Article

Card, English, and Burr (1978): 25 years later

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I. Scott MacKenzie,

R. William SoukoreffAuthors Info & Claims

CHI EA '03: CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Pages 760 - 761

https://doi.org/10.1145/765891.765974

Published: 05 April 2003 Publication History

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Abstract

We revisit the Fitts? law model published 25 years ago by Card, English, and Burr. Their research was important because it was the first comparative evaluation of the mouse, and also the first use of Fitts? law in HCI. For the mouse, they reported MT = 1.03 + 0.096 ID, with throughput reported as the slope reciprocal: TP = 1 / 0.96 = 10.3 bps. We re-analyse their data in view of ISO9241-9, the new standard for evaluating pointing devices. The reanalysis yields a throughput of 2.65 bps, or 4.32 bps including a nominal adjustment for the time for the hand to adjust its grip on the mouse. These values are closer to recently published ISO-conforming values for the mouse.

References

[1]

Card, S. K., English, W. K., and Burr, B. J. Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT, Ergonomics 21 (1978), 601--613.

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Fitts, P. M. The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement, Journal of Experimental Psychology 47 (1954), 381--391.

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ISO/TC 159/SC4/WG3 N147: Ergonomic requirements for office work with VDTs - Part 9 - Requirements for non-keyboard input devices (ISO 9241-9), October 1999.

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Isokoski, P. & Raisamo, R. Speed-accuracy measures in a population of six mice, Proceedings of APCHI 2002, Bejing, China: Science Press (2002), 765--777.

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MacKenzie, I. S. Fitts' law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction, Human-Computer Interaction 7 (1992), 91--139.

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Cited By

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Bertucco MSanger T(2013) Speed-Accuracy Testing on the Apple iPad ® Provides a Quantitative Test of Upper Extremity Motor Performance in Children with Dystonia Journal of Child Neurology10.1177/088307381349426529:11(1460-1466)Online publication date: 21-Aug-2013
https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073813494265
Olafsdottir HGuiard YRioul OPerrault S(2012)A new test of throughput invariance in Fitts' lawProceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers10.5555/2377916.2377930(119-126)Online publication date: 10-Sep-2012
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2377916.2377930
Evans AWobbrock JKonstan JChi EHöök K(2012)Taming wild behaviorProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/2207676.2208338(1947-1956)Online publication date: 5-May-2012
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2207676.2208338
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Index Terms

Card, English, and Burr (1978): 25 years later
1. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
  2. Interaction design
    1. Interaction design theory, concepts and paradigms

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CHI EA '03: CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

April 2003

471 pages

ISBN:1581136374

DOI:10.1145/765891

Conference Chairs:
Gilbert Cockton
University of Sunderland, UK
,
Panu Korhonen
Nokia Research Center, Finland

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Published: 05 April 2003

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Bertucco MSanger T(2013) Speed-Accuracy Testing on the Apple iPad ® Provides a Quantitative Test of Upper Extremity Motor Performance in Children with Dystonia Journal of Child Neurology10.1177/088307381349426529:11(1460-1466)Online publication date: 21-Aug-2013
https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073813494265
Olafsdottir HGuiard YRioul OPerrault S(2012)A new test of throughput invariance in Fitts' lawProceedings of the 26th Annual BCS Interaction Specialist Group Conference on People and Computers10.5555/2377916.2377930(119-126)Online publication date: 10-Sep-2012
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2377916.2377930
Evans AWobbrock JKonstan JChi EHöök K(2012)Taming wild behaviorProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/2207676.2208338(1947-1956)Online publication date: 5-May-2012
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2207676.2208338
Wobbrock JShinohara KJansen ATan DFitzpatrick GGutwin CBegole BKellogg W(2011)The effects of task dimensionality, endpoint deviation, throughput calculation, and experiment design on pointing measures and modelsProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/1978942.1979181(1639-1648)Online publication date: 7-May-2011
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Cheong KKim IPark SPark Y(2011)User performance measures for evaluating interactive TV pointing devicesIEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics10.1109/TCE.2011.601887957:3(1236-1244)Online publication date: Aug-2011
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Hor DDolgov ISchwark JGraves W(2010)Click This!: A Study on Optimizing Toolbar Placement in Computer Graphical User InterfacesProceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting10.1177/15419312100540191254:19(1411-1415)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2010
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Wobbrock JGajos K(2008)Goal Crossing with Mice and Trackballs for People with Motor ImpairmentsACM Transactions on Accessible Computing10.1145/1361203.13612071:1(1-37)Online publication date: 1-May-2008
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Wobbrock JCutrell EHarada SMacKenzie ICzerwinski MLund ATan D(2008)An error model for pointing based on Fitts' lawProceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/1357054.1357306(1613-1622)Online publication date: 6-Apr-2008
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Amer TCockburn AGreen ROdgers G(2007)Evaluating swiftpoint as a mobile device for direct manipulation inputProceedings of the eight Australasian conference on User interface - Volume 6410.5555/1273714.1273725(63-70)Online publication date: 30-Jan-2007
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Wobbrock JGajos KPontelli ETrewin S(2007)A comparison of area pointing and goal crossing for people with and without motor impairmentsProceedings of the 9th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility10.1145/1296843.1296847(3-10)Online publication date: 15-Oct-2007
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An isometric joystick as a pointing device for handheld information terminals

A Fitts' law evaluation of gaze input on large displays compared to touch and mouse inputs

Evaluating swiftpoint as a mobile device for direct manipulation input

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