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AI and HCI: : Two Fields Divided by a Common Focus

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Jonathan GrudinAuthors Info & Claims

AI Magazine, Volume 30, Issue 4

Pages 48 - 57

https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v30i4.2271

Published: 01 December 2009 Publication History

Abstract

Although AI and HCI explore computing and intelligent behavior and the fields have seen some crossover, until recently there was not very much. This article outlines a history of the fields that identifies some of the forces that kept the fields at arm's length. AI was generally marked by a very ambitious, long‐term vision requiring expensive systems, although the term was rarely envisioned as being as long as it proved to be, whereas HCI focused more on innovation and improvement of widely used hardware within a short time scale. These differences led to different priorities, methods, and assessment approaches. A consequence was competition for resources, with HCI flourishing in AI winters and moving more slowly when AI was in favor. The situation today is much more promising, in part because of platform convergence: AI can be exploited on widely used systems.

Fischer, G. 1987. A Critic for LISP. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 177–184. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann. “Critic” refers to software that inspects a program and suggests improvements. Fischer has continued to contribute to HCI and AI (as well as software engineering).

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In the late 1980s, the AI boom drew in HCI researchers. An ambitious MCC effort headed by Jim Hollan produced works such as the following

[1]

Terveen, L. G., and Wroblewski, D. A. 1990. A Collaborative Interface for Browsing and Editing Large Knowledge Bases. In Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 491–496. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.

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Hollan, J. D., Rich, E., Hill, W. C., Wroblewski, D., Wilner, W., Wittenburg, K., Grudin, J.; and the MCC Human Interface Lab Members . 1991. An Introduction to HITS: Human Interface Tool Suite. In Intelligent User Interfaces, ed. J. Sullivan, 293–338. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.

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The 1990s

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Shardanand, U., and Maes, P. 1995. Social Information Filtering: Algorithms for Automating “Word of Mouth.” In Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of CHI'95, 210–217. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

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Maes works primarily in AI but was influential in bringing social filtering research to the attention of the HCI community.

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[3]

Norman, D. A. 1997. How Might People Interact with Agents. In Software Agents, ed. J. M. Bradshaw. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.

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This is a modified version of Norman's 1994 article in Communications of the ACM 37: 68–71.

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Resnick, P. 1997. Filtering Information on the Internet. Scientific American, March, 106–108.

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Resnick had previously published in CHI and AI conferences, including work related to this at SIGH‐CI‐sponsored CSCW'94

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Good, N., Schafer, J. B., Konstan, J. A., Borchers, A., Sarwar, B. M., Herlocker, J. L.; and Riedl, J. 1999. Combining Collaborative Filtering with Personal Agents for Better Recommendations. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 439–446. Menlo Park, CA: AAAI Press.

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Horvitz, E. 1999. Principles of Mixed‐Initiative User Interfaces. In Human Factors in Computing System: Proceedings of CHI'99, 159–166. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

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Another leading figure in AI (and a recent president of AAAI), Horvitz is engaged with the HCI literature

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Oviatt, S. 1999. Mutual Disambiguation of Recognition Errors in a Multimodal Architecture. In Human Factors in Computing System: Proceedings of CHI'99, 576–583. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.

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Oviatt works primarily in AI, but has published elegant work applying HCI approaches to AI systems in novel ways: The Current Decade Although work in the current decade is too extensive to list, an example alluded to in the article is the following

[1]

Herlocker, J. L., Konstan, J. A., Terveen, L. G.; and Riedl, J. T. 2004. Evaluating Collaborative Filtering Recommender Systems. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 22(1) 5–53.

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Published: 01 December 2009

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Work with a Historical Context: Listed by Author

Sources on Ultraintelligence: Listed by Author

Sources Bridging the Gap between AI and CHI: Listed by Date of Publication These researchers crossed or spanned the disciplines, indicating that divisive forces can be overcome.: The 1970s

The 1980s

In the late 1980s, the AI boom drew in HCI researchers. An ambitious MCC effort headed by Jim Hollan produced works such as the following

The 1990s

Resnick had previously published in CHI and AI conferences, including work related to this at SIGH‐CI‐sponsored CSCW'94

Another leading figure in AI (and a recent president of AAAI), Horvitz is engaged with the HCI literature

Oviatt works primarily in AI, but has published elegant work applying HCI approaches to AI systems in novel ways: The Current Decade Although work in the current decade is too extensive to list, an example alluded to in the article is the following

Cited By

Recommendations

Affordances in HCI: toward a mediated action perspective

Reflective HCI: articulating an agenda for critical practice

The turn to practice in HCI: towards a research agenda

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Work with a Historical Context: Listed by Author

Sources on Ultraintelligence: Listed by Author

Sources Bridging the Gap between AI and CHI: Listed by Date of Publication These researchers crossed or spanned the disciplines, indicating that divisive forces can be overcome.: The 1970s

The 1980s

In the late 1980s, the AI boom drew in HCI researchers. An ambitious MCC effort headed by Jim Hollan produced works such as the following

The 1990s

Resnick had previously published in CHI and AI conferences, including work related to this at SIGH‐CI‐sponsored CSCW'94

Another leading figure in AI (and a recent president of AAAI), Horvitz is engaged with the HCI literature

Oviatt works primarily in AI, but has published elegant work applying HCI approaches to AI systems in novel ways: The Current Decade Although work in the current decade is too extensive to list, an example alluded to in the article is the following

Cited By

Recommendations

Affordances in HCI: toward a mediated action perspective

Reflective HCI: articulating an agenda for critical practice

The turn to practice in HCI: towards a research agenda

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