Toward a Theory of Causation for Interpreting Neural Code Models

Neural Language Models of Code, or Neural Code Models (NCMs), are rapidly progressing from research prototypes to commercial developer tools. As such, understanding the capabilities and limitations of such models is becoming critical. However, the abilities of these models are typically measured using automated metrics that often only reveal a portion of their real-world performance. While, in general, the performance of NCMs appears promising, currently much is unknown about how such models arrive at decisions. To this end, this paper introduces <italic>do<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}_{\textbf{code}}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mtext mathvariant="bold">code</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="naderpalacio-ieq1-3379943.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> </italic>, a post hoc interpretability method specific to NCMs that is capable of explaining model predictions. <italic>do<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}_{\textbf{code}}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mtext mathvariant="bold">code</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="naderpalacio-ieq2-3379943.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> </italic> is based upon causal inference to enable programming language-oriented explanations. While the theoretical underpinnings of <italic>do<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}_{\textbf{code}}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mtext mathvariant="bold">code</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="naderpalacio-ieq3-3379943.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> </italic> are extensible to exploring different model properties, we provide a concrete instantiation that aims to mitigate the impact of <italic>spurious correlations</italic> by grounding explanations of model behavior in properties of programming languages. To demonstrate the practical benefit of <italic>do<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}_{\textbf{code}}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mtext mathvariant="bold">code</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="naderpalacio-ieq4-3379943.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> </italic>, we illustrate the insights that our framework can provide by performing a case study on two popular deep learning architectures and ten NCMs. The results of this case study illustrate that our studied NCMs are sensitive to changes in code syntax. All our NCMs, except for the BERT-like model, statistically learn to predict tokens related to blocks of code (<italic>e.g.,</italic> brackets, parenthesis, semicolon) with less confounding bias as compared to other programming language constructs. These insights demonstrate the potential of <italic>do<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${}_{\textbf{code}}$</tex-math><alternatives><mml:math display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mtext mathvariant="bold">code</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math><inline-graphic xlink:href="naderpalacio-ieq5-3379943.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> </italic> as a useful method to detect and facilitate the elimination of confounding bias in NCMs.