Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
10.1145/292540.292558acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagespoplConference Proceedingsconference-collections
Article
Free access

Stochastic processes as concurrent constraint programs

Published: 01 January 1999 Publication History
  • Get Citation Alerts
  • Abstract

    This paper describes a stochastic concurrent constraint language for the description and programming of concurrent probabilistic systems. The language can be viewed both as a calculus for describing and reasoning about stochastic processes and as an executable language for simulating stochastic processes. In this language programs encode probability distributions over (potentially infinite) sets of objects. We illustrate the subtleties that arise from the interaction of constraints, random choice and recursion. We describe operational semantics of these programs (programs are run by sampling random choices), denotational semantics of programs (based on labeled transition systems and weak probabilistic bisimulation), and prove soundness theorems. We show that Probabilistic CC is conservative over CC, thus justifying the design of Probabilistic CC. We use the semantic study to illustrate a novel use of probability to analyze a problem stated without reference to probability, namely the problem of indeterminacy in synchronous programs.

    References

    [1]
    H. Abelson, T. E Knight, and G. J. Sussman. Amorphous computing manifesto, http://www-swiss.ai.mit.edu/switz/amorphous/whitepaper/amorph-new/amorph-new.html, 1996.]]
    [2]
    A. Aghasaryan, R. Boubour, E. Fabre, C. Jard, and A. Benveniste. A petri net approach to fault detection and diagnosis in distributed systems. Technical Report PI-1117, IRISA -- Institut de recherche en informatique et systemes aleatoires - Rennes, 1997.]]
    [3]
    Rajeev Alur, Lalita Jategaonkar Jagadeesan, Joseph J. Kott, and James E. Von Olnhausen. Model-checking of real-time systems: A telecommunications application. In Proceedings of the 19th International conference on Software Engineering, pages 514-524, 1997.]]
    [4]
    Robert B. Ash. Real Analysis and Probability. Academic Press, 1972.]]
    [5]
    J.C.M. Baeten, J.A. Bergstra, and S.A. Smolka. Axiomatizing probabilistic processes: Acp with generative probabilities. Information and Computation, 121(2):234-255, 1995.]]
    [6]
    Christel Baier, Ed Clark, Vasiliki Hartonas-Garmhausen, Marta Kwiatkowska, and Mark Ryan. Symbolic model checking for probabilistic processes. In Proceedings of the 24th international Colloquium On Automata Languages And Programming, number 1256 in Lecture Notes In Computer Science, pages 430-440, 1997.]]
    [7]
    A. Benveniste and G. Berry, editors. Another Look at Real-time Systems, volume 79:9, September 1991.]]
    [8]
    A. Benveniste and G. Berry. The synchronous approach to reactive and real-time systems. In Proceedings of the IEEE {7}, pages 1270-- 1282.]]
    [9]
    Albert Benveniste, Bernard C. Levy, Eric Fabre, and Paul Le Guernic. A calculus of stochastic systems for the specification, simulation, and hidden state estimation of mixed stochastic/nonstochastic systems. Theoretical Computer Science, 152(2):171-217, Dec 1995.]]
    [10]
    A. Berlin, H. Abelson, N. Cohen, L. Fogel, C-H, Ho, M. Horowitz, J. How, T. F. Knight, R. Newton, and K, Pistel. Distributed information systems for mems. Technical report, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1995.]]
    [11]
    G. Berry. Preemption in concurrent systems. In R. K. Shyamasundar, editor, Proc. of FSTTCS, pages 72-93. Springer-Verlag, 1993. LNCS 761.]]
    [12]
    G. Berry and G. Gonthier. The ESTEREL programming language: Design, semantics and implementation. Science of Computer Programming, 19(2):87- 152, November 1992.]]
    [13]
    A. Bianco and L. de Alfaro. Model checking of probabilistic and nondeterministic systems, In P. S. Thiagarajan, editor, Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, number 1026 in Lecture Notes In Computer Science, pages 499-513, 1995.]]
    [14]
    Patrick Billingsley. Probability and Measure. Wiley-Interscience, 1995.]]
    [15]
    Richard Blute, Jos6e Desharnais, Abbas Edalat, and Prakash Panangaden. Bisimulation for labelled markov processes. In Proceedings of the Twelfth IEEE Symposium On Logic In Computer Science, Warsaw, Poland., 1997.]]
    [16]
    J. Dean Brock and W. B. Ackerman. Scenarios: A model of nondeterminate computation. In J. Diaz and I. Ramos, editors, International Colloquium on Formalization of Programming Concepts, pages 252-259. Springer-Verlag, 1981. Lect. Notes in Comp. Sci. 107,]]
    [17]
    Bjom Carlson, Vineet Gupta, and Tadd Hogg. Controlling agents in smart matter with global constraints. In Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Constraints and Agents, July 1997.]]
    [18]
    R. Cleaveland, S. A. Smolka, and A. Zwarico. Testing preorders for probabilistic processes. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 623, 1992.]]
    [19]
    D. Coore, R. Nagpal, and R. Weiss, Paradigms for structure in an amorphous computer. Technical Report AI Memo 1614, MIT, 1997.]]
    [20]
    C. Courcoubetis and M. Yannakakis. The complexity of probabilistic verification. Journal of the ACM, 42(4):857-907, 1995.]]
    [21]
    Johan de Kleer and Brian C. Williams. Diagnosis with behavioral modes. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial intelligence, pages 1324-1330, August 1989.]]
    [22]
    Josee Desharnais, Abbas Edalat, and Prakash Panangaden. A logical characterization of bisimulation for labeled markov processes. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE Symposium On Logic In Computer Science, indianapolis. IEEE Press, June 1998.]]
    [23]
    R. Fagin, J.Y.Halpern, and N. Megiddo. A logic for reasoning about probabilities. Information and Computation, 87:78-128, 1990.]]
    [24]
    Erann Gat. Towards principled experimental study of autonomous mobile robots. Autonomous Robots, 2:179-189, 1995.]]
    [25]
    E Le Guemic, M. Le Borgne, T. Gauthier, and C. Le Maire. Programming real time applications with SIGNAL. In Proceedings of the IEEE {7}, pages 1321-1336.]]
    [26]
    Vineet Gupta, Radha Jagadeesan, and Vijay Saraswat. Probabilistic concurrent constraint programming. In Antoni Mazurkiewicz and Jozef Winkowski, editors, CONCUR'97: Concurrency Theory, Lecture notes in computer science, vol 1243. Springer Vedag, August 1997.]]
    [27]
    Vineet Gupta, Radha Jagadeesan, and Vijay Saraswat. Computing with continuous change. Science of Computer Programming, 30( 1- 2):3-50, 1998.]]
    [28]
    Vineet Gupta, Radha Jagadeesan, Vijay Saraswat, and Daniel Bobrow. Programming in hybrid constraint languages. In Panos Antsaklis, Wolf Kohn, Anil Nerode, and Sankar Sastry, editors, Hybrid Systems II, volume 999 of Lecture notes in computer science. Springer Verlag, November 1995.]]
    [29]
    Vineet Gupta, Vijay Saraswat, and Peter Struss. A model of a photocopier paper path. In Proceedings of the 2nd IJCAI Workshop on Engineering Problems for Qualitative Reasoning, August 1995.]]
    [30]
    N. Halbwachs. Synchronous programming of reactive systems. The Kluwer international series in Engineering and Computer Science. Kluwer Academic publishers, 1993.]]
    [31]
    N. Halbwachs, E Caspi, and D. Pilaud. The synchronous programming language LUSTRE. In Proceedings of the IEEE {7}, pages 1305- 1320.]]
    [32]
    H. Hansson and B. Jonsson. A calculus for communicating systems with time and probabilities. In Proceedings of the 11 th IEEE Real- Time Systems Symposium, pages 278-287. IEEE Computer Society Press, 1990.]]
    [33]
    D. Hard. Statecharts: A visual approach to complex systems. Science of Computer Programming, 8:231 - 274, 1987.]]
    [34]
    S. Hart and M. Sharir. Probabilistic propositional temporal logics. Information and Control, 70:97-I55, 1986.]]
    [35]
    M. Hayden and K. Birman. Probabilistic broadcast. Technical Report TR96-1606, Comell University, 1996.]]
    [36]
    Pascal Van Hentenryck, Vijay A. Saraswat, and Yves Deville. Constraint processing in cc(fd). Technical report, Computer Science Department, Brown University, 1992.]]
    [37]
    Jane Hillston. A Compositional Approach to Performance Modelling. PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. To be published as a Distinguished Dissertation by Cambridge University Press.]]
    [38]
    Michael Huth and Marta Kwiatkowska. Quantitative analysis and model checking. In proceedings of the 12 IEEE Symposium On Logic in Computer Science, pages i 11-122. IEEE Press, 1997.]]
    [39]
    Sverker Janson and Seif Haridi. Programming Paradigms of the Andorra Kernel Language. In Logic Programming: Proceedings of the 1991 International Symposium, pages 167-186. MIT Press, 1991.]]
    [40]
    C. Jones and G. D. Plotkin. A probabilistic powerdomain of evaluations. In Proceedings, Fourth Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, pages 186-195, Asilomar Conference Center, Pacific Grove, California, 1989.]]
    [41]
    Bengt Jonsson and Wang Yi. Compositional testing preorders for probabilistic processes. In Proceedings, Tenth Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science, pages 431--441, San Diego, California, 1995.]]
    [42]
    D. Koller, D. McAllester, and A. Pfeffer. Effective bayesian inference for stochastic programs. In Proceedings of the 14th National Conference on Artificial intelligence (AAAI), pages 740-747, 1997.]]
    [43]
    Kim G. Larsen and Ame Skou. Bisimulation through probabilistic testing. Information and Computation, 94(1):1-28, September 1991.]]
    [44]
    J. W. Lloyd. Foundations of Logic Programming. Springer-Verlag, 1984.]]
    [45]
    M. Ajmone Marsan. Stochastic petri nets: an elementary introduction. In Advances in Petri Nets 1989, pages 1-29. Springer, June 1989.]]
    [46]
    Ramon E. Moore. Interval Analysis. Prentice-Hall, 1966.]]
    [47]
    Carroll Morgan, Annabelle Mclver, and Karen Seidel. Probabilistic predicate transformers. A CM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 18(3):325-353, May 1996.]]
    [48]
    R. Nagpal and D. Coore. An algorithm for group formation and finding a maximal independent set in an amorphous computer. Technical Report LCS-TR-737, MIT, 1998.]]
    [49]
    N. J. Nilsson. Probabilistic logic. Artificial Intelligence, 28:71-87, 1986.]]
    [50]
    P. Panangaden. The expressive power of indeterminate primitives in asynchronous computation. In P. S. Thiagarajan, editor, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science, Lecture Notes In Computer Science, 1995. Invited Lecture.]]
    [51]
    J. Pearl. Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems. Morgan- Kaufmann Publishers, 1988.]]
    [52]
    J.R. Russell. Full abstraction for nondeterministic dataflow networks. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual Symposium of Foundations of Computer Science, pages 170--177, 1989.]]
    [53]
    V. A. Saraswat, R. Jagadeesan, and V. Gupta. Timed Default Concurrent Constraint Programming. Journal of Symbolic Computation, 22(5-6):475-520, November/December 1996. Extended abstract appeared in the Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, San Francisco, January 1995.]]
    [54]
    V.A. Saraswat, M. Rinard, and P. Panangaden. Semantic foundations of concurrent constraint programming. In Proceedings of Eighteenth ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, Orlando, pages 333-352, January 1991.]]
    [55]
    Vijay A. Saraswat. The Category of Constraint Systems is Cartesianclosed. In Proc. 7th IEEE Symp. on Logic in Computer Science, Santa Cruz, 1992.]]
    [56]
    Vijay A. Saraswat. Concurrent constraint programming. Doctoral Dissertation Award and Logic Programming Series. MIT Press, 1993.]]
    [57]
    Dana Scott. Lattice theory, data types and semantics. In Randall Rustin, editor, Formal Semantics and Programming Languages, pages 65-106. Prentice Hall, 1972.]]
    [58]
    R. Segala. Modeling and Verification of Randomized Distributed Real-Time Systems. PhD thesis, MIT, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995. Also appears as technical report MIT/LCS/TR-676.]]
    [59]
    G.E. Shilov and B. L. Gurevich. integral, Measure and Derivative: A Unified Approach. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1966.]]
    [60]
    Gert Smolka, M. Henz, and J. Werz. Constraint Programming: The Newport Papers, chapter Object-oriented programming in Oz. MIT Press, 1994.]]
    [61]
    R. van Glabbeek, S.A. Smolka, and B.U. Steffen. Reactive, generative, and stratified models of probabilistic processes. Information and Computation, 121(1):59-80, 1995.]]
    [62]
    N. Viswanadham and Y. Narahari. Performance Modeling of Automated Manufacturing Systems. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1992.]]
    [63]
    S.-H. Wu, S.A. Smolka, and E. Stark. Compositionality and full abstraction for probabilistic i/o automata. Theoretical Computer Science, 1996. Preliminary version in CONCUR94.]]

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2023)Mixed Nondeterministic-Probabilistic AutomataDiscrete Event Dynamic Systems10.1007/s10626-023-00375-x33:4(455-505)Online publication date: 19-Oct-2023
    • (2023)Structure in Machine LearningSamson Abramsky on Logic and Structure in Computer Science and Beyond10.1007/978-3-031-24117-8_30(1147-1157)Online publication date: 2-Aug-2023
    • (2018)Boolean-Valued Semantics for the Stochastic λ-CalculusProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science10.1145/3209108.3209175(669-678)Online publication date: 9-Jul-2018
    • Show More Cited By

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    POPL '99: Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages
    January 1999
    324 pages
    ISBN:1581130953
    DOI:10.1145/292540
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 01 January 1999

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Qualifiers

    • Article

    Conference

    POPL99
    POPL99: Symposium on Prinicples of Programming Languages 1999
    January 20 - 22, 1999
    Texas, San Antonio, USA

    Acceptance Rates

    POPL '99 Paper Acceptance Rate 24 of 136 submissions, 18%;
    Overall Acceptance Rate 824 of 4,130 submissions, 20%

    Upcoming Conference

    POPL '25

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)31
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2023)Mixed Nondeterministic-Probabilistic AutomataDiscrete Event Dynamic Systems10.1007/s10626-023-00375-x33:4(455-505)Online publication date: 19-Oct-2023
    • (2023)Structure in Machine LearningSamson Abramsky on Logic and Structure in Computer Science and Beyond10.1007/978-3-031-24117-8_30(1147-1157)Online publication date: 2-Aug-2023
    • (2018)Boolean-Valued Semantics for the Stochastic λ-CalculusProceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science10.1145/3209108.3209175(669-678)Online publication date: 9-Jul-2018
    • (2018)Conditioning in Probabilistic ProgrammingACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems10.1145/315601840:1(1-50)Online publication date: 3-Jan-2018
    • (2018)Real-Time Rewriting Logic Semantics for Spatial Concurrent Constraint ProgrammingRewriting Logic and Its Applications10.1007/978-3-319-99840-4_13(226-244)Online publication date: 8-Sep-2018
    • (2016)Reasoning about Recursive Probabilistic ProgramsProceedings of the 31st Annual ACM/IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science10.1145/2933575.2935317(672-681)Online publication date: 5-Jul-2016
    • (2016)Fond and Frank Memories of FrankEssays Dedicated to Frank de Boer on Theory and Practice of Formal Methods - Volume 966010.1007/978-3-319-30734-3_2(6-8)Online publication date: 1-Jan-2016
    • (2015)Conditioning in Probabilistic ProgrammingElectronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science (ENTCS)10.1016/j.entcs.2015.12.013319:C(199-216)Online publication date: 21-Dec-2015
    • (2013)A model-learner pattern for bayesian reasoningACM SIGPLAN Notices10.1145/2480359.242911948:1(403-416)Online publication date: 23-Jan-2013
    • (2013)A model-learner pattern for bayesian reasoningProceedings of the 40th annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT symposium on Principles of programming languages10.1145/2429069.2429119(403-416)Online publication date: 23-Jan-2013
    • Show More Cited By

    View Options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Get Access

    Login options

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media