Performance and scalability of EJB applications

We investigate the combined effect of application implementation method, container design, and efficiency of communication layers on the performance scalability of J2EE application servers by detailed measurement and profiling of an auction site server.We have implemented five versions of the auction site. The first version uses stateless session beans, making only minimal use of the services provided by the Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) container. Two versions use entity beans, one with container-managed persistence and the other with bean-managed persistence. The fourth version applies the session fasade pattern, using session beans as a fasade to access entity beans. The last version uses EJB 2.0 local interfaces with the session fasade pattern. We evaluate these different implementations on two popular open-source EJB containers with orthogonal designs. JBoss uses dynamic proxies to generate the container classes at run time, making an extensive use of reflection. JOnAS pre-compiles classes during deployment, minimizing the use of reflection at run time. We also evaluate the communication optimizations provided by each of these EJB containers.The most important factor in determining performance is the application implementation method. EJB applications with session beans perform as well as a Java servlets-only implementation and an order-of-magnitude better than most of the implementations based on entity beans. The fine-granularity access exposed by the entity beans limits scalability. Use of session fasade beans improves performance for entity beans, but only if local communication is very efficient or EJB 2.0 local interfaces are used. Otherwise, session fasade beans degrade performance.For the implementation using session beans, communication cost forms the major component of the execution time on the EJB server. The design of the container has little effect on performance. With entity beans, the design of the container becomes important. In particular, the cost of reflection affects performance. For implementations using session fasade beans, local communication cost is critically important. EJB 2.0 local interfaces improve the performance by avoiding the communication layers for local communications.