MoodShaper: A Virtual Reality Experience to Support Managing Negative Emotions
Authors: 
Nadine Wagener, Arne Kiesewetter, 
Leon Reicherts, 
Paweł W. Woźniak, 
Johannes Schöning, 
Yvonne Rogers, 
Jasmin NiessAuthors Info & Claims
Nadine Wagener, Arne Kiesewetter, Leon Reicherts, Paweł W. Woźniak, Johannes Schöning, Yvonne Rogers, Jasmin NiessAuthors Info & ClaimsPages 2286 - 2304
Abstract
Negative emotions such as sadness or anger are often seen as something to be avoided. However, recognising, processing and regulating challenging emotional experiences can facilitate personal growth and is essential for long-term well-being. To support people in regulating and reflecting on negative emotions, we designed MoodShaper — a VR experience where participants autonomously create a virtual environment combined with emotion regulation (ER) interventions. Our system included three different interventions designed based on interviews with psychotherapists. We evaluated MoodShaper in a mixed-method between-subject study with n = 60 participants. Participants experienced one of the three ER interventions, allowing them to manipulate visual representations of negative emotions through externalisation, seclusion, or appreciation. We found that MoodShaper significantly increased positive affect while decreasing difficulties in ER and negative affect. Our work demonstrates how VR can provide technology-mediated support to reflect on, engage with and manage negative emotions. We contribute insights for future VR systems which support ER for challenging situations.
References
[1]
Julian Alvarez, Damien Djaouti, and Olivier Rampnoux. 2012. Introduction au Serious Game - Serious Game an Introduction (French and English).
[2]
Nilufar Baghaei, Lehan Stemmet, Andrej Hlasnik, Konstantin Emanov, Sylvia Hach, John A. Naslund, Mark Billinghurst, Imran Khaliq, and Hai-Ning Liang. 2020. Time to Get Personal: Individualised Virtual Reality for Mental Health. In Extended Abstracts of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI EA ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3382932
[3]
Veerpal Bambrah, Amanda Wyman, and John D. Eastwood. 2022. A longitudinal approach to understanding boredom during pandemics: The predictive roles of trauma and emotion dysregulation. 13 (2022), 1050073. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1050073
[4]
Rosa M. Baños, Víctor Liaño, Cristina Botella, Mariano Alcañiz, Belén Guerrero, and Beatriz Rey. 2006. Changing Induced Moods Via Virtual Reality. In Persuasive Technology, Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn, Yvonne A. W. de Kort, Cees Midden, Berry Eggen, and Elise van den Hoven (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 7–15.
[5]
Eric P.S. Baumer, Vera Khovanskaya, Mark Matthews, Lindsay Reynolds, Victoria Schwanda Sosik, and Geri Gay. 2014. Reviewing Reflection: On the Use of Reflection in Interactive System Design. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (DIS ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1145/2598510.2598598
[6]
Eric P.S. Baumer, Vera Khovanskaya, Mark Matthews, Lindsay Reynolds, Victoria Schwanda Sosik, and Geri Gay. 2014. Reviewing Reflection: On the Use of Reflection in Interactive System Design. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (DIS ’14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1145/2598510.2598598
[7]
Moti Benita. 2020. Freedom to feel: A self-determination theory account of emotion regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 14 (09 2020). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12563
[8]
Arpita Bhattacharya. 2019. Designing to Support Teen Mental Health Using Asynchronous Online Groups. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children. 723–727.
[9]
Fran Blumberg, Jaime Rice, and Anne Dickmeis. 2016. Social Media as a Venue for Emotion Regulation Among Adolescents. 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801857-6.00006-3
[10]
Tibor Bosse, Charlotte Gerritsen, Jeroen de Man, and Jan Treur. 2013. Learning Emotion Regulation Strategies: A Cognitive Agent Model. In 2013 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence (WI) and Intelligent Agent Technologies (IAT), Vol. 2. 245–252. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI-IAT.2013.116
[11]
Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3, 2 (2006), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[12]
Pablo Briñol, Margarita Gascó, Richard E. Petty, and Javier Horcajo. 2013. Treating Thoughts as Material Objects Can Increase or Decrease Their Impact on Evaluation. Psychological Science 24, 1 (2013), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612449176 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612449176PMID: 23184587.
[13]
Pablo Briñol, Richard Petty, and Jennifer Belding. 2017. Objectification of people and thoughts: An attitude change perspective. British Journal of Social Psychology 56 (02 2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12183
[14]
Christian Brown and Rick Garner. 2017. Serious Gaming, Virtual, and Immersive Environments in Art Therapy. 192–205.
[15]
My Bui and Elyria Kemp. 2013. E-tail emotion regulation: Examining online hedonic product purchases. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 41 (03 2013). https://doi.org/10.1108/09590551311304338
[16]
Lora Capobianco and Henrik Nordahl. 2023. A Brief History of Metacognitive Therapy: From Cognitive Science to Clinical Practice. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 30, 1 (2023), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.11.002
[17]
Alexander L. Chapman. 2011. The Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Workbook for Anxiety: Breaking Free from Worry, Panic, PTSD, and Other Anxiety Symptoms. New Harbinger Publications.
[18]
Emma Childs and Harriet de Wit. 2014. Regular exercise is associated with emotional resilience to acute stress in healthy adults. Frontiers in physiology 5 (2014), 161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00161
[19]
Rebecca A. Clay. 2021. Mental health apps are gaining traction. Monitor on Psychology 52, 1 (2021). Retrieved January 27, 2021 from http://www.apa.org/monitor/2021/01/trends-mental-health-apps
[20]
Claire Craig. 2009. Exploring the Self Through Photography: Activities for Use in Group Work. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 204 pages. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10000632
[21]
R.Thomas Dudley. 2000. The relationship between negative affect and paranormal belief. Personality and Individual Differences 28, 2 (2000), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00100-2
[22]
Pat Dugard and John Todman. 1995. Analysis of Pre‐test‐Post‐test Control Group Designs in Educational Research. Educational Psychology 15, 2 (1995), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144341950150207
[23]
Elizabeth V. Eikey, Clara M. Caldeira, Mayara C. Figueiredo, Yunan Chen, Jessica L. Borelli, Melissa Mazmanian, and Kai Zheng. 2021. Beyond self-reflection: introducing the concept of rumination in personal informatics. Pers Ubiquit Comput 25 (2021), 601–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-021-01573-w
[24]
Marwa El Zein, Valentin Wyart, and Julie Grèzes. 2015. Anxiety dissociates the adaptive functions of sensory and motor response enhancements to social threats. eLife 4 (dec 2015), e10274. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10274
[25]
Thorsten Erle and Sascha Topolinski. 2015. Spatial and Empathic Perspective-Taking Correlate on a Dispositional Level. Social Cognition 33 (06 2015), 187–210. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2015.33.3.187
[26]
Susan A. Everson, Debbie E. Goldberg, George A. Kaplan, Juhani Julkunen, and Jukka T. Salonen. 1998. Anger expression and incident hypertension. Psychosomatic medicine 60, 6 (1998), 730–735. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199811000-00014
[27]
Daniel Fitton, Janet C C Read, and Matthew Horton. 2013. The challenge of working with teens as participants in interaction design. In CHI’13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 205–210.
[28]
Rowanne Fleck and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2010. Reflecting on Reflection: Framing a Design Landscape. In Proceedings of the 22nd Conference of the Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group of Australia on Computer-Human Interaction (Brisbane, Australia) (OZCHI ’10). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1145/1952222.1952269
[29]
Laura Galbusera, Michael T. M. Finn, Wolfgang Tschacher, and Miriam Kyselo. 2019. Interpersonal synchrony feels good but impedes self-regulation of affect. 9, 1 (2019), 14691. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-50960-0 Number: 1 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group.
[30]
Nadia Garnefski, Tessa Van Den Kommer, Vivian Kraaij, Jan Teerds, Jeroen Legerstee, and Evert Onstein. 2002. The relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems: comparison between a clinical and a non‐clinical sample. European Journal of Personality 16, 5 (2002), 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.458 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1002/per.458
[31]
William Gerin, Matthew Zawadzki, Jos Brosschot, Julian Thayer, Nicholas Christenfeld, Tavis Campbell, and Joshua Smyth. 2012. Rumination as a Mediator of Chronic Stress Effects on Hypertension: A Causal Model. International journal of hypertension 2012 (02 2012), 453465. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/453465
[32]
Florian Grieger, Holger Klapperich, and Marc Hassenzahl. 2021. Trash It, Punch It, Burn It – Using Virtual Reality to Support Coping with Negative Thoughts. In Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI EA ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 459, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3451738
[33]
J.J. Gross and Ross Thompson. 2007. Handbook of emotion regulation. Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations (01 2007), 3–26.
[34]
James J. Gross. 1998. The Emerging Field of Emotion Regulation: An Integrative Review. Review of General Psychology 2, 3 (1998), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
[35]
James J. Gross. 2015. Emotion Regulation: Current Status and Future Prospects. Psychological Inquiry 26, 1 (2015), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781
[36]
James J. Gross. 2015. The Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation: Elaborations, Applications, and Future Directions. Psychological Inquiry 26, 1 (2015), 130–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2015.989751
[37]
Irit Hacmun, Dafna Regev, and Roy Salomon. 2018. The Principles of Art Therapy in Virtual Reality. Frontiers in Psychology 9 (10 2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02082
[38]
Irit Hacmun, Dafna Regev, and Roy Salomon. 2021. Artistic creation in virtual reality for art therapy: A qualitative study with expert art therapists. The Arts in Psychotherapy 72 (2021), 101745.
[39]
Wendy Hadley, Christopher Houck, Larry Brown, Josh Spitalnick, Mirtha Ferrer, and David Barker. 2019. Moving Beyond Role-Play: Evaluating the Use of Virtual Reality to Teach Emotion Regulation for the Prevention of Adolescent Risk Behavior Within a Randomized Pilot Trial. Journal of pediatric psychology 44 (2019), 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsy092
[40]
Eddie Harmon-Jones, Tom Price, P.A. Gable, and C.K. Peterson. 2014. Approach motivation and its relationship to positive and negative emotions. Handbook of positive emotions (01 2014), 103–118.
[41]
Carroll E. Izard. 2009. Emotion theory and research: highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues.Annual review of psychology 60 (2009), 1–25.
[42]
Christophe Jallais and Anne-Laure Gilet. 2010. Inducing changes in arousal and valence: Comparison of two mood induction procedures. Behavior research methods 42, 1 (2010), 318–325. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.1.318
[43]
Amishi P Jha, Jason Krompinger, and Michael J Baime. 2007. Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 7, 2 (2007), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.7.2.109
[44]
Sandra L. Kagin and Vija B. Lusebrink. 1978. The expressive therapies continuum.
[45]
Eileen Kennedy-Moore and Jeanne Watson. 2001. How and When Does Emotional Expression Help?Review of General Psychology 5 (09 2001), 187–212. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.3.187
[46]
Alexandra Kitson, Alissa N. Antle, and Petr Slovak. 2023. Co-Designing a Virtual Reality Intervention for Supporting Cognitive Reappraisal Skills Development with Youth. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference (Chicago, IL, USA) (IDC ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1145/3585088.3589381
[47]
Alexandra Kitson, Mirjana Prpa, and Bernhard E. Riecke. 2018. Immersive Interactive Technologies for Positive Change: A Scoping Review and Design Considerations. Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018), 1354. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01354
[48]
Alexander Kopytin. 2004. Photography and art therapy: An easy partnership. International Journal of Art Therapy 9 (04 2004), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02647140408405677
[49]
Andreas Larsson, Nic Hooper, Lisa Osborne, Paul Bennett, and Louise Mchugh. 2016. Using Brief Cognitive Restructuring and Cognitive Defusion Techniques to Cope With Negative Thoughts. Behavior modification 40 (05 2016), 452–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445515621488
[50]
Jason M Lavender, Matthew T Tull, David DiLillo, Terri Messman-Moore, and Kim L Gratz. 2017. Development and validation of a state-based measure of emotion dysregulation: The State Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (S-DERS). Assessment 24, 2 (2017), 197–209.
[51]
Dirk Lindebaum and Peter Jordan. 2012. Positive emotions, negative emotions, or utility of discrete emotions?Journal of Organizational Behavior 33 (10 2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1819
[52]
Marsha M. Linehan. 2014. DBT Skills Training Manual. Guilford Press. 504 pages.
[53]
Jack M. Loomis, Jim Blascovich, and Andrew C. Beall. 1999. Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 31 (1999), 557–564. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13343372
[54]
Valentina Lorenzetti, Bruno Melo, Rodrigo Basílio, Chao Suo, Murat Yücel, Carlos J. Tierra-Criollo, and Jorge Moll. 2018. Emotion Regulation Using Virtual Environments and Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback. Frontiers in Neurology 9 (2018), 390. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00390
[55]
Kai Lukoff, Ulrik Lyngs, Stefania Gueorguieva, Erika S. Dillman, Alexis Hiniker, and Sean A. Munson. 2020. From Ancient Contemplative Practice to the App Store: Designing a Digital Container for Mindfulness. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Eindhoven, Netherlands) (DIS ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1551–1564. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395444
[56]
Laura Maaß, Merle Freye, Chen-Chia Pan, Hans-Henrik Dassow, Jasmin Niess, and Tina Jahnel. 2022. The definitions of health apps and medical apps from the perspective of public health and law: Qualitative analysis of an interdisciplinary literature overview. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 10, 10 (2022), e37980.
[57]
Cathy A. Malchiodi. 2012. Handbook of Art Therapy, 2nd ed.The Guilford Press, New York, NY, US. Pages: xv, 496.
[58]
Kateri Mcrae and James Gross. 2020. Emotion regulation. Emotion (Washington, D.C.) 20 (02 2020), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000703
[59]
Katharina Meyerbröker and Paul Emmelkamp. 2011. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: The State of the Art. Vol. 337. 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17824-5_4
[60]
Caitlin Mills and Sidney D’Mello. 2014. On the Validity of the Autobiographical Emotional Memory Task for Emotion Induction. PloS one 9 (04 2014), e95837. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095837
[61]
Jessica Isbely Montana, Marta Matamala-Gomez, Marta Maisto, Petar Aleksandrov Mavrodiev, Cesare Massimo Cavalera, Barbara Diana, Fabrizia Mantovani, and Olivia Realdon. 2020. The Benefits of Emotion Regulation Interventions in Virtual Reality for the Improvement of Wellbeing in Adults and Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, 2 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020500
[62]
Catherine Hyland Moon. 2010. Materials & Media in Art Therapy: Critical Understandings of Diverse Artistic Vocabularies. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203858073
[63]
Marivi Navarro Haro, Hunter Hoffman, Azucena Garcia-Palacios, Mariana Sampaio, Wadee Alhalabi, Karyn Hall, and Marsha Linehan. 2016. The Use of Virtual Reality to Facilitate Mindfulness Skills Training in Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Case Study. Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01573
[64]
Hien Nguyen and Judith Masthoff. 2009. Designing Empathic Computers: The Effect of Multimodal Empathic Feedback Using Animated Agent. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology (Claremont, California, USA) (Persuasive ’09). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 7, 9 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/1541948.1541958
[65]
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. 1991. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes.Journal of abnormal psychology 100 4 (1991), 569–82.
[66]
Geoff Norman. 2010. Likert scales, levels of measurement and the “laws” of statistics. Advances in health sciences education 15 (2010), 625–632.
[67]
Heather O’Brien, Paul Cairns, and Mark Hall. 2018. A Practical Approach to Measuring User Engagement with the Refined User Engagement Scale (UES) and New UES Short Form. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 112 (04 2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.01.004
[68]
W. Parrott. 2002. The functional utility of negative emotions. The Wisdom in Feeling: Psychological Processes in Emotional Intelligence (01 2002), 341–359.
[69]
James W. Pennebaker, Emmanuelle Zech, and Bernard Rimé. 2001. Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social and health consequences. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143267648
[70]
Andres Pinilla, Jaime Garcia, William Raffe, Jan-Niklas Voigt-Antons, Robert Spang, and Sebastian Möller. 2021. Affective Visualization in Virtual Reality: An Integrative Review. Front. Virtual Real. 2, 630731 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2021.630731
[71]
Silvia Francesca Maria Pizzoli, Ketti Mazzocco, Stefano Triberti, Dario Monzani, Mariano Luis Alcañiz Raya, and Gabriella Pravettoni. 2019. User-Centered Virtual Reality for Promoting Relaxation: An Innovative Approach. Frontiers in Psychology 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00479
[72]
Jonathan Posner, James A. Russell, and Bradley S. Peterson. 2005. The circumplex model of affect: An integrative approach to affective neuroscience, cognitive development, and psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 17, 3 (2005), 715–734. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050340
[73]
Mirjana Prpa, Kıvanç Tatar, Jules Françoise, Bernhard Riecke, Thecla Schiphorst, and Philippe Pasquier. 2018. Attending to Breath: Exploring How the Cues in a Virtual Environment Guide the Attention to Breath and Shape the Quality of Experience to Support Mindfulness. In Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Hong Kong, China) (DIS ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196709.3196765
[74]
Heather Ramey, Donato Tarulli, Jan Frijters, and Lianne Fisher. 2009. A Sequential Analysis of Externalizing in Narrative Therapy with Children. Contemporary Family Therapy 31 (12 2009), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-009-9095-5
[75]
Jack Ratcliffe, Francesco Soave, Nick Bryan-Kinns, Laurissa Tokarchuk, and Ildar Farkhatdinov. 2021. Extended Reality (XR) Remote Research: A Survey of Drawbacks and Opportunities. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445170
[76]
Michael Reicherts. 2022. Dimensions of Openness to Emotions (DOE). A Model of Affect Processing. Manual with Instruments, Recent Studies and Reference Values (Technical Report 168-C, 2022). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28225.02401
[77]
Martin Reimann, Wilko Feye, Alan Malter, Joshua Ackerman, Raquel Castaño, Nitika Garg, Robert Kreuzbauer, Aparna Labroo, Angela Lee, Maureen Morrin, Gergana Nenkov, Jesper Nielsen, María Perez, Gratiana Pol, Carolyn Yoon, Chen-Bo Zhong, and José Rosa. 2012. Embodiment in Judgment and Choice. ORG: Rationality, Cognition, & Decision Making (Topic) 5 (02 2012). https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026855
[78]
Simon Riches, Lisa Azevedo, Leanne Bird, Sara Pisani, and Lucia Valmaggia. 2021. Virtual reality relaxation for the general population: a systematic review. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology 56 (2021), 1707–1727.
[79]
Giuseppe Riva, Fabrizia Mantovani, Claret Capideville, Alessandra Preziosa, Francesca Morganti, Daniela Villani, Andrea Gaggioli, Cristina Botella, and Mariano Alcañiz Raya. 2007. Affective Interactions Using Virtual Reality: The Link between Presence and Emotions. Cyberpsychology & behavior : the impact of the Internet, multimedia and virtual reality on behavior and society 10 (2007), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9993
[80]
Radiah Rivu, Ruoyu Jiang, Ville Mäkelä, Mariam Hassib, and Florian Alt. 2021. Emotion Elicitation Techniques in Virtual Reality. In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021, Ardito C. et al. (Ed.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85623-6_8
[81]
Guy Roth, Avi Assor, Christopher Niemiec, Richard Ryan, and Edward Deci. 2009. The Emotional and Academic Consequences of Parental Conditional Regard: Comparing Conditional Positive Regard, Conditional Negative Regard, and Autonomy Support as Parenting Practices. Developmental psychology 45 (07 2009), 1119–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015272
[82]
Guy Roth, Maarten Vansteenkiste, and Richard M. Ryan. 2019. Integrative emotion regulation: Process and development from a self-determination theory perspective. Development and Psychopathology 31, 3 (2019), 945–956. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000403
[83]
Dmitri Rozgonjuk and Jon Elhai. 2021. Emotion regulation in relation to smartphone use: Process smartphone use mediates the association between expressive suppression and problematic smartphone use. Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) (07 2021), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00271-4
[84]
Martin Schrepp, Andreas Hinderks, and Jörg Thomaschewski. 2017. Design and Evaluation of a Short Version of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S). International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence 4 (01 2017), 103. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2017.09.001
[85]
Martin Schrepp, Jörg Thomaschewski, and Andreas Hinderks. 2017. Construction of a Benchmark for the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). 4 (2017), 40–44. Issue Regular Issue. https://www.ijimai.org/journal/bibcite/reference/2604
[86]
Norbert Schwarz and Gerald L. Clore. 1996. Feelings and phenomenal experiences. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14849230
[87]
Donald A. Schön. 1992. The Reflective Practicioner: How Professionals Think in Action. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxfordshire. 384 pages. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315237473
[88]
Elizabeth Seabrook, Ryan Kelly, Fiona Foley, Stephen Theiler, Neil Thomas, Greg Wadley, and Maja Nedeljkovic. 2020. Understanding How Virtual Reality Can Support Mindfulness Practice: Mixed Methods Study. J Med Internet Res 22, 3 (18 Mar 2020), e16106. https://doi.org/10.2196/16106
[89]
Sinem Semsioglu, Pelin Karaturhan, Saliha Akbas, and Asim Evren Yantac. 2021. Isles of Emotion: Emotionally Expressive Social Virtual Spaces for Reflection and Communication. In Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Creativity and Cognition (Virtual Event, Italy) (C&C ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 24, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3450741.3466805
[90]
Lubna Bte Iskhandar Shah, Samantha Torres, Premarani Kannusamy, Cecilia Mui Lee Chng, Hong-Gu He, and Piyanee Klainin-Yobas. 2015. Efficacy of the virtual reality-based stress management program on stress-related variables in people with mood disorders: the feasibility study. Archives of psychiatric nursing 29, 1 (2015), 6–13.
[91]
Shauna L Shapiro, Doug Oman, Carl E Thoresen, Thomas G Plante, and Tim Flinders. 2008. Cultivating mindfulness: effects on well-being. Journal of clinical psychology 64, 7 (2008), 840–862. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20491
[92]
Yaoxi Shi, Peter Koval, Vassilis Kostakos, Jorge Goncalves, and Greg Wadley. 2023. “Instant Happiness”: Smartphones as tools for everyday emotion regulation. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 170 (2023), 102958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102958
[93]
Petr Slovak, Alissa Antle, Nikki Theofanopoulou, Claudia Daudén Roquet, James Gross, and Katherine Isbister. 2023. Designing for Emotion Regulation Interventions: An Agenda for HCI Theory and Research. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 30, 1, Article 13 (mar 2023), 51 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3569898
[94]
Petr Slovák, Christopher Frauenberger, and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2017. Reflective Practicum: A Framework of Sensitising Concepts to Design for Transformative Reflection. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Denver, Colorado, USA) (CHI ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2696–2707. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025516
[95]
Petr Slovák, Ran Gilad-Bachrach, and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2015. Designing Social and Emotional Skills Training: The Challenges and Opportunities for Technology Support. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (CHI ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2797–2800. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702385
[96]
Wally Smith, Greg Wadley, Sarah Webber, Benjamin Tag, Vassilis Kostakos, Peter Koval, and James J. Gross. 2022. Digital Emotion Regulation in Everyday Life. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (, New Orleans, LA, USA, ) (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 444, 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517573
[97]
Robert Solomon and Lori Stone. 2002. On “Positive” and “Negative” Emotions. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 32 (11 2002), 417 – 435. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5914.00196
[98]
Florian Soyka, Markus Leyrer, Joe Smallwood, Chris Ferguson, Bernhard E. Riecke, and Betty J. Mohler. 2016. Enhancing Stress Management Techniques Using Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Perception (Anaheim, California) (SAP ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 85–88. https://doi.org/10.1145/2931002.2931017
[99]
Yvette Szabo, Ashlee Warnecke, Tamara Newton, and Jeffrey Valentine. 2017. Rumination and posttraumatic stress symptoms in trauma-exposed adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 30 (04 2017), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1313835
[100]
Nikki Theofanopoulou and Petr Slovak. 2022. Exploring Technology-Mediated Parental Socialisation of Emotion: Leveraging an Embodied, In-Situ Intervention for Child Emotion Regulation. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 217, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3502130
[101]
Jennifer G. Tichon and Timothy Mavin. 2019. Using the Experience of Evoked Emotion in Virtual Reality to Manage Workplace Stress: Affective Control Theory (ACT). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8356-1.ch011
[102]
Niels van Berkel and Kasper Hornbæk. 2023. Implications of Human-Computer Interaction Research. Interactions 30, 4 (jun 2023), 50–55. https://doi.org/10.1145/3600103
[103]
Daniela Villani, Claudia Carissoli, Stefano Triberti, Antonella Marchetti, Gabriella Gilli, and Giuseppe Riva. 2018. Videogames for Emotion Regulation: A Systematic Review. Games for Health Journal 7 (02 2018). https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2017.0108
[104]
Jan-Niklas Voigt-Antons, Robert Spang, Tanja Kojić, Luis Meier, Maurizio Vergari, and Sebastian Möller. 2021. Don’t Worry be Happy - Using virtual environments to induce emotional states measured by subjective scales and heart rate parameters. In 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1109/VR50410.2021.00094
[105]
Greg Wadley, Wally Smith, Peter Koval, and James J. Gross. 2020. Digital Emotion Regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science 29, 4 (2020), 412–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420920592 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420920592
[106]
Nadine Wagener, Alex Ackermann, Gian-Luca Savino, Bastian Dänekas, Jasmin Niess, and Johannes Schöning. 2022. Influence of Passive Haptic and Auditory Feedback on Presence and Mindfulness in Virtual Reality Environments. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction (Bengaluru, India) (ICMI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 558–569. https://doi.org/10.1145/3536221.3556622
[107]
Nadine Wagener, Tu Dinh Duong, Johannes Schöning, Yvonne Rogers, and Jasmin Niess. 2021. The Role of Mobile and Virtual Reality Applications to Support Well-being: An Expert View and Systematic App Review. Interact 2021: Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 12935. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85610-6_16
[108]
Nadine Wagener and Jasmin Niess. 2021. Reflecting on Emotions within VR Mood Worlds. UbiComp - ISWC ’21. https://doi.org/10.1145/3460418.3479342
[109]
Nadine Wagener, Jasmin Niess, Yvonne Rogers, and Johannes Schöning. 2022. Mood Worlds: A Virtual Environment for Autonomous Emotional Expression. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vol. 22. Association for Computing Machinery, 16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501861
[110]
Nadine Wagener, Leon Reicherts, Nima Zargham, Natalia Bartłomiejczyk, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Katherine Wang, Marit Bentvelzen, Evropi Stefanidi, Thomas Mildner, Yvonne Rogers, 2023. SelVReflect: A Guided VR Experience Fostering Reflection on Personal Challenges. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–17.
[111]
Nadine Wagener, Johannes Schoning, Yvonne Rogers, and Jasmin Niess. 2023. Letting It Go: Four Design Concepts to Support Emotion Regulation in Virtual Reality. In 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). 763–764. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW58643.2023.00224
[112]
David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen. 1988. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of personality and social psychology 54, 6 (1988), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063
[113]
Thomas Webb, Eleanor Miles, and Paschal Sheeran. 2012. Dealing With Feeling: A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Strategies Derived From the Process Model of Emotion Regulation. Psychological bulletin 138 (05 2012), 775–808. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027600
[114]
Judy Weiser. 2015. PhotoTherapy Techniques in Counselling and Therapy – Using Ordinary Snapshots and Photo-Interactions to Help Clients Heal Their Lives. Canadian Art Therapy Association Journal 17 (05 2015), 23–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/08322473.2004.11432263
[115]
Adrian Wells. 2005. Detached Mindfulness In Cognitive Therapy: A Metacognitive Analysis And Ten Techniques. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 23 (12 2005), 337–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-005-0018-6
[116]
Adrian Wells. 2011. Metacognitive Therapy for Anxiety and Depression. Guilford Press.
[117]
Kieran Woodward, Eiman Kanjo, David Brown, Thomas McGinnity, Becky Inkster, Athanasios Tsanas, and Donald Macintyre. 2020. Beyond Mobile Apps: a Survey of Technologies for Mental Well-being. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing (2020), 21. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAFFC.2020.3015018
Index Terms
- MoodShaper: A Virtual Reality Experience to Support Managing Negative Emotions
Recommendations
Mood Worlds: A Virtual Environment for Autonomous Emotional Expression
CHI '22: Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsImmersive interactive technologies such as virtual reality (VR) have the potential to foster well-being. While VR applications have been successfully used to evoke positive emotions through the presetting of light, colour and scenery, the experiential ...
Venting Negative Emotions on Twitter and The Number of Followers and Followees
Do people who express negative feelings loneliness, sadness on Twitter gain or lose online contacts? To answer this question, the authors tracked the number of followers and followees of people who tweeted about loneliness or sadness twice; once when ...
Analysis of the Sex Difference on Negative Emotions among Adolescents
IC4E '21: Proceedings of the 2021 12th International Conference on E-Education, E-Business, E-Management, and E-LearningNumerous previous studies, either neural based or behavioral based, focused on the sex difference on responses to negative emotions, and received prominent results. However, literature particularly focusing on adolescents’ emotional situation is nearly ...
Comments
Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
July 2024
3616 pages
ISBN:9798400705830
DOI:10.1145/3643834
Copyright © 2024 Owner/Author.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the Owner/Author.
Sponsors
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Published: 01 July 2024
Check for updates
Badges
Honorable Mention
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Research-article
- Research
- Refereed limited
Funding Sources
- German Research Foundation (DFG)
Conference
DIS '24
Sponsor:
Acceptance Rates
Overall Acceptance Rate 1,158 of 4,684 submissions, 25%
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 264Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)264
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)138
Reflects downloads up to 12 Sep 2024
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
View options
View or Download as a PDF file.
PDFeReader
View online with eReader.
eReaderHTML Format
View this article in HTML Format.
HTML FormatGet Access
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in