Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
10.1145/2371574.2371623acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesmobilehciConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

An evaluation of BrailleTouch: mobile touchscreen text entry for the visually impaired

Published: 21 September 2012 Publication History

Abstract

We present the evaluation of BrailleTouch, an accessible keyboard for blind users on touchscreen smartphones. Based on the standard Perkins Brailler, BrailleTouch implements a six-key chorded braille soft keyboard. Eleven blind participants typed for 165 twenty-minute sessions on three mobile devices: 1) BrailleTouch on a smartphone; 2) a soft braille keyboard on a touchscreen tablet; and 3) a commercial braille keyboard with physical keys. Expert blind users averaged 23.2 words per minute (wpm) on the BrailleTouch smartphone. The fastest participant, a touchscreen novice, achieved 32.1 wpm during his first session. Overall, participants were able to transfer their existing braille typing skills to a touchscreen device within an hour of practice. We report the speed for braille text entry on three mobile devices, an in depth error analysis, and the lessons learned for the design and evaluation of accessible and eyes-free soft keyboards.

Supplementary Material

suppl.mov (fp0344-file3.wmv)
Supplemental video

References

[1]
Azenkot, S., Wobbrock, J. O., Prasain, S., and Ladner, R. E., Input Finger Detection for Nonvisual Touch Screen Text Entry in Perkinput, in Proc. Graphics Interface. Canadian Information Processing Society, Toronto, (2012).
[2]
Bonner, M., Brudvik, J., Abowd, G., and Edwards, K., No-Look Notes: Accessible Eyes-Free Multi-Touch Text Entry, in Proc. Eighth International Conference on Pervasive Computing Springer: Heidelberg, (2010), 409--426.
[3]
Braille, L., Procedure for Writing Words, Music and Plain-song Using Dots for the Use of the Blind and Made Available to Them, Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles (Royal Institution Of Blind Youth): Paris, (1829).
[4]
Bruder, R. Type Brailler Learn Braille Lite. (2012) May 7, 2012 {cited 2012 June 14}; Available from: http://itunes.apple.com/app/type-brailler-learn-braille/id509166743?mt=8.
[5]
Clawson, J., Lyons, K., Starner, T., and Clarkson, E., The Impacts of Limited Visual Feedback on Mobile Text Entry for the Twiddler and Mini-QWERTY Keyboards, in Proc. Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, IEEE Computer Society, (2005), 170--177.
[6]
Fard, H. G. and Chuangjun, B., Braille-based Text Input for Multi-touch Screen Mobile Phones, in School of Computing, Blekinge Institute of Technology, (2011), 68.
[7]
Frey, B., Southern, C. and Romero, M. BrailleTouch: Mobile Texting for the Visually Impaired., in Proc. HCII. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, (2011).
[8]
Fusia, J. Twidor - The Twiddler Tutor. (2005) {September 20, 2011}; Available from: http://wearables.cc.gatech.edu/projects/twidor/
[9]
download.html.
[10]
Google. Google Translate. {September 19, 2011}; Available from: http://translate.google.com/translate_tts?tl=en&q=
[11]
google+voice.
[12]
Gordon, G., The Past, Present, and Future of Portable Note-takers, in Technology And Persons With Disabilities Conference, Center On Disabilities - California State University Northridge: Los Angeles, (2002).
[13]
1Guerreiro, T., Lagoá, P., Santana, P., Gonçalves, D., and Jorge, J., NavTap and BrailleTap: Non-Visual Texting Interfaces, in Proc. Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America Conference (Resna): Washington, D.C., (2008).
[14]
Kane, S. K., Bigham, J. P., and Wobbrock, J. O., Slide rule: Making Mobile Touch Screens Accessible to Blind People Using Multi-touch Interaction Techniques, in Proc. 10th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ACM: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, (2008), 73--80.
[15]
Kano, A., Read, J. C., and Dix, A., Children's Phrase Set for Text Input Method Evaluations, in Proc. 4th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Changing Roles, ACM: Oslo, Norway, (2006).
[16]
Keles, M., INEXPENSIVE BRAILLER: Writing Braille Using IMPAD, in Department of Computer Science, New York University: New York, (2009), 40.
[17]
Lee, S., Hong, S. H., Jeon, J. W., Choi, H. G., and Choi, H., Design of Chording Gloves as a Text Input Device, in Computer Human Interaction - Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3101/2004 (2004), 201--2
[18]
Lorimer, P., Origins of Braille, in Braille: Into the Next Millenium, J. M. Dixon, Editor. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress: Washington D.C.,18--39, 2000.
[19]
MacKenzie, I. S. and Soukoreff, R. W., Phrase Sets for Evaluating Text Entry Techniques, in CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, (2003), 754--755.
[20]
Mascetti, S., Bernareggi, C., and Belotti, M., TypeInBraille: Quick Typing on Smart Phones by Blind Users, in Universitá Degli Studi Di Milano: Milan, Italy, (2011).
[21]
Miele, J. A. and Edwards, O. R., WearaBraille: Development of a Wireless, Virtual, Braille Keyboard, The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute: San Francisco, CA, (2011).
[22]
Oliveira, J., Guerreiro, T., Nicolau, H., Jorge, J., and Gonçalves, D., Blind People and Mobile Touch-based Text-entry: Acknowledging the Need for Different Flavors, in Proc. 13th international ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ACM: Dundee, Scotland, UK, (2011), 179--186.
[23]
2Oliveira, J., Guerreiro, T., Nicolau, H., Jorge, J., and Gonçalves, D., BrailleType: Unleashing Braille over Touch Screen Mobile Phones, in Human-Computer Interaction -- INTERACT 2011, P. Campos, et al., Editors, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg: Lisbon, Portugal, (2011), 100--107.
[24]
2Romero, M., Frey, B., Southern, C., and Abowd, G., BrailleTouch: Designing a Mobile Eyes-Free Soft Keyboard, in MobileHCI 2011: Stockholm, Sweden, (2011), 707--709.
[25]
Smith, A., Americans and Text Messaging, in Pew Internet & American Life Project, Pew Research Center: Washington, D.C., (2011).
[26]
Soukoreff, R. W. and MacKenzie, I. S., Metrics for Text Entry Research: An Evaluation of MSD and KSPC, and a New Unified Error Metric, in Proc. SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM: Ft. Lauderdale, FL, (2003), 113--120.
[27]
Tobe, C. B., Callahan, E., and Callahan, M., Embossed Printing in the United States, in Braille: Into the Next Millennium, J. M. Dixon, Editor. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress: Washington, D.C., (2000), 41--71.
[28]
W.H.O. World Health Organization Fact Sheet N°282 on Visual impairment and blindness. (2011); Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/.
[29]
Wigdor, D., Forlines, C., Baudisch, P., Barnwell, J., and Shen, C., Lucid Touch: A See-through Mobile Device, in Proc. 20th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, ACM: Newport, Rhode Island, USA, (2007).
[30]
Wobbrock, J. O., Myers, B. A., Aung, H. H., and LoPresti, E. F., Text Entry from Power Wheelchairs: Edgewrite for Joysticks and Touchpads, in Proc. 6th international ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility, ACM: Atlanta, GA, USA, (2004), 110--117.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Improving FlexType: Ambiguous Text Input for Users with Visual ImpairmentsProceedings of the 17th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments10.1145/3652037.3652059(130-139)Online publication date: 26-Jun-2024
  • (2024)Exploring the Impact of Word Prediction Assistive Features on Smartphone Keyboards for Blind UsersHeliyon10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36653(e36653)Online publication date: Aug-2024
  • (2024)Design and evaluation of a geometry learning application for visually impaired studentsEducation and Information Technologies10.1007/s10639-024-13098-9Online publication date: 23-Oct-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences
MobileHCI '12: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
September 2012
468 pages
ISBN:9781450311052
DOI:10.1145/2371574
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 21 September 2012

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. accessibility
  2. blindness
  3. chording
  4. gestures
  5. mobile devices
  6. multi-touch interaction
  7. text entry
  8. touchscreens

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Conference

MobileHCI '12
Sponsor:

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 202 of 906 submissions, 22%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)46
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)7
Reflects downloads up to 24 Dec 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Improving FlexType: Ambiguous Text Input for Users with Visual ImpairmentsProceedings of the 17th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments10.1145/3652037.3652059(130-139)Online publication date: 26-Jun-2024
  • (2024)Exploring the Impact of Word Prediction Assistive Features on Smartphone Keyboards for Blind UsersHeliyon10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36653(e36653)Online publication date: Aug-2024
  • (2024)Design and evaluation of a geometry learning application for visually impaired studentsEducation and Information Technologies10.1007/s10639-024-13098-9Online publication date: 23-Oct-2024
  • (2023)A Review of Design and Evaluation Practices in Mobile Text Entry for Visually Impaired and Blind PersonsMultimodal Technologies and Interaction10.3390/mti70200227:2(22)Online publication date: 17-Feb-2023
  • (2023)A Large-Scale Mixed-Methods Analysis of Blind and Low-vision Research in ACM and IEEEProceedings of the 25th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility10.1145/3597638.3608412(1-20)Online publication date: 22-Oct-2023
  • (2023)FlexType: Flexible Text Input with a Small Set of Input GesturesProceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3581641.3584077(584-594)Online publication date: 27-Mar-2023
  • (2023)ResType: Invisible and Adaptive Tablet Keyboard Leveraging Resting FingersProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3581055(1-14)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
  • (2023)Mediated Social Touch With Mobile Devices: A Review of Designs and EvaluationsIEEE Transactions on Haptics10.1109/TOH.2023.332750616:4(785-804)Online publication date: Oct-2023
  • (2023)A Portable One-Hand Braille Input System Enabled by Dual-Interlocked Tactile Sensors for CommunicationIEEE Transactions on Electron Devices10.1109/TED.2023.325196070:5(2465-2472)Online publication date: May-2023
  • (2023)Light-Occlusion Text Entry in Mixed RealityInternational Journal of Human–Computer Interaction10.1080/10447318.2023.228564640:24(8607-8622)Online publication date: 28-Nov-2023
  • Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media