Spiritual AI: Exploring the Possibilities of a Human-AI Interaction Beyond Productive Goals
Article No.: 299, Pages 1 - 8
Abstract
The Human-Computer Interaction community has long endeavored to discuss technologies that go beyond productivity goals. We extend this perspective to the realm of Human-AI interaction to explore how AI could consider diverse user values, particularly in users’ prayer experiences where minimal productivity goals exist. Through diary study, our research identified user goals and behaviors that contribute to satisfying prayer experiences. Then, we conceptualized four distinct AI systems designed to celebrate the identified goals and behaviors of the users. We presented these conceptualized systems in the format of a design workbook and engaged users in evaluating them. Based on our findings, we discuss the potential of novel roles that AI could play in human lives, such as provoking deep reflections or creating indirect communities.
Supplemental Material
MP4 File - Video Preview
Video Preview
- Download
- 60.87 MB
- Transcript
MP4 File
Talk Video
- Download
- 67.75 MB
- Transcript
References
[1]
Yasamin Asadi, Margot Brereton, Aloha Hufana Ambe, Alessandro Soro, and Mahnoosh Kholghi. 2023. Calming Down in Lockdown: Rethinking Technologies for a Slower Pace of Life. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) (DIS ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1002–1014. https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3596060
[2]
Eric P. S. Baumer, Jenna Burrell, Morgan G. Ames, Jed R. Brubaker, and Paul Dourish. 2015. On the importance and implications of studying technology non-use. Interactions 22, 2 (feb 2015), 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1145/2723667
[3]
Karen A Cerulo and Andrea Barra. 2008. In the name of…: Legitimate interactants in the dialogue of prayer. Poetics 36, 5-6 (2008), 374–388.
[4]
Janet X Chen, Francesco Vitale, and Joanna McGrenere. 2021. What Happens After Death? Using a Design Workbook to Understand User Expectations for Preparing Their Data. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13.
[5]
Li Chen and Luole Qi. 2010. A diary study of understanding contextual information needs during leisure traveling. In Proceedings of the third symposium on Information interaction in context. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 265–270.
[6]
Victoria Clarke, Virginia Braun, and Nikki Hayfield. 2015. Thematic analysis. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods 3 (2015), 222–248.
[7]
Martin Colbert. 2001. A diary study of rendezvousing: implications for position-aware computing and communications for the general public. In Proceedings of the 2001 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 15–23.
[8]
Paul Dourish. 2006. Implications for design. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montréal, Québec, Canada) (CHI ’06). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 541–550. https://doi.org/10.1145/1124772.1124855
[9]
Upol Ehsan, Q Vera Liao, Michael Muller, Mark O Riedl, and Justin D Weisz. 2021. Expanding explainability: Towards social transparency in ai systems. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–19.
[10]
Hasan Shahid Ferdous, Frank Vetere, Hilary Davis, Bernd Ploderer, Kenton O’hara, Rob Comber, and Geremy Farr-Wharton. 2017. Celebratory technology to orchestrate the sharing of devices and stories during family mealtimes. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 6960–6972.
[11]
Batya Friedman. 1996. Value-Sensitive Design. Interactions 3, 6 (dec 1996), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/242485.242493
[12]
Batya Friedman, Peter Kahn, and Alan Borning. 2002. Value sensitive design: Theory and methods. University of Washington technical report 2 (2002), 12.
[13]
William W. Gaver, John Bowers, Andrew Boucher, Hans Gellerson, Sarah Pennington, Albrecht Schmidt, Anthony Steed, Nicholas Villars, and Brendan Walker. 2004. The Drift Table: Designing for Ludic Engagement. In CHI ’04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vienna, Austria) (CHI EA ’04). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 885–900. https://doi.org/10.1145/985921.985947
[14]
Andrea Grimes and Richard Harper. 2008. Celebratory technology: new directions for food research in HCI. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 467–476.
[15]
Barbara Grosse-Hering, Jon Mason, Dzmitry Aliakseyeu, Conny Bakker, and Pieter Desmet. 2013. Slow design for meaningful interactions. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3431–3440.
[16]
Hongyan Gu, Chunxu Yang, Mohammad Haeri, Jing Wang, Shirley Tang, Wenzhong Yan, Shujin He, Christopher Kazu Williams, Shino Magaki, and Xiang’Anthony’ Chen. 2023. Augmenting Pathologists with NaviPath: Design and Evaluation of a Human-AI Collaborative Navigation System. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–19.
[17]
Lars Hallnäs and Johan Redström. 2001. Slow technology–designing for reflection. Personal and ubiquitous computing 5 (2001), 201–212.
[18]
Eiji Hayashi and Jason Hong. 2011. A diary study of password usage in daily life. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2627–2630.
[19]
Avleen Kaur, C. Estelle Smith, and Loren Terveen. 2021. Sway Together, Stay Together: Visualizing Spiritual Support Networks Through the SoulGarden Prototype. In Companion Publication of the 2021 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (Virtual Event, USA) (CSCW ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1145/3462204.3481774
[20]
Anna Kawakami, Venkatesh Sivaraman, Hao-Fei Cheng, Logan Stapleton, Yanghuidi Cheng, Diana Qing, Adam Perer, Zhiwei Steven Wu, Haiyi Zhu, and Kenneth Holstein. 2022. Improving human-AI partnerships in child welfare: understanding worker practices, challenges, and desires for algorithmic decision support. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–18.
[21]
Neal Krause, Linda M Chatters, Tina Meltzer, and David L Morgan. 2000. Using focus groups to explore the nature of prayer in late life. Journal of Aging Studies 14, 2 (2000), 191–212.
[22]
Steven P Laird, C Richard Snyder, Michael A Rapoff, and Sam Green. 2004. " Measuring Private Prayer: Development, Validation, and Clinical Application of the Multidimensional Prayer Inventory". The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 14, 4 (2004), 251–272.
[23]
Dong Han Lee. 2023. [2023 Religious Awareness Survey] Status of religious population and religious activities. https://hrcopinion.co.kr/en/archives/28464
[24]
Mina Lee, Percy Liang, and Qian Yang. 2022. Coauthor: Designing a human-ai collaborative writing dataset for exploring language model capabilities. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–19.
[25]
Yoonjoo Lee, John Joon Young Chung, Tae Soo Kim, Jean Y Song, and Juho Kim. 2022. Promptiverse: Scalable generation of scaffolding prompts through human-AI hybrid knowledge graph annotation. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–18.
[26]
Cecily Morrison, Edward Cutrell, Martin Grayson, Anja Thieme, Alex Taylor, Geert Roumen, Camilla Longden, Sebastian Tschiatschek, Rita Faia Marques, and Abigail Sellen. 2021. Social Sensemaking with AI: Designing an Open-ended AI experience with a Blind Child. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14.
[27]
William Odom, Richard Banks, Abigail Durrant, David Kirk, and James Pierce. 2012. Slow technology: critical reflection and future directions. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 816–817.
[28]
William Odom, Mark Selby, Abigail Sellen, David Kirk, Richard Banks, and Tim Regan. 2012. Photobox: on the design of a slow technology. In Proceedings of the designing interactive systems conference. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 665–668.
[29]
William T Odom, Abigail J Sellen, Richard Banks, David S Kirk, Tim Regan, Mark Selby, Jodi L Forlizzi, and John Zimmerman. 2014. Designing for slowness, anticipation and re-visitation: a long term field study of the photobox. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1961–1970.
[30]
Hyanghee Park, Daehwan Ahn, Kartik Hosanagar, and Joonhwan Lee. 2021. Human-AI interaction in human resource management: Understanding why employees resist algorithmic evaluation at workplaces and how to mitigate burdens. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15.
[31]
Hyanghee Park, Daehwan Ahn, Kartik Hosanagar, and Joonhwan Lee. 2022. Designing fair AI in human resource management: Understanding tensions surrounding algorithmic evaluation and envisioning stakeholder-centered solutions. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–22.
[32]
Margaret M Poloma and Brian F Pendleton. 1991. The effects of prayer and prayer experiences on measures of general weil-being. Journal of Psychology and Theology 19, 1 (1991), 71–83.
[33]
John Rieman. 1993. The diary study: a workplace-oriented research tool to guide laboratory efforts. In Proceedings of the INTERACT’93 and CHI’93 conference on Human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 321–326.
[34]
Kat Roemmich, Florian Schaub, and Nazanin Andalibi. 2023. Emotion AI at Work: Implications for Workplace Surveillance, Emotional Labor, and Emotional Privacy. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 588, 20 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580950
[35]
Christine Satchell and Paul Dourish. 2009. Beyond the user: use and non-use in HCI. In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group: Design: Open 24/7 (Melbourne, Australia) (OZCHI ’09). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/1738826.1738829
[36]
C. Estelle Smith, Avleen Kaur, Katie Z. Gach, Loren Terveen, Mary Jo Kreitzer, and Susan O’Conner-Von. 2021. What is Spiritual Support and How Might It Impact the Design of Online Communities?Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 5, CSCW1, Article 43 (apr 2021), 42 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3449117
[37]
Timothy Sohn, Kevin A Li, William G Griswold, and James D Hollan. 2008. A diary study of mobile information needs. In Proceedings of the sigchi conference on human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 433–442.
[38]
Minhyang Suh, Emily Youngblom, Michael Terry, and Carrie J Cai. 2021. AI as social glue: uncovering the roles of deep generative AI during social music composition. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–11.
[39]
Eran Toch and Yoni Birman. 2018. Towards Behavioral Privacy: How to Understand AI’s Privacy Threats in Ubiquitous Computing. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers (Singapore, Singapore) (UbiComp ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 931–936. https://doi.org/10.1145/3267305.3274155
[40]
Suzanne Tolmeijer, Markus Christen, Serhiy Kandul, Markus Kneer, and Abraham Bernstein. 2022. Capable but amoral? Comparing AI and human expert collaboration in ethical decision making. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–17.
[41]
Qiaosi Wang, Koustuv Saha, Eric Gregori, David Joyner, and Ashok Goel. 2021. Towards mutual theory of mind in human-ai interaction: How language reflects what students perceive about a virtual teaching assistant. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14.
[42]
Brandon L Whittington and Steven J Scher. 2010. Prayer and subjective well-being: An examination of six different types of prayer. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 20, 1 (2010), 59–68.
[43]
Lauren Wilcox, Robin Brewer, and Fernando Diaz. 2023. AI Consent Futures: A Case Study on Voice Data Collection with Clinicians. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 7, CSCW2, Article 316 (oct 2023), 30 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610107
[44]
Richmond Y. Wong, Jason Caleb Valdez, Ashten Alexander, Ariel Chiang, Olivia Quesada, and James Pierce. 2023. Broadening Privacy and Surveillance: Eliciting Interconnected Values with a Scenarios Workbook on Smart Home Cameras. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference(DIS ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1093–1113. https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3596012
[45]
Susan Wyche. 2021. The Benefits of Using Design Workbooks with Speculative Design Proposals in Information Communication Technology for Development (ICTD). In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Virtual Event, USA) (DIS ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1861–1874. https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462140
[46]
Susan P. Wyche and Rebecca E. Grinter. 2009. Extraordinary computing: religion as a lens for reconsidering the home. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Boston, MA, USA) (CHI ’09). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 749–758. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518817
[47]
Chuan Yan, John Joon Young Chung, Yoon Kiheon, Yotam Gingold, Eytan Adar, and Sungsoo Ray Hong. 2022. FlatMagic: Improving Flat Colorization through AI-driven Design for Digital Comic Professionals. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 380, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3502075
[48]
Qiaoning Zhang, Matthew L Lee, and Scott Carter. 2022. You Complete Me: Human-AI Teams and Complementary Expertise. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 114, 28 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517791
[49]
Zheng Zhang, Ying Xu, Yanhao Wang, Bingsheng Yao, Daniel Ritchie, Tongshuang Wu, Mo Yu, Dakuo Wang, and Toby Jia-Jun Li. 2022. StoryBuddy: A Human-AI Collaborative Chatbot for Parent-Child Interactive Storytelling with Flexible Parental Involvement. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 218, 21 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517479
[50]
Qingxiao Zheng, Yiliu Tang, Yiren Liu, Weizi Liu, and Yun Huang. 2022. UX Research on Conversational Human-AI Interaction: A Literature Review of the ACM Digital Library. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 570, 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501855
[51]
Haiyi Zhu, Bowen Yu, Aaron Halfaker, and Loren Terveen. 2018. Value-sensitive algorithm design: Method, case study, and lessons. Proceedings of the ACM on human-computer interaction 2, CSCW (2018), 1–23.
[52]
Jichen Zhu, Jennifer Villareale, Nithesh Javvaji, Sebastian Risi, Mathias Löwe, Rush Weigelt, and Casper Harteveld. 2021. Player-AI Interaction: What Neural Network Games Reveal About AI as Play. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 77, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445307
Index Terms
- Spiritual AI: Exploring the Possibilities of a Human-AI Interaction Beyond Productive Goals
Recommendations
"Help Me Help the AI": Understanding How Explainability Can Support Human-AI Interaction
CHI '23: Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsDespite the proliferation of explainable AI (XAI) methods, little is understood about end-users’ explainability needs and behaviors around XAI explanations. To address this gap and contribute to understanding how explainability can support human-AI ...
Guidelines for Human-AI Interaction
CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsAdvances in artificial intelligence (AI) frame opportunities and challenges for user interface design. Principles for human-AI interaction have been discussed in the human-computer interaction community for over two decades, but more study and ...
Human-AI Interaction and AI Avatars
HCI International 2023 – Late Breaking PapersAbstractHuman-Computer Interaction has been evolving rapidly with the advancement of artificial intelligence and metaverse. Human-AI Interaction is a new area in Human-Computer Interaction. In this paper, we look at AI avatars, which are human-like ...
Comments
Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
May 2024
4761 pages
ISBN:9798400703317
DOI:10.1145/3613905
Copyright © 2024 Owner/Author.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.
Sponsors
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Published: 11 May 2024
Check for updates
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Work in progress
- Research
- Refereed limited
Data Availability
Video Preview: Video Preview https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613905.3650743#3613905.3650743-preview.mp4
Conference
Acceptance Rates
Overall Acceptance Rate 6,164 of 23,696 submissions, 26%
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 274Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)274
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)54
Reflects downloads up to 09 Aug 2024
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
Get Access
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign inFull Access
View options
View or Download as a PDF file.
PDFeReader
View online with eReader.
eReaderFull Text
View this article in Full Text.
Full TextHTML Format
View this article in HTML Format.
HTML Format