research-article

A Controlled Experiment to Assess the Benefits of Procedure Argument Type Checking

Authors:

Lutz Prechelt,

Walter F. TichyAuthors Info & Claims

IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, Volume 24, Issue 4

Pages 302 - 312

https://doi.org/10.1109/32.677186

Published: 01 April 1998 Publication History

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Abstract

Type checking is considered an important mechanism for detecting programming errors, especially interface errors. This report describes an experiment to assess the defect-detection capabilities of static, intermodule type checking. The experiment uses ANSI C and Kernighan&Ritchie (K&R) C. The relevant difference is that the ANSI C compiler checks module interfaces (i.e., the parameter lists calls to external functions), whereas K&R C does not. The experiment employs a counterbalanced design in which each of the 40 subjects, most of them CS PhD students, writes two nontrivial programs that interface with a complex library (Motif). Each subject writes one program in ANSI C and one in K&R C. The input to each compiler run is saved and manually analyzed for defects. Results indicate that delivered ANSI C programs contain significantly fewer interface defects than delivered K&R C programs. Furthermore, after subjects have gained some familiarity with the interface they are using, ANSI C programmers remove defects faster and are more productive (measured in both delivery time and functionality implemented).

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Cited By

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Troppmann DFass AStaicu CFilkov VRay BZhou M(2024)Typed and Confused: Studying the Unexpected Dangers of Gradual TypingProceedings of the 39th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering10.1145/3691620.3695549(1858-1870)Online publication date: 27-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3691620.3695549
Ore JDetweiler CElbaum S(2021)An Empirical Study on Type AnnotationsACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology10.1145/343977530:2(1-29)Online publication date: 10-Feb-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3439775
Coblenz MAldrich JMyers BSunshine JBoix EGabriel R(2018)Interdisciplinary programming language designProceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software10.1145/3276954.3276965(133-146)Online publication date: 24-Oct-2018
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Index Terms

A Controlled Experiment to Assess the Benefits of Procedure Argument Type Checking
1. General and reference
  1. Cross-computing tools and techniques
    1. Validation
2. Software and its engineering
  1. Software creation and management
    1. Software verification and validation

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Reviews

Reviewer: Mihaela Carstea

Type checking is a valuable mechanism for detecting programming errors, especially interface errors. The purpose of this paper is to provide clear evidence about the effects of type checking. It describes a repeatable controlled experiment that confirms some positive effects. First, when applied to interfaces, type checking reduced the numbers of defects remaining in delivered programs. Second, when programmers used a familiar interface, type checking helped them remove defects more quickly and increased their productivity. The paper is structured in five sections. The introduction briefly presents the experiment and explains its importance. Section 2 is a short description of two closely related studies. The authors conclude that the costs and benefits of interface type checking have not been studied systematically. Section 3 describes the tasks, the subjects, the experiment setup, and the observed variables. The authors then discuss the internal and external validity of the experiment. Each of the 40 subjects, most of them doctoral students in computer science, wrote two nontrivial programs that interfaced with a complex library. Section 4 is an analysis of the experiment, based on statistical data. The tables and graphics present the productivity, defect lifetimes, and defects in delivered programs, and some subjective information about the experimental subjects based on questionnaires. The last section includes conclusions and suggestions for further work. Two appendices present solutions for the two problems used in the experiment. The paper includes a lengthy bibliography. This research will be helpful to software developers in at least three ways. First, we still lack a useful scientific model of the programming process. Understanding the types, frequencies, and circumstances of programmer errors is an important ingredient of such a model. Second, a better understanding of the defect detection capabilities of type checking may enable programmers to improve them. Finally, there are still many environments in which type checking is missing or incomplete, and confirmation of the positive effects of type checking may help close these gaps.

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cover image IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering

IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Volume 24, Issue 4

April 1998

80 pages

ISSN:0098-5589

Editor:
Richard A. Kemmerer
Univ. of California, Santa Barbara

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IEEE Press

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Published: 01 April 1998

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Troppmann DFass AStaicu CFilkov VRay BZhou M(2024)Typed and Confused: Studying the Unexpected Dangers of Gradual TypingProceedings of the 39th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering10.1145/3691620.3695549(1858-1870)Online publication date: 27-Oct-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3691620.3695549
Ore JDetweiler CElbaum S(2021)An Empirical Study on Type AnnotationsACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology10.1145/343977530:2(1-29)Online publication date: 10-Feb-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3439775
Coblenz MAldrich JMyers BSunshine JBoix EGabriel R(2018)Interdisciplinary programming language designProceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software10.1145/3276954.3276965(133-146)Online publication date: 24-Oct-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3276954.3276965
Ore JElbaum SDetweiler CKarkazis LHuchard MKästner CFraser G(2018)Assessing the type annotation burdenProceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering10.1145/3238147.3238173(190-201)Online publication date: 3-Sep-2018
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3238147.3238173
Gao ZBird CBarr EUchitel SOrso ARobillard M(2017)To type or not to typeProceedings of the 39th International Conference on Software Engineering10.1109/ICSE.2017.75(758-769)Online publication date: 20-May-2017
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Mezzetti GMøller AStrocco F(2016)Type unsoundness in practice: an empirical study of DartACM SIGPLAN Notices10.1145/3093334.298922752:2(13-24)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2016
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Milojković NBéra CGhafari MNierstrasz OLaval JEtien A(2016)Inferring Types by Mining Class Usage Frequency from Inline CachesProceedings of the 11th edition of the International Workshop on Smalltalk Technologies10.1145/2991041.2991047(1-11)Online publication date: 23-Aug-2016
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Mezzetti GMøller AStrocco FIerusalimschy R(2016)Type unsoundness in practice: an empirical study of DartProceedings of the 12th Symposium on Dynamic Languages10.1145/2989225.2989227(13-24)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2016
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Milojković NNierstrasz OVisser EMurphy-Hill ELopes C(2016)Exploring cheap type inference heuristics in dynamically typed languagesProceedings of the 2016 ACM International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software10.1145/2986012.2986017(43-56)Online publication date: 20-Oct-2016
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Fischer LHanenberg S(2015)An empirical investigation of the effects of type systems and code completion on API usability using TypeScript and JavaScript in MS visual studioACM SIGPLAN Notices10.1145/2936313.281672051:2(154-167)Online publication date: 21-Oct-2015
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An Experiment to Assess the Benefits of Inter-Module Type Checking

On type systems for object-oriented database programming languages

Mechanisms for improved covariant type-checking

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