research-article

On the Deployment of Default Routes in Inter-domain Routing

Authors:

Lukas Kaltenbach,

Ethan Katz-Bassett,

Gabi Dreo Rodosek,

Thomas C. Schmidt,

Matthias WählischAuthors Info & Claims

TAURIN'21: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Workshop on Technologies, Applications, and Uses of a Responsible Internet

Pages 14 - 20

https://doi.org/10.1145/3472951.3473505

Published: 23 August 2021 Publication History

Abstract

In this paper, we argue that the design of a responsible Internet requires a clear understanding of the current state of deployment. This work sheds light on default routing in the Internet, a routing strategy that reduces control but may help to increase availability when forwarding packets. We revisit and extend two common methodologies based on active measurements to increase coverage and accuracy. Our results show larger differences in the results between the methodologies. We confirm that default route deployment strongly correlates with the customer cone size of autonomous systems and that smaller networks are more likely to deploy a default route. Our data will help to better assess the deployment of other protocols such as RPKI route origin filtering.

References

[1]

Randy Bush, Olaf Maennel, Matthew Roughan, and Steve Uhlig. 2009. Internet Optometry: Assessing the Broken Glasses in Internet Reachability. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement. ACM, 242--253.

Digital Library

[2]

Ignacio Castro, Juan Camilo Cardona, Sergey Gorinsky, and Pierre Francois. 2014. Remote Peering: More Peering without Internet Flattening. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM International on Conference on emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies. 185--198.

Digital Library

[3]

Center for Applied Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA). 2021. The CAIDA AS Relationships Dataset, 20210401.as-rel2.txt. Retrieved Jan 16, 2021 from https://publicdata.caida.org/datasets/as-relationships/serial-2/

[4]

Zakir Durumeric, Eric Wustrow, and J Alex Halderman. 2013. ZMap: Fast Internet-wide scanning and its security applications. In 22nd {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 13). 605--620.

Digital Library

[5]

Romain Fontugne, Esteban Bautista, Colin Petrie, Yutaro Nomura, Patrice Abry, Paulo Gonçalves, Kensuke Fukuda, and Emile Aben. 2019. BGP zombies: An analysis of beacons stuck routes. In International Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement. Springer, 197--209.

Digital Library

[6]

Oliver Gasser, Quirin Scheitle, Pawel Foremski, Qasim Lone, Maciej Korczynski, Stephen D. Strowes, Luuk Hendriks, and Georg Carle. 2018. Clusters in the Expanse: Understanding and Unbiasing IPv6 Hitlists. In Proceedings of the 2018 Internet Measurement Conference (Boston, MA, USA). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3278532.3278564

Digital Library

[7]

Github. 2021. ZMap v6 Fork. Retrieved Feb 15, 2021 from https://github.com/tumi8/zmap

[8]

Caitlin Gray, Clemens Mosig, Randy Bush, Cristel Pelsser, Matthew Roughan, Thomas C Schmidt, and Matthias Wahlisch. 2020. BGP Beacons, Network Tomography, and Bayesian Computation to Locate Route Flap Damping. In Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference. 492--505.

Digital Library

[9]

Cristian Hesselman, Paola Grosso, Ralph Holz, Fernando Kuipers, Janet Hui Xue, Mattijs Jonker, Joeri de Ruiter, Anna Sperotto, Roland van Rijswijk-Deij, Giovane CM Moura, et al. 2020. A Responsible Internet to Increase Trust in the Digital World. Journal of Network and Systems Management 28, 4 (2020), 882--922.

Digital Library

[10]

Internet Address Hitlist. 2021. The ANT Lab: Analysis of Network Traffic, Internet Hitlist it93w. Retrieved Jan 13, 2021 from https://ant.isi.edu/datasets/readmes/internet_address_hitlist_it93w-20210202.README.txt

[11]

Tomas Hlavacek, Amir Herzberg, Haya Shulman, and Michael Waidner. 2018. Practical Experience: Methodologies for Measuring Route Origin Validation. In 2018 48th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). IEEE, 634--641.

[12]

Yuchen Jin, Colin Scott, Amogh Dhamdhere, Vasileios Giotsas, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Scott Shenker. 2019. Stable and Practical {AS} Relationship Inference with ProbLink. In 16th {USENIX} Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation ({NSDI} 19). 581--598.

Digital Library

[13]

Matthew Luckie, Bradley Huffaker, Amogh Dhamdhere, Vasileios Giotsas, and KC Claffy. 2013. AS Relationships, Customer Cones, and Validation. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Internet measurement conference. 243--256.

Digital Library

[14]

A. Marder, M. Luckie, A. Dhamdhere, B. Huffaker, kc claffy, and J. M. Smith. 2018. Pushing the Boundaries with bdrmapIT: Mapping Router Ownership at Internet Scale. In Proceedings of the 2018 Internet Measurement Conference.

Digital Library

[15]

Niels Raijer Melchior Aelmans. 2019. Day One: Deploying BGP Routing Security. Juniper Networks Books. Retrieved June 26, 2021 from https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/day-one-books/DO_BGP_SecureRouting2.0.pdf

[16]

RIPE NCC. 2021. RIPE Altas probes metadata. Retrieved May 1, 2021 from https://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/atlas/probes/archive/2021/05/

[17]

Ricardo V Oliveira, Beichuan Zhang, and Lixia Zhang. 2007. Observing the Evolution of Internet AS Topology. In Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications. 313--324.

Digital Library

[18]

Y. Rekhter, T. Li, and S. Hares. 2006. A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4). RFC 4271. IETF.

Digital Library

[19]

Andreas Reuter, Randy Bush, Italo Cunha, Ethan Katz-Bassett, Thomas C Schmidt, and Matthias Wählisch. 2018. Towards a Rigorous Methodology for Measuring Adoption of RPKI Route Validation and Filtering. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 48, 1 (2018), 19--27.

Digital Library

[20]

RIPE NCC. 2019. RIPE Atlas Cousteau. https://github.com/RIPE-NCC/ripe-atlas-cousteau. [Online; accessed 10-January-2020].

[21]

RIPE NCC. 2019. RIPE Atlas Sagan. https://github.com/RIPE-NCC/ripe.atlas.sagan. [Online; accessed 10-January-2020].

[22]

RIPE NCC. 2020. RIPE Routing Information Service (RIS). https://www.ripe.net/analyse/internet-measurements/routing-information-service-ris. [Online; accessed 16-October-2020].

[23]

RIPE NCC Staff. 2015. Ripe Atlas: A global Internet Measurement Network. Internet Protocol Journal 18, 3 (2015).

[24]

Nils Rodday. 2021. TAURIN-21 workshop paper artifacts. Retrieved June 26, 2021 from https://github.com/nrodday/TAURIN-21

[25]

Nils Rodday, Italo Cunha, Randy Bush, Ethan Katz-Bassett, Gabi Dreo Rodosek, Thomas C. Schmidt, and Matthias Wählisch. 2021. Revisiting RPKI Route Origin Validation on the Data Plane. In Proc. of Network Traffic Measurement and Analysis Conference (TMA). IFIP. accepted for publication.

[26]

Oregon RouteViews. 2013. University of Oregon RouteViews project. Eugene, OR.[Online]. Available: http://www.routeviews.org (2013).

[27]

Quirin Scheitle, Matthias Wählisch, Oliver Gasser, Thomas C. Schmidt, and Georg Carle. 2017. Towards an Ecosystem for Reproducible Research in Computer Networking. In Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM Reproducibility Workshop. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5--8.

Digital Library

[28]

Brandon Schlinker, Kyriakos Zarifis, Italo Cunha, Nick Feamster, and Ethan Katz-Bassett. 2014. PEERING: An AS for Us. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks. ACM, 18.

Digital Library

[29]

Jared M Smith, K Birkeland, T McDaniel, and M Schuchard. 2020. Withdrawing the BGP Re-Routing Curtain. In Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS).

[30]

Kotikalapudi Sriram and Doug Montgomery. 2019. Resilient Interdomain Traffic Exchange: BGP Security and DDoS Mitigation. NIST Special Publication 800-189. National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-189

[31]

Jin Yuchen. 2021. ProbLink AS Relationships Dataset, 20210401.txt. Retrieved Jan 12, 2021 from https://yuchenjin.github.io/problink-as-relationships/

[32]

Zhengwei Zhao and Jingping Bi. 2013. Characterizing and Analysis of the flattening Internet Topology. In 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC). IEEE, 000219--000225.

Cited By

Luo YLi CWang ZYang J(2024)IPREDS: Efficient Prediction System for Internet-wide Port and Service ScanningProceedings of the ACM on Networking10.1145/36494702:CoNEXT1(1-24)Online publication date: 28-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3649470
Durumeric ZAdrian DStephens PWustrow EHalderman JVallina-Rodríguez NSuarez-Tángil GLevin DPelsser C(2024)Ten Years of ZMapProceedings of the 2024 ACM on Internet Measurement Conference10.1145/3646547.3689012(139-148)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3646547.3689012
Song GHe LChen TLin JFan LWen KWang ZYang J(2024) PMap : Reinforcement Learning-Based Internet-Wide Port Scanning IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking10.1109/TNET.2024.349131432:6(5524-5538)Online publication date: Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2024.3491314
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

On the Deployment of Default Routes in Inter-domain Routing
1. Networks
  1. Network performance evaluation
    1. Network measurement

Recommendations

Inter-domain collaborative routing (IDCR): Server selection for optimal client performance

Communication between institutions, or domains, residing in the Internet requires a route to be created between the routing domains. Each of these domains is controlled by a single administrative authority, and is referred to as an autonomous system (AS)...
Reputation Mechanism for Inter-domain Routing Security Management
CIT '09: Proceedings of the 2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology - Volume 02

Inter-domain routing system is the critical infrastructure of Internet. Make sure that autonomous system (AS) announces and prefers authentic routing information is very important to the security of inter-domain routing system. Due to BGP’s opaqueness ...
BGP Integrity Check for the Conflict Origin AS Prefix in the Inter-domain Routing
SAINT '03: Proceedings of the 2003 Symposium on Applications and the Internet

In the current Internet, the routing architecture consistsof the Interior-domain routing and the Inter-domain routing.Regarding the Inter-domain routing, an AutonomousSystem (AS), represents the administrative network domain,which is managed by a single ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

TAURIN'21: Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Workshop on Technologies, Applications, and Uses of a Responsible Internet

August 2021

41 pages

ISBN:9781450386395

DOI:10.1145/3472951

Copyright © 2021 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

Sponsors

SIGCOMM: ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communication

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 23 August 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Funding Sources

German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) project PIVOT and PRIMEnet
Horizon 2020 project CONCORDIA

Conference

SIGCOMM '21

Sponsor:

SIGCOMM

SIGCOMM '21: ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference

August 23, 2021

Virtual Event, USA

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

7
Total Citations
View Citations
179
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)32
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4

Reflects downloads up to 13 Jan 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Luo YLi CWang ZYang J(2024)IPREDS: Efficient Prediction System for Internet-wide Port and Service ScanningProceedings of the ACM on Networking10.1145/36494702:CoNEXT1(1-24)Online publication date: 28-Mar-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3649470
Durumeric ZAdrian DStephens PWustrow EHalderman JVallina-Rodríguez NSuarez-Tángil GLevin DPelsser C(2024)Ten Years of ZMapProceedings of the 2024 ACM on Internet Measurement Conference10.1145/3646547.3689012(139-148)Online publication date: 4-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3646547.3689012
Song GHe LChen TLin JFan LWen KWang ZYang J(2024) PMap : Reinforcement Learning-Based Internet-Wide Port Scanning IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking10.1109/TNET.2024.349131432:6(5524-5538)Online publication date: Dec-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2024.3491314
Rodday NRodosek GPras Avan Rijswijk - Deij R(2024)Exploring the Benefit of Path Plausibility Algorithms in BGPNOMS 2024-2024 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium10.1109/NOMS59830.2024.10575088(1-10)Online publication date: 6-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS59830.2024.10575088
Rodday NRodosek G(2023)BGPEval: Automating Large-Scale Testbed Creation2023 19th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM)10.23919/CNSM59352.2023.10327905(1-5)Online publication date: 30-Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.23919/CNSM59352.2023.10327905
Song GHe LZhao TLuo YWu YFan LLi CWang ZYang J(2023)Which Doors Are Open: Reinforcement Learning-based Internet-wide Port Scanning2023 IEEE/ACM 31st International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS)10.1109/IWQoS57198.2023.10188692(1-10)Online publication date: 19-Jun-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/IWQoS57198.2023.10188692
Friedemann PRodday NRodosek G(2022)Assessing the RPKI Validator Ecosystem2022 Thirteenth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN)10.1109/ICUFN55119.2022.9829712(295-300)Online publication date: 5-Jul-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUFN55119.2022.9829712

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents