Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
skip to main content
research-article

Applying Deep Learning for Epilepsy Seizure Detection and Brain Mapping Visualization

Published: 17 February 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has achieved remarkable results in computer vision tasks for end-to-end learning. We evaluate here the power of a deep CNN to learn robust features from raw Electroencephalogram (EEG) data to detect seizures. Seizures are hard to detect, as they vary both inter- and intra-patient. In this article, we use a deep CNN model for seizure detection task on an open-access EEG epilepsy dataset collected at the Boston Children's Hospital. Our deep learning model is able to extract spectral, temporal features from EEG epilepsy data and use them to learn the general structure of a seizure that is less sensitive to variations. For cross-patient EEG data, our method produced an overall sensitivity of 90.00%, specificity of 91.65%, and overall accuracy of 98.05% for the whole dataset of 23 patients. The system can detect seizures with an accuracy of 99.46%. Thus, it can be used as an excellent cross-patient seizure classifier. The results show that our model performs better than the previous state-of-the-art models for patient-specific and cross-patient seizure detection task. The method gave an overall accuracy of 99.65% for patient-specific data. The system can also visualize the special orientation of band power features. We use correlation maps to relate spectral amplitude features to the output in the form of images. By using the results from our deep learning model, this visualization method can be used as an effective multimedia tool for producing quick and relevant brain mapping images that can be used by medical experts for further investigation.

References

[1]
World Health Organization. 2017. Epilepsy. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs999/en/.
[2]
B. Litt and J. Echauz. 2002. Prediction of epileptic seizures. The Lancet Neurology 1, 1 (2002), 22--30.
[3]
J. Echauz and G. Georgoulas. 2007. Monitoring, signal analysis, and control of epileptic seizures: A paradigm in brain research. In Mediterranean Conference on Control 8 Automation. 1--6.
[4]
L. John Greenfield, James D. Geyer, and Paul R. Carney. 2012. Reading EEGs: A Practical Approach. Lippincott Williams 8 Wilkins.
[5]
F. Mormann, R. G. Andrzejak, and C. E. Elger. 2007. Seizure prediction: The long and winding road. Brain 130, 2 (2007), 314--333.
[6]
J. Duun-Henriksen, T. W. Kjaer, R. E. Madsen, and L. S. Remvig. 2012. Channel selection for automatic seizure detection. Clinical Neurophysiology 123, 1 (2012), 84--92.
[7]
L. Kuhlmann, A. N. Burkitt, M. J. Cook, and K. Fuller. 2009. Seizure detection using seizure probability estimation: Comparison of features used to detect seizures. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 37, 10 (2009), 2129--2145.
[8]
C. Fatichah, A. M. Iliyasu, K. A. Abuhasel, and N. Suciati. 2014. Principal component analysis-based neural network with fuzzy membership function for epileptic seizure detection. In International Conference on Natural Computation. 186--191.
[9]
G. R. Minasyan, J. B. Chatten, and M. J. Chatten. 2010. Patient-specific early seizure detection from scalp EEG. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society 27, 3.
[10]
I. Osorio and M. Frei. 2009. Real-time detection, quantification, warning, and control of epileptic seizures: The foundations for a scientific epileptology. Epilepsy 8 Behavior 16, 3 (2009), 391--396.
[11]
M. Hills. 2014. Seizure detection using FFT, temporal and spectral correlation coefficients, eigenvalues and random forest. Technical Report. GitHub.
[12]
A. Shoeb, D. Carlson, E. Panken, and D. Timothy. 2009. A micro support vector machine based seizure detection architecture for embedded medical devices. In Proceedings of the Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Annual International Conference of the IEEE.
[13]
Y. Park, L. Luo, and K. K. Parhi. 2011. Seizure prediction with spectral power of EEG using cost-sensitive support vector machines. Epilepsia 52 (2011), 1761--1770.
[14]
F. Mormann, K. Lehnertz, and P. David. 2000. Mean phase coherence as a measure for phase synchronization and its application to the EEG of epilepsy patients. Physica D 144 (2000), 358--369.
[15]
M. Le Van Quyen, V. Navarro, and J. Martinerie. 2003. Towards a neurodynamical understanding of ictogenesis. Epilepsia 44 (2003), 30--43.
[16]
Mario Chávez, Jacques Martinerie, and Michel Le Van Quyen. 2003. Statistical assessment of nonlinear causality: Application to epileptic EEG signals. Journal of Neuroscience. Methods 124 (2003), 113--128.
[17]
Florian Mormann, Thomas Kreuz, Christoph Rieke, Alexander Kraskov, and Peter David. 2005. On the predictability of epileptic seizures. Clinical Neurophysiology 116 (2005), 569--587.
[18]
Quang M. Tieng, Irina Kharatishvili, Min Chen, and David C Reutens. 2016. Mouse EEG spike detection based on the adapted continuous wavelet transform. Journal of Neural Engineering 13, 2 (2016), 026018.
[19]
M. Z. Parvez and M. Paul. 2015. Epileptic seizure detection by exploiting temporal correlation of electroencephalogram signals. IET Signal Processing 9, 6 (2015), 467--475.
[20]
M. Zabihi, S. Kiranyaz, A. K. Katsaggelos, and T. Ince. 2016. Analysis of high-dimensional phase space via poincare section for patient-specific seizure detection. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 24, 3 (2016), 386--398.
[21]
Pierre Thodoroff, Joelle Pineau, and Andrew Lim. 2016. Learning robust features using deep learning for automatic seizure detection. Proceedings of the 1st Machine Learning for Healthcare Conference, PMLR 56 (2016), 178--190.
[22]
Alexandros T. Tzallas, Markos G. Tsipouras, and Dimitrios G. Tsalikakis. 2012. Automated epileptic seizure detection methods: A review study. Epilepsy - Histological, Electroencephalographic and Psychological Aspects (2012).
[23]
C. P. Panayiotopoulos. 2010. A Clinical Guide to Epileptic Syndromes and Their Treatment. Chapter 6, “EEG and Brain Imaging”, Springer.
[24]
Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. 2012. Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25 (2012), 1097--1105.
[25]
Yann LeCun and Yoshua Bengio. 1995. Convolutional networks for images, speech, and timeseries. In The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, M. A. Arbib (Ed.). MIT Press.
[26]
A. Antoniades, L. Spyrou, C. C. Took, and S. Sanei. 2016. Deep learning for epileptic intracranial EEG data. In 2016 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP). 1--6.
[27]
P. Bashivan, I. Rish, M. Yeasin, and N. Codella. 2016. Learning representations from EEG with deep recurrent-convolutional neural networks. In ICLR 2016.
[28]
S. Stober. 2016. Learning discriminative features from electroencephalography recordings by encoding similarity constraints. In Bernstein Conference 2016.
[29]
Siddharth Pramod, Adam Page, Tinoosh Mohsenin, and Tim Oates. 2014. Detecting epileptic seizures from EEG data using neural networks. ArXiv Preprint arXiv:1412.6502 (2014).
[30]
J. T. Turner, Adam Page, Tinoosh Mohsenin, and Tim Oates. 2014. Deep belief networks used on high-resolution multichannel electroencephalography data for seizure detection. In 2014 AAAI Spring Symposium Series.
[31]
D. F. Wulsin, J. R. Gupta, R. Mani, J. A. Blanco, and B. Litt. 2011. Modeling electroencephalography waveforms with semi-supervised deep belief nets: Fast classification and anomaly measurement. Journal of Neural Engineering 8, 3 (2011), 036015.
[32]
Alexander Rosenberg Johansen, Jing Jin, Tomasz Maszczyk, and Justin Dauwels. 2016. Epileptiform spike detection via convolutional neural networks. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 754--758.
[33]
Andreas Antoniades, Loukianos Spyrou, Clive Cheong Took, and Saeid Sanei. 2016. Deep learning for epileptic intracranial EEG data. In 2016 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP). IEEE, 1--6.
[34]
Dazi Li, Guifang Wang, Tianheng Song, and Qibing Jin. 2016. Improving convolutional neural network using accelerated proximal gradient method for epilepsy diagnosis. In 2016 UKACC 11th International Conference on Control (CONTROL). IEEE, 1--6.
[35]
Akara Supratak, Ling Li, and Yike Guo. 2014. Feature extraction with stacked autoencoders for epileptic seizure detection. In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, 4184--4187.
[36]
Yu Qi, Yueming Wang, Jianmin Zhang, Junming Zhu, and Xiaoxiang Zheng. 2014. Robust deep network with maximum correntropy criterion for seizure detection. BioMed Research International 2014, Article 703816 (2014), 10 pages.
[37]
Bo Yan, Yong Wang, Yuheng Li, Yejiang Gong, Lu Guan, and Sheng Yu. 2016. An EEG signal classification method based on sparse auto-encoders and support vector machine. In 2016 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC). IEEE, 1--6.
[38]
A. Gogna, A. Majumdar, and R. Ward. 2017. Semi-supervised stacked label consistent autoencoder for reconstruction and analysis of biomedical signals. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 64, 9 (2017), 2196--2205.
[39]
Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. 2015. Deep learning. Nature 521 (2015), 436--444.
[40]
M. Alhussein et al. 2018. Cognitive IoT-Cloud integration for smart healthcare: Case study for epileptic seizure detection and monitoring. MONET 23, 6 (2018), 1624--1635.
[41]
Ali Shoeb. 2009. Application of Machine Learning to Epileptic Seizure Onset Detection and Treatment. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009.
[42]
R. T. Canolty, E. Edwards, S. S. Dalal, M. Soltani, and R. T. Knight. 2006. High gamma power is phase-locked to theta oscillations in human neocortex. Science 313 (2006), 1626--1628.
[43]
Djork-Arne Clevert, Thomas Unterthiner, and Sepp Hochreiter. 2016. Fast and accurate deep network learning by exponential linear units (ELUs). ArXiv e-Prints volume 1511:page arXiv:1511.07289.
[44]
N. Srivastava, Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and R. Salakhutdinov. 2014. Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. Journal of Machine Learning Research 15 (2014), 1929--1958.
[45]
S. Ioffe and C. Szegedy. 2015. Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning. 448--456.
[46]
Christian Szegedy, Vincent Vanhoucke, and Sergey Ioffe. 2015. Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. In 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2818--2826
[47]
Robin Tibor Schirrmeister, Jost Tobias Springenberg, Martin Glasstetter, Katharina Eggensperger, and Tonio Ball. 2017. Deep learning with convolutional neural networks for EEG decoding and visualization. Human Brain Mapping 38 (2017), 5391--5420.
[48]
S. Wilson, M. Scheuer, and R. Emerson. 2004. Seizure detection: Evaluation of the reveal algorithm. Clinical Neurophysiology 10 (2004), 228--2291.
[49]
P. Fergus, A. Hussain, David Hignett, Khaled Abdel-Aziz, and Hani Hamdan. 2016. A machine learning system for automated whole-brain seizure detection. Applied Computing and Informatics 12, 1 (2016), 70--89.
[50]
A. Supratak, L. Li, and Y. Guo. 2014. Feature extraction with stacked autoencoders for epileptic seizure detection. In 36th annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. 4184--4187.
[51]
G. Xun, X. Jia, and A. Zhang. 2015. Context-learning based electroencephalogram analysis for epileptic seizure detection. In IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). 325--330.
[52]
D. Chen, S. Wan, J. Xiang, and F. S. Bao. 2017. A high-performance seizure detection algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and EEG. PLOS ONE 12, 3 (2017), e0173138.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)A Novel Light-Weight Convolutional Neural Network Model to Predict Alzheimer’s Disease Applying Weighted Loss FunctionJournal of Disability Research10.57197/JDR-2024-00423:4Online publication date: 19-Apr-2024
  • (2024)Impressive predictive model for Breast Cancer based on Machine LearningEAI Endorsed Transactions on Pervasive Health and Technology10.4108/eetpht.10.524610Online publication date: 29-Feb-2024
  • (2024)LMA-EEGNet: A Lightweight Multi-Attention Network for Neonatal Seizure Detection Using EEG signalsElectronics10.3390/electronics1312235413:12(2354)Online publication date: 16-Jun-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications
ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications  Volume 15, Issue 1s
Special Section on Deep Learning for Intelligent Multimedia Analytics and Special Section on Multi-Modal Understanding of Social, Affective and Subjective Attributes of Data
January 2019
265 pages
ISSN:1551-6857
EISSN:1551-6865
DOI:10.1145/3309769
Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 17 February 2019
Accepted: 01 July 2018
Revised: 01 July 2018
Received: 01 October 2017
Published in TOMM Volume 15, Issue 1s

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. Deep learning
  2. electroencephalogram
  3. epileptic seizure detection

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed

Funding Sources

  • Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)208
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)23
Reflects downloads up to 15 Oct 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)A Novel Light-Weight Convolutional Neural Network Model to Predict Alzheimer’s Disease Applying Weighted Loss FunctionJournal of Disability Research10.57197/JDR-2024-00423:4Online publication date: 19-Apr-2024
  • (2024)Impressive predictive model for Breast Cancer based on Machine LearningEAI Endorsed Transactions on Pervasive Health and Technology10.4108/eetpht.10.524610Online publication date: 29-Feb-2024
  • (2024)LMA-EEGNet: A Lightweight Multi-Attention Network for Neonatal Seizure Detection Using EEG signalsElectronics10.3390/electronics1312235413:12(2354)Online publication date: 16-Jun-2024
  • (2024)Evaluation of the Relation between Ictal EEG Features and XAI ExplanationsBrain Sciences10.3390/brainsci1404030614:4(306)Online publication date: 25-Mar-2024
  • (2024)SaE-GBLS: an effective self-adaptive evolutionary optimized graph-broad model for EEG-based automatic epileptic seizure detectionFrontiers in Computational Neuroscience10.3389/fncom.2024.137936818Online publication date: 11-Jul-2024
  • (2024)Positional multi-length and mutual-attention network for epileptic seizure classificationFrontiers in Computational Neuroscience10.3389/fncom.2024.135878018Online publication date: 25-Jan-2024
  • (2024)ResneXt-LenetIntelligent Decision Technologies10.3233/IDT-24092318:3(1675-1693)Online publication date: 16-Sep-2024
  • (2024)Epilepsy detection based on multi-head self-attention mechanismPLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.030516619:6(e0305166)Online publication date: 11-Jun-2024
  • (2024)Technological Vanguard: the outstanding performance of the LTY-CNN model for the early prediction of epileptic seizuresJournal of Translational Medicine10.1186/s12967-024-04945-x22:1Online publication date: 16-Feb-2024
  • (2024)Sequential graph convolutional network and DeepRNN based hybrid framework for epileptic seizure detection from EEG signalDIGITAL HEALTH10.1177/2055207624124987410Online publication date: 7-May-2024
  • Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Full Access

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

HTML Format

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media