Dynamic Agent Affiliation: Who Should the AI Agent Work for in the Older Adult's Care Network?
Authors: 
Mai Lee Chang, 
Alicia (Hyun Jin) Lee, Nara Han, Anna Huang, Hugo Simão, Samantha Reig, Abdullah Ubed Mohammad Ali, Rebekah Martinez, Neeta M Khanuja, 
John Zimmerman, Jodi Forlizzi, 
Aaron SteinfeldAuthors Info & Claims
Mai Lee Chang, Alicia (Hyun Jin) Lee, Nara Han, Anna Huang, Hugo Simão, Samantha Reig, Abdullah Ubed Mohammad Ali, Rebekah Martinez, Neeta M Khanuja, John Zimmerman, Jodi Forlizzi, Aaron SteinfeldAuthors Info & ClaimsPages 1774 - 1788
Abstract
The population of older adults experiencing cognitive decline is growing faster than the number of workers who can care for them. Artificially intelligent (AI) agents could assist these older adults, keeping them in their homes longer. For this to happen, older adults must be willing to adopt and rely on agents. Would they trust an agent that might need to report their decline to others? We conducted a speed dating study exploring the impact of agent affiliation (i.e., who the agent should work for). Our healthy and declining participants reacted positively to the idea of agents supporting them. They particularly recognized how the agent would reduce the burden placed on their family caregivers. They viewed affiliation to be dynamic, shifting from the declining older adult and orienting more to their caregivers over the course of cognitive decline. They envisioned the agent modifying its decision-making process to be like their caregivers’.
Supplemental Material
PDF File
Storyboards and questions
- Download
- 32.93 KB
PDF File
Storyboards and questions
- Download
- 5.06 MB
References
[1]
Anthony Aguirre, Gaia Dempsey, Harry Surden, and Peter B Reiner. 2020. AI loyalty: a new paradigm for aligning stakeholder interests. IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society 1, 3 (2020), 128–137.
[2]
Alzheimers.gov. 2023. What Is Mild Cognitive Impairment?https://www.alzheimers.gov/alzheimers-dementias/mild-cognitive-impairment.
[3]
Alzheimer’s Association. 2023. 2023 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts and Figures, Special Report. https://www.alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-facts-and-figures.pdf.
[4]
Laura H Barg-Walkow, Christina N Harrington, Tracy L Mitzner, Jordan Q Hartley, and Wendy A Rogers. 2017. Understanding older adults’ perceptions of and attitudes towards exergames. Gerontechnology: international journal on the fundamental aspects of technology to serve the ageing society 16, 2 (2017), 81.
[5]
Jenay M Beer and Leila Takayama. 2011. Mobile remote presence systems for older adults: acceptance, benefits, and concerns. In Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction. 19–26.
[6]
Hugh Beyer and Karen Holtzblatt. 1999. Contextual design. interactions 6, 1 (1999), 32–42.
[7]
Robin N Brewer. 2022. “If Alexa knew the state I was in, it would cry”: Older Adults’ Perspectives of Voice Assistants for Health. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts. 1–8.
[8]
Sara Carmel. 2019. Health and well-being in late life: Gender differences worldwide. Frontiers in medicine 6 (2019), 218.
[9]
Mohamed-Amine Choukou, Funminiyi Olatoye, Reg Urbanowski, Maurizio Caon, and Caroline Monnin. 2023. Digital health technology to support health care professionals and family caregivers caring for patients with cognitive impairment: scoping review. JMIR Mental Health 10 (2023), e40330.
[10]
Mary A Corcoran. 1994. Management decisions made by caregiver spouses of persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 48, 1 (1994), 38–45.
[11]
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. 1991. Design and order in everyday life. Design issues 8, 1 (1991), 26–34.
[12]
Mira El Kamali, Leonardo Angelini, Maurizio Caon, Francesco Carrino, Christina Röcke, Sabrina Guye, Giovanna Rizzo, Alfonso Mastropietro, Martin Sykora, Suzanne Elayan, 2020. Virtual coaches for older adults’ wellbeing: A systematic review. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 101884–101902.
[13]
Jodi Forlizzi, Carl DiSalvo, and Francine Gemperle. 2004. Assistive robotics and an ecology of elders living independently in their homes. Human–Computer Interaction 19, 1-2 (2004), 25–59.
[14]
Iason Gabriel. 2020. Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment. Minds and machines 30, 3 (2020), 411–437.
[15]
Norina Gasteiger, Kate Loveys, Mikaela Law, and Elizabeth Broadbent. 2021. Friends from the future: a scoping review of research into robots and computer agents to combat loneliness in older people. Clinical interventions in aging (2021), 941–971.
[16]
Thomas Krendl Gilbert, Noah Zijie Qu, Wendy Ju, and Jamy Li. 2023. Fleets on the streets: How number, affiliation and purpose of shared-lane automated vehicle convoys influence public perception and blame. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 93 (2023), 294–308.
[17]
Chris Gosden and Yvonne Marshall. 1999. The cultural biography of objects. World archaeology 31, 2 (1999), 169–178.
[18]
Estefanía Guisado-Fernández, Guido Giunti, Laura M Mackey, Catherine Blake, Brian Michael Caulfield, 2019. Factors influencing the adoption of smart health technologies for people with dementia and their informal caregivers: scoping review and design framework. JMIR aging 2, 1 (2019), e12192.
[19]
Hui Jun Guo and Amit Sapra. 2020. Instrumental activity of daily living. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470404/. (2020).
[20]
Maurita T Harris, Kenneth A Blocker, and Wendy A Rogers. 2021. Smartphone and digital home assistant use among older adults: Understanding adoption and learning preferences. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Vol. 65. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, 742–746.
[21]
Louise C Hawkley, Kristen Wroblewski, Till Kaiser, Maike Luhmann, and L Philip Schumm. 2019. Are US older adults getting lonelier? Age, period, and cohort differences.Psychology and Aging 34, 8 (2019), 1144.
[22]
Simona Hvalič-Touzery, Vesna Dolničar, and Katja Prevodnik. 2022. Factors influencing informal carers’ acceptance of assistive telecare systems in the pre-and post-implementation phase: A scoping study. Health & social care in the community 30, 5 (2022), e1484–e1504.
[23]
Lyndsie M Koon, Sean A McGlynn, Kenneth A Blocker, and Wendy A Rogers. 2020. Perceptions of digital assistants from early adopters aged 55+. Ergonomics in Design 28, 1 (2020), 16–23.
[24]
Alyssa Kubota, Dagoberto Cruz-Sandoval, Soyon Kim, Elizabeth W Twamley, and Laurel D Riek. 2022. Cognitively Assistive Robots at Home: Translating Clinical Interventions to Robots. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 18 (2022), e062600.
[25]
Alex John London 2023. Beneficent Intelligence: A Capability Approach to Modeling Benefit, Assistance, and Associated Moral Failures through AI Systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.00868 (2023).
[26]
Carlos JS Lourenço, Benedict GC Dellaert, and Bas Donkers. 2020. Whose algorithm says so: The relationships between type of firm, perceptions of trust and expertise, and the acceptance of financial robo-advice. Journal of Interactive Marketing 49 (2020), 107–124.
[27]
Michal Luria, Samantha Reig, Xiang Zhi Tan, Aaron Steinfeld, Jodi Forlizzi, and John Zimmerman. 2019. Re-Embodiment and Co-Embodiment: Exploration of social presence for robots and conversational agents. In Proceedings of the 2019 on Designing Interactive Systems Conference. 633–644.
[28]
Michal Luria, Rebecca Zheng, Bennett Huffman, Shuangni Huang, John Zimmerman, and Jodi Forlizzi. 2020. Social boundaries for personal agents in the interpersonal space of the home. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1–12.
[29]
Marco Manca, Fabio Paternò, Carmen Santoro, Eleonora Zedda, Chiara Braschi, Roberta Franco, and Alessandro Sale. 2021. The impact of serious games with humanoid robots on mild cognitive impairment older adults. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 145 (2021), 102509.
[30]
Niharika Mathur, Kunal Dhodapkar, Tamara Zubatiy, Jiachen Li, Brian Jones, and Elizabeth Mynatt. 2022. A Collaborative Approach to Support Medication Management in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Conversational Assistants (CAs). In Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. 1–14.
[31]
Derek McColl and Goldie Nejat. 2013. Meal-time with a socially assistive robot and older adults at a long-term care facility. Journal of Human-Robot Interaction 2, 1 (2013), 152–171.
[32]
Rachel Mis, Kathryn Devlin, Deborah Drabick, and Tania Giovannetti. 2019. Heterogeneity of informant-reported functional performance in mild cognitive impairment: A latent profile analysis of the Functional Activities Questionnaire. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 68, 4 (2019), 1611–1624.
[33]
Elizabeth D Mynatt and Wendy A Rogers. 2001. Developing technology to support the functional independence of older adults. Ageing International 27, 1 (2001), 24–41.
[34]
Elizabeth D Mynatt, Jim Rowan, Sarah Craighill, and Annie Jacobs. 2001. Digital family portraits: supporting peace of mind for extended family members. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. 333–340.
[35]
William Odom, John Zimmerman, Scott Davidoff, Jodi Forlizzi, Anind K Dey, and Min Kyung Lee. 2012. A fieldwork of the future with user enactments. In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference. 338–347.
[36]
Matt Paradise, Donna McCade, Ian B Hickie, Keri Diamond, Simon JG Lewis, and Sharon L Naismith. 2015. Caregiver burden in mild cognitive impairment. Aging & mental health 19, 1 (2015), 72–78.
[37]
Sebastiaan TM Peek, Katrien G Luijkx, Maurice D Rijnaard, Marianne E Nieboer, Claire S Van Der Voort, Sil Aarts, Joost Van Hoof, Hubertus JM Vrijhoef, and Eveline JM Wouters. 2016. Older adults’ reasons for using technology while aging in place. Gerontology 62, 2 (2016), 226–237.
[38]
Olimpia Pino, Giuseppe Palestra, Rosalinda Trevino, and Berardina De Carolis. 2020. The humanoid robot NAO as trainer in a memory program for elderly people with mild cognitive impairment. International Journal of Social Robotics 12 (2020), 21–33.
[39]
Samantha Reig. 2023. Characterizing the Role of Agent Identities in Interactions Among Individuals, Embodiments, and Services. PhD thesis. Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. Available at http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/hcii/CMU-HCII-23-101.pdf.
[40]
Samantha Reig, Elizabeth Jeanne Carter, Xiang Zhi Tan, Aaron Steinfeld, and Jodi Forlizzi. 2021. Perceptions of agent loyalty with ancillary users. International Journal of Social Robotics 13, 8 (2021), 2039–2055.
[41]
Karen A Roberto, Brandy Renee McCann, and Rosemary Blieszner. 2013. Trajectories of care: Spouses coping with changes related to mild cognitive impairment. Dementia 12, 1 (2013), 45–62.
[42]
Susan E Schultz, Robert E Kleine, and Jerome B Kernan. 1989. ‘These are a few of my favorite things’: Toward an explication of attachment as a consumer behavior construct. Advances in consumer research 16, 1 (1989), 359–366.
[43]
Daniel Siewiorek, Asim Smailagic, and Anind Dey. 2012. Architecture and applications of virtual coaches. Proc. IEEE 100, 8 (2012), 2472–2488.
[44]
Priyesh Tiwari, Jim Warren, Karen Day, Bruce MacDonald, Chandimal Jayawardena, I Han Kuo, Aleksandar Igic, and Chandan Datta. 2011. Feasibility study of a robotic medication assistant for the elderly. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Australasian User Interface Conference-Volume 117. 57–66.
[45]
Milka Trajkova and Aqueasha Martin-Hammond. 2020. " Alexa is a Toy": exploring older adults’ reasons for using, limiting, and abandoning echo. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. 1–13.
[46]
Eleanor van den Heuvel, Felicity Jowitt, and Anne McIntyre. 2012. Awareness, requirements and barriers to use of Assistive Technology designed to enable independence of people suffering from Dementia (ATD). Technology and Disability 24, 2 (2012), 139–148.
[47]
John Vines, Stephen Lindsay, Gary W Pritchard, Mabel Lie, David Greathead, Patrick Olivier, and Katie Brittain. 2013. Making family care work: dependence, privacy and remote home monitoring telecare systems. In Proceedings of the 2013 ACM international joint conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing. 607–616.
[48]
Janine L Wiles, Annette Leibing, Nancy Guberman, Jeanne Reeve, and Ruth ES Allen. 2012. The meaning of “aging in place” to older people. The gerontologist 52, 3 (2012), 357–366.
[49]
Christian Wrede, Annemarie Braakman-Jansen, Lisette van Gemert-Pijnen, 2021. Requirements for unobtrusive monitoring to support home-based dementia care: qualitative study among formal and informal caregivers. JMIR aging 4, 2 (2021), e26875.
[50]
Zhe Zhang, Timothy W Bickmore, and Michael K Paasche-Orlow. 2017. Perceived organizational affiliation and its effects on patient trust: Role modeling with embodied conversational agents. Patient education and counseling 100, 9 (2017), 1730–1737.
[51]
John Zimmerman and Jodi Forlizzi. 2017. Speed dating: providing a menu of possible futures. She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 3, 1 (2017), 30–50.
[52]
Tamara Zubatiy, Kayci L Vickers, Niharika Mathur, and Elizabeth D Mynatt. 2021. Empowering dyads of older adults with mild cognitive impairment and their care partners using conversational agents. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–15.
Index Terms
- Dynamic Agent Affiliation: Who Should the AI Agent Work for in the Older Adult's Care Network?
Recommendations
App Usage Predicts Cognitive Ability in Older Adults
CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsWe have limited understanding of how older adults use smartphones, how their usage differs from younger users, and the causes for those differences. As a result, researchers and developers may miss promising opportunities to support older adults or offer ...
“I hope I never need one”: Unpacking Stigma in Aging in Place Technology
CHI '22: Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsAging in place technologies are designed to extend independence and autonomy in older adults, promoting quality of life and peace of mind. Prior work has described how adoption and continued use of these technologies are low when they are perceived as ...
Senior Care for Aging in Place: Balancing Assistance and Independence
CSCW '17: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social ComputingIncreasing demands for senior care raise the challenge of how to support independence in older adults while assisting their health management. Most seniors would like to age in place, but concerns about safety lead many to move to a place that can ...
Comments
Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
July 2024
3616 pages
ISBN:9798400705830
DOI:10.1145/3643834
Copyright © 2024 Owner/Author.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License.
Sponsors
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Published: 01 July 2024
Check for updates
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Research-article
- Research
- Refereed limited
Funding Sources
Conference
DIS '24
Sponsor:
Acceptance Rates
Overall Acceptance Rate 1,158 of 4,684 submissions, 25%
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 226Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)226
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)114
Reflects downloads up to 12 Sep 2024
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
View options
View or Download as a PDF file.
PDFeReader
View online with eReader.
eReaderHTML Format
View this article in HTML Format.
HTML FormatGet Access
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in