Formal Methods. SEFM 2020 Collocated Workshops10.1007/978-3-030-67220-1_6(67-86)Online publication date: 14-Sep-2020
  • (2020)An Actor-Based Approach for Security Analysis of Cyber-Physical SystemsFormal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems10.1007/978-3-030-58298-2_5(130-147)Online publication date: 2-Sep-2020
  • (2019)Reactive actorsProceedings of the 23rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications10.5555/3395101.3395131(170-179)Online publication date: 7-Oct-2019
  • Show More Cited By
  1. Modeling and analyzing real-time wireless sensor and actuator networks using actors and model checking

        Recommendations

        Comments

        Information & Contributors

        Information

        Published In

        cover image International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT)
        International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT)  Volume 20, Issue 5
        October 2018
        115 pages
        ISSN:1433-2779
        EISSN:1433-2787
        Issue’s Table of Contents

        Publisher

        Springer-Verlag

        Berlin, Heidelberg

        Publication History

        Published: 01 October 2018

        Author Tags

        1. Actor
        2. Model checking
        3. Schedulability analysis
        4. Sensor network
        5. Timed Rebeca

        Qualifiers

        • Article

        Contributors

        Other Metrics

        Bibliometrics & Citations

        Bibliometrics

        Article Metrics

        • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
        • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
        Reflects downloads up to 20 Jan 2025

        Other Metrics

        Citations

        Cited By

        View all
        • (2020)From Requirements to Verifiable Executable Models Using RebecaSoftware Engineering and Formal Methods. SEFM 2020 Collocated Workshops10.1007/978-3-030-67220-1_6(67-86)Online publication date: 14-Sep-2020
        • (2020)An Actor-Based Approach for Security Analysis of Cyber-Physical SystemsFormal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems10.1007/978-3-030-58298-2_5(130-147)Online publication date: 2-Sep-2020
        • (2019)Reactive actorsProceedings of the 23rd IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real Time Applications10.5555/3395101.3395131(170-179)Online publication date: 7-Oct-2019
        • (2018)Model checkingInternational Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer (STTT)10.1007/s10009-018-0501-x20:5(493-497)Online publication date: 1-Oct-2018

        View Options

        View options

        Media

        Figures

        Other

        Tables

        Share

        Share

        Share this Publication link

        Share on social media