Usability Engineering: | Guide books

Usability EngineeringNovember 1994

November 1994

Author:
Jakob Nielsen

Publisher:

Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.
340 Pine Street, Sixth Floor
San Francisco
CA
United States

ISBN:978-0-08-052029-2

Published:11 November 1994

Pages:

362

PDF eReader

Bibliometrics

Abstract

Written by the author of the best-selling HyperText & HyperMedia, this book is an excellent guide to the methods of usability engineering. The book provides the tools needed to avoid usability surprises and improve product quality. Step-by-step information on which method to use at various stages during the development lifecycle are included, along with detailed information on how to run a usability test and the unique issues relating to international usability. * Emphasizes cost-effective methods that developers can implement immediately * Instructs readers about which methods to use when, throughout the development lifecycle, which ultimately helps in cost-benefit analysis. * Shows readers how to avoid the four most frequently listed reasons for delay in software projects. * Includes detailed information on how to run a usability test. * Covers unique issues of international usability. * Features an extensive bibliography allowing readers to find additional information. * Written by an internationally renowned expert in the field and the author of the best-selling HyperText & HyperMedia. Table of Contents Executive Summary. What is Usability Generations of User Interfaces. The Usability Engineering Lifecycle. Usability Heuristics. Usability Testing. Usability Assessment Methods Beyond Testing. Interface Standards. International User Interfaces. Future Developments. Appendix A: Exercises. Appendix B: Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

References

Abernethy, C. N. (1988). Human-computer interface standards: Origins, organizations and comment. In Oborne, D. J. (Ed.), International Review of Ergonomics 2 , 31-54.Google Scholar
Abowd, G. D., and Dix, A. J. (1992). Giving undo attention. Interacting with Computers 4, 3 (December), 317-342. Google Scholar
ACM SIGCHI (1992). Curricula for Human-Computer Interaction. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY (ACM Order No. 608920). Also available for anonymous FTP downloading in rich text format (RTF) from archive.cis.ohio-state.edu [128.146.8.52] in the directory/pub/hci/CDG.Google Scholar
Alben, L., Faris, J., and Saddler, H. (1994). Making It Macintosh: Designing the message when the message is design. ACM interactions 1 , 1 (January), 10-20. Google Scholar
Allen, R. B. (1984). Working paper on ethical issues for research on the use of computer services and interfaces. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 16 , 1 (July), 12-16. Google Scholar
American Psychological Association (1982). Ethical Principles in the Conduct of Research with Human Participants. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Andersen, M. H., Nielsen, J., and Rasmussen, H. (1989). A similarity-based hypertext browser for reading the Unix network news. Hypermedia 1 , 3, 255-265. Google Scholar
Angiolillo, J. S., and Roberts, L. A. (1991). What makes a manual look easy to use? Proc. Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting , 222-224.Google Scholar
Anonymous. (1990). Interface evolution: A collective timeline. In Laurel, B. (Ed.), The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 483.Google Scholar
Armstrong, J. S., and Lusk, E. J. (1988). Return postage in mail surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly 51 , 233-248.Google Scholar
Aspray, W., and Beaver, D. (1986). Marketing the monster: Advertising computer technology. Annals of the History of Computing 8 , 2 (April), 127-143. Google Scholar
Bachman, R. D. (1989). A methodology for comparing the software interfaces of competitive products. Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting , 1214-1217.Google Scholar
Baecker, R. M. (1989). A vision of education in user-centered system and interface design. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 20 , 3 (January), 10-13. Google Scholar
Baecker, R. M., Small, I., and Mander, R. (1991). Bringing icons to life. In Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 1-6. Google ScholarDigital Library
Bailey, G. (1993). Iterative methodology and designer training in human-computer interface design. Proc. ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 April), 198-205. Google Scholar
Bailey, R. W. (1991). Converting research into reality. Proc. Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting , 345-349.Google Scholar
Bailey, W. A., Knox, S. T., and Lynch, E. F. (1988). Effects of interface design upon user productivity. Proc. ACM CHI'88 Conf. (Washington, DC, 15-19 May), 207-212. Google Scholar
Bainbridge, L. (1979). Verbal reports as evidence of the process operator's knowledge. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 11 , 411-436.Google Scholar
Banning, J. (1984). Beyond the application program: A different approach to integrated software. BYTE 9 , 1 (January), 251-262.Google Scholar
Barratt, M. (1991). A nice thing about Windows. Information Design Journal 6 , 3, 257.Google Scholar
Becker, J. D. (1984). Multilingual word processing. Scientific American 251 , 1 (July), 82-93.Google Scholar
Bellantone, C. E., and Lanzetta, T. M. (1991). 'Works as advertised:' Observations and benefits of prototyping. Proc. Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting , 324-327.Google Scholar
Bellotti, V. (1988). Implications of current design practice for the use of HCI techniques. In Jones, D. M., and Winder, R. (Eds.), People and Computers IV. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 13-34. Google Scholar
Benel, D. C. R., Ottens, D., Jr., and Horst, R. (1991). Use of an eyetracking system in the usability laboratory. Proc. Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting , 461-465.Google Scholar
Bentley, J. (1985). Programming pearls: A spelling checker. Communications of the ACM 28 , 5 (May), 456-462. Google Scholar
Berg, J. L., and Schumny, H. (Eds.) (1990). An Analysis of the Information Technology Standardization Process. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Google Scholar
Bernstein, M. (1988). The bookmark and the compass: Orientation tools for hypertext users. ACM SIGOIS Bulletin 9 , 4 (October), 34-45. Google Scholar
Berry, D. C., and Broadbent, D. E. (1990). The role of instruction and verbalization in improving performance on complex search tasks. Behaviour & Information Technology 9 , 3 (May-June), 175-190.Google Scholar
Berry, R. E. (1988). Common User Access--A consistent and usable human-computer interface for the SAA environment. IBM Systems Journal 27 , 3, 281-300. Google Scholar
Bewley, W. L., Roberts, T. L, Schroit, D., and Verplank, W. L. (1983). Human factors testing in the design of Xerox's 8010 'Star' office workstation. Proc. ACM CHI'83 Conf. (Boston, MA, 12-15 December), 72-77. Google Scholar
Bias, R. (1991). Walkthroughs: Efficient collaborative testing. IEEE Software 8 , 5 (September), 94-95. Google Scholar
Bickel, M. A. (1987). Automatic correction to misspelled names: A fourth-generation language approach. Communications of the ACM 30 , 3 (March), 224-228. Google Scholar
Biocca, F. (1992). Virtual reality technology: A tutorial. Journal of Communication 42 , 4 (Autumn), 23-72.Google Scholar
Bisseret, A. (1983). Psychology for man computer cooperation in knowledge processing. Proc. IFIP 9th World Computer Congress (Paris, 19-23 September), 113-120.Google Scholar
Bleser, T., and Foley, J. (1982). Towards specifying and evaluating the human factors of user-computer interfaces. Proc. ACM Conf. Human Factors in Computer Systems (Gaithersburg, MD, 15-17 March), 309-314. Google Scholar
Bleser, T. W., and Sibert, J. (1990). Toto: A tool for selecting interaction rules. Proc. ACM UIST'90 Third Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Snowbird, UT, 3-5 October), 135-142. Google Scholar
Bloom, C. P. (1987-88). Procedures for obtaining and testing user-selected terminologies. Human-Computer Interaction 3 , 2, 155-177. Google Scholar
Blumenthal, B. (1990). Strategies for automatically incorporating metaphoric attributes in interface designs. Proc. ACM UIST'90 Third Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Snowbird, UT, 3-5 October), 66-75. Google Scholar
Boies, S. J., Gould, J. D., Levy, S., Richards, J. T., and Schoonard, J. (1985). The 1984 Olympic Message System: A case study in system design. Research Report RC11138 , IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY.Google Scholar
Booth, P. A. (1990). Identifying and interpreting design errors. Intl. J. Human-Computer Interaction 4 , 2, 307-332.Google Scholar
Borenstein, Í. S. (1985). The design and evaluation of on-line help systems. Technical Report CMU-CS-85-151 , Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Bradford, J. H., Murray, W. D., and Carey, T. T. (1990). What kind of errors do Unix users make? Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 43-46. Google Scholar
Brigham, F. R. (1989). Statistical methods for testing the conformance of products to user performance standards. Behaviour & Information Technology 8 , 4, 279-283.Google Scholar
Brooke, J., Bevan, N., Brigham, F. R., Harker, S., and Youmans, D. (1990). Usability assurance and standardization--work in progress in ISO. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 357-361. Google Scholar
Brooks, F. P. (1975). The Mythical Man-Month. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Google Scholar
Brooks, F. P. (1987). No silver bullet: Essence and accidents of software engineering. IEEE Computer 20 , 4 (April), 10-19. Google Scholar
Brooks, R. (1993). The case for the specialized interface. IEEE Software 10 , 2 (March), 86-88. Google Scholar
Brothers, L., Hollan, J., Nielsen, J., Stornetta, S., Abney, S., Furnas, G., and Littman, M. (1992). Supporting informal communication via ephemeral interest groups. Proc. ACM CSCW'92 Conf. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (Toronto, Canada, 1-4 November), 84-90. Google Scholar
Brown, C. M. L. (1988). Human-Computer Interface Design Guidelines. Ablex, Norwood, NJ.Google Scholar
Brugger, C. (1990). Advances in the international standardization of public information symbols. Information Design Journal 6 , 1, 79-88.Google Scholar
Byrne, J. G. (1989). Competitive evaluation in industry: Some comments. Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting , 423-425.Google Scholar
Caesar, G. J. (51 B.C.). De Bello Gallico. Manuscript, Roman Empire. Also available in several translations, including The Conquest of Gaul , translated by Handford, S. A., Penguin Books, London, U.K., 1951.Google Scholar
Campbell, R. L. (1992). Will the real scenario please stand up? ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 24 , 2 (April), 6-8. Google ScholarDigital Library
Canadian Standards Association (1992). Canadian Alphanumeric Ordering Standard for Character Sets of CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z243A. Standard Z243.4.1, Canadian Standards Association, Rexdale, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
Caplan, S. (1990). Using focus groups methodology for ergonomie design. Ergonomics 33 , 5, 527-533.Google Scholar
Card, S. K., and Henderson, D. A. (1987). Catalogues: A metaphor for computer application delivery. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'87 Second Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Stuttgart, Germany, 1-4 September), 959-964.Google Scholar
Card, S. K., and Moran, T. P. (1988). User technology: From pointing to pondering. In Goldberg, A. (Ed.), A History of Personal Workstations. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 489-526. Google Scholar
Card, S. K., English, W. K., and Burr, B. J. (1978). Evaluation of the mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics 21 , 601-613.Google Scholar
Card, S. K., Moran, T. P., and Newell, A. (1983). The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. Google Scholar
Card, S. K., Robertson, G. G., and Mackinlay, J. D. (1991). The information visualizer: An information workspace. Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 181-188. Google ScholarDigital Library
Carey, T. (1989). Position paper: The basic HCI course for software engineers. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 20 , 3 (January), 14-15.Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M. (1990a). The Nürnberg Funnel: Designing Minimalist Instruction for Practical Computer Skill. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M. (1990b). Infinite detail and emulation in an ontologically minimized HCI. Proc. ACM CHI'90 Conf. (Seattle, WA, 1-5 April), 321-327. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., and Campbell, R. L. (1986). Softening up hard science: Reply to Newell and Card. Human-Computer Interaction 2 , 3, 227-249. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., and Carrithers, C. (1984). Training wheels in a user interface. Communications of the ACM 27 , 8 (August), 800-806. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., and Rosson, M. B. (1987). Paradox of the active user. In Carroll, J. M. (Ed.), Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 80-111. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., and Rosson, M. B. (1990). Human-computer interaction scenarios as a design representation. Proc. IEEE HICSS-23, 23rd Hawaii Intl. Conf. System Sciences (Hawaii, 2-6 January), Vol. II , 555-561.Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., and Rosson, M. B. (1991). Deliberated evolution: Stalking the View Matcher in design space. Human-Computer Interaction 6 , 3 and 4, 281-318. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., and Rosson, M. B. (1992). Getting around the task-artifact cycle: How to make claims and design by scenario. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 10 , 2 (April), 181-212. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., and Thomas, J. C. (1988). Fun. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 19 , 3 Oanuary), 21-24. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., Mack, R. L., Lewis, C. H., Grischkowsky, N. L., and Robertson, S. R. (1985). Exploring exploring a word processor. Human-Computer Interaction 1 , 3, 283-307. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., Smith-Kerker, P. L., Ford, J. R., and Mazur-Rimetz, S. A. (1987- 88). The minimal manual. Human-Computer Interaction 3 , 2, 123-153. Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., Mack, R. L., and Kellogg, W. A. (1988). Interface metaphors and user interface design. In Helander, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 67-85.Google Scholar
Carroll, J. M., Kellogg, W. A., and Rosson, M. B. (1991). The task-artifact cycle. In Carroll, J. M. (Ed.), Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human-Computer Interface. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 74-102. Google Scholar
Catrambone, R., and Carroll, J. M. (1987). Learning a word processing system with guided exploration and training wheels. Proc. ACM CHI+GI'87 Conf. (Toronto, Canada, 5-9 April), 169-174. Google Scholar
Chapanis, A. (1991). The business case for human factors in informatics. In Shackel, B., and Richardson, S. (Eds.), Human Factors for Informatics Usability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 21-37. Google Scholar
Chapanis, A., and Budurka, W. J. (1990). Specifying human-computer interface requirements. Behaviour & Information Technology 9 , 6, 479-492.Google Scholar
Chin, J. P., Diehl, V. A., and Norman, K. L. (1988). Development of an instrument measuring user satisfaction of the human-computer interface. Proc. ACM CHI'88 Conf. (Washington, DC, 15-19 May), 213-218. Google Scholar
Clarke, L. (1991). The use of scenarios by user interface designers. In Diaper, D., and Hammond, N. (Eds.), People and Computers VI , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 103-115.Google Scholar
Coleman, W. D., Williges, R. C., and Wixon, D. R. (1985). Collecting detailed user evaluations of software interfaces. Proc. Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting , 240-244.Google Scholar
Comstock, E. M., and Clemens, E. A. (1987). Perceptions of computer manuals: A view from the field. Proc. Human Factors Society 31st Annual Meeting , 139-143.Google Scholar
Conklin, J., and Begeman, M. L. (1988). gIBIS: A hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion. ACM Trans. Office Information Systems 6 , 4 (October), 303-331. Google Scholar
Conklin, J. E., and Yakemovic, K. C. B. (1991). A process-oriented approach to design rationale. Human-Computer Interaction 6 , 3 and 4, 357-391. Google Scholar
Connally, C. S., and Tullis, T. S. (1986). Evaluating the user interface: Videotaping without a camera. Proc. Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting , 1029-1033.Google Scholar
Cool, C., Fish, R. S., Kraut, R. E., and Lowery, C. M. (1992). Iterative design of video communication systems. Proc. ACM CSCW'92 Conf. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (Toronto, Canada, 1-4 November), 25-32. Google Scholar
Cordes, R. E. (1993). The relationship between post-task and continuous-vicarious ratings of difficulty. Intl. J. Human-Computer Interaction 5 , 2, 115-127.Google Scholar
Cordingley, E. (1989). Knowledge elicitation techniques for knowledge based systems. In Diaper, D. (Ed.), Knowledge Elicitation: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K. 89-172. Google Scholar
Cotterman, W. W., and Kumar, K. (1989). User cube: A taxonomy of end users. Communications of the ACM 32 , 11 (November), 1313-1320. Google Scholar
Curtis, B. (1981). Substantiating programmer variability. Proceedings of the IEEE 69 , 7 (July), 846.Google Scholar
Czaja, S. J. (1988). Microcomputers and the elderly. In Helander, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction , Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 581-598.Google Scholar
Czaja, S. J., Hammond, K., Blascovich, J. J., and Swede, H. (1989). Age related differences in learning to use a text-editing system. Behaviour & Information Technology 8 , 4, 309-319.Google Scholar
Dale, E., and O'Rourke, J. (1981). The Living Word Vocabulary. World Book-Childcraft International, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Dayton, T., Barr, B., Burke, P. A., Cohill, A. M., Day, M. C., Dray, S., Ehrlich, K., Fitzsimmons, L. A., Henneman, R. L., Hornstein, S. B., Karat, J., Kliger, J., Löwgren, J., Rensch, J., Sellers, M., and Smith, M. R. (1993). Skills needed by user-centered design practitioners in real software development environments: Report on the CH'92 workshop. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 25 , 3 (July), 16-31. Google Scholar
de Baar, D., Foley, J., and Mullet, K. (1992). Coupling application design and user interface design. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 259-266. Google ScholarDigital Library
de Souza, F., and Bevan, N. (1990). The use of guidelines in menu interface design. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 435-440. Google Scholar
Deerwester, S., Dumais, S. T., Landauer, T. K., Furnas, G. W., and Harshman, R. A. (1990). Indexing by latent semantic analysis. Journal of the Society for Information Science 41 , 6, 391-407.Google Scholar
del Galdo, E. (1990). Internationalization and translation: Some guidelines for the design of human-computer interfaces. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Designing User Interfaces for International Use. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 71-102. Google Scholar
Denning, S., Hoiem, D., Simpson, M., and Sullivan, K. (1990). The value of thinking-aloud protocols in industry: A case study at Microsoft Corporation. Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting , 1285-1289.Google Scholar
Desurvire, H. W., Kondziela, J. M., and Atwood, M. E. (1992). What is gained and lost when using evaluation methods other than empirical testing. In Monk, A., Diaper, D., and Harrison, M. D. (Eds.), People and Computers VII , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 89-102. Google Scholar
Diaper, D. (Ed.) (1989a). Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K. Google Scholar
Diaper, D. (1989b). Task observation for human-computer interaction. In Diaper, D. (Ed.), Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K. 210-237.Google Scholar
Diaper, D., and Johnson, P. (1989). Task analysis for knowledge descriptions: Theory and application in training. In Long, J., and Whitefield, A. (Eds.), Cognitive Ergonomics and Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 191-224.Google Scholar
DIN (1988). Bildschirmarbeitsplätze: Grundsätze ergonomischer Dialoggestaltung ("VDU work stations: Principles of ergonomic dialogue design," in German), Deutsches Institut für Normung DIN 66234, Teil 8.Google Scholar
Doane, S. M., Pellegrino, J. W., and Klatzky, R. L. (1990). Expertise in a computer operating system: Conceptualization and performance. Human-Computer Interaction 5 , 2 and 3, 267-304. Google Scholar
Doane, S. M., McNamara, D. S., Kintsch, W., Poison, P. G., and Clawson, D. M. (1992). Prompt comprehension in UNIX command production. Memory & Cognition 20 , 4 (July), 327-343.Google Scholar
Dourish, P., and Bly, S. (1992). Portholes: Supporting awareness in a distributed work group. In Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 541-547. Google ScholarDigital Library
Doyle, J. R. (1990). Naive users and the Lotus interface: A field study Behaviour & Information Technology 9 , 1, 81-89.Google Scholar
Draper, S. W. (1984). The nature of expertise in Unix. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'84 First Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (London, U.K., 4-7 September), 465-471.Google Scholar
Dreger, L., Grauman, A., Ho, T., Howlett, V., Lehmann, R., Malamud, M., Marceau, R., and Tobey, C. (1992). An object-oriented evolution of Windows: Information at your fingertips (videotape). ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review 78.Google Scholar
Dubberly, H., and Mitsch, D. (1987). Knowledge Navigator (videotape). ACM SIGGRAPH Video Review 79 (anthology published 1992; tape made in 1987).Google Scholar
Duffy, T. M., Palmer, J. E., and Mehlenbacher, B. (1992). Online Help: Design and Evaluation. Ab lex, Norwood, NJ. Google Scholar
Duis, D., and Johnson, J. (1990). Improving user-interface responsiveness despite performance limitations. Proc. IEEE Computer Society Intl. Conference (February, San Francisco, CA), 380-386.Google Scholar
Durham, I., Lamb, D. A., and Saxe, J. B. (1983). Spelling correction in user interfaces. Communications of the ACM 26 , 10 (October), 764-773. Google Scholar
Durrett, H. J. (Ed.) (1987). Color and the Computer. Academic Press, Boston, MA. Google Scholar
Durrett, H. J., and Trezona, J. (1982). How to use color displays effectively. BYTE 7 , 4 (April), 50-53.Google Scholar
Dye, R., Arnott, J. L., Newell, A. F., Carter, K. E. P., and Cruikshank, G. (1990). Simulating the speech operated user interfaces of the future: The case of listening typewriters. In Life, M. A., Narborough-Hall, C. S., and Hamilton, W. I. (Eds.), Simulation and the User Interface. Taylor & Francis, London, U.K. 159-168.Google Scholar
Dzida, W. (1989). The development of ergonomie standards. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 20 , 3 (January), 35-43. Google Scholar
Eberts, R. E., and MacMillan, A. G. (1987). Longitudinal study of a distributed system. Proc. Human Factors Society 28th Annual Meeting , 704-708.Google Scholar
Edgerton, E. A., Draper, S. W., and Barton, S. B. (1993). Feature checklists in HCI: Some basic results. Adjunct Proceedings ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (24-29 April), 189-190. Google ScholarDigital Library
Edmonds, E. (1991). The Separable User Interface. Academic Press, London, U.K.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. D. N. (1988). The design of auditory interfaces for visually disabled users. Proc. ACM CHI'88 Conf. (Washington, DC, 15-19 May), 83-88. Google Scholar
Efe, K. (1987). A proposed solution to the problem of levels in error-message generation. Communications of the ACM 30 , 11 (November), 948-955. Google Scholar
Egan, D. E. (1988). Individual differences in human-computer interaction. In Helander, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 543-568.Google Scholar
Egan, D. E., Remde, J. R., Gomez, L. M., Landauer, T. K., Eberhardt, J., and Lochbaum, C. C. (1989). Formative design-evaluation of SuperBook. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 7 , 1 (January), 30-57. Google Scholar
Egan, T. (1991). Oregon literacy test shows many lag in basics. The New York Times (April 24), p. A23.Google Scholar
Egido, C., and Patterson, J. (1988). Pictures and category labels as navigational aids for catalog browsing. Proc. ACM CHI'88 Conf. (15-19 May, Washington, DC), 127-132. Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, S. L. (1985). Computer abbreviations: Evidence and synthesis. Human Factors 27 , 143-155.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, K., Butler, M. B., and Pernice, K. (1994). Getting the whole team into usability testing. IEEE Software 11 , 1 (January), 89-91. Google Scholar
Engelbart, D. (1988). The augmented knowledge workshop. In Goldberg, A. (Ed.), A History of Personal Workstations. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 185-236. Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A., and Simon, H. A. (1984). Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Farkas, D. K. (1993). The role of balloon help. ACM SIGDOC *The Journal of Computer Documentation 17 , 2 (May), 3-19. Google Scholar
Farrand, A. B., and Wolfe, S. J. (1992). On-line help: Are we tossing the users a lifesaver or an anchor? Digest of ACM CHI'92 Conf. Posters and Short Talks (Monterey, CA, 5 May), 21. Google Scholar
Fath, J. L., and Bias, R. G. (1992). Taking the task out of task analysis. Proc. Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting , 379-383.Google Scholar
Feiner, S. K., and McKeown, K. R. (1990). Generating coordinated multimedia explanations. Proc. IEEE Conf. on AI Applications (Santa Barbara, CA, 5-9 March), 290-296. Google Scholar
Feiner, S. K., and McKeown, K. R. (1991). COMET: Generating coordinated multimedia explanations. Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 449-450. Google Scholar
Fisher, D. L., Yungkurth, E. J., and Moss, S. M. (1990). Optimal menu hierarchy design: Syntax and semantics. Human Factors 32 , 6 (June), 655-683. Google Scholar
Fisher, P., and Sless, D. (1990). Information design methods and productivity in the insurance industry. Information Design Journal 6 , 2, 103-129.Google Scholar
Flohr, U. (1994). Teutonizing the Newton. BYTE 19 , 3 (March), 26.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. J. H., and Murray, D. (1987). Gender and cognitive style differences at the human-computer interface. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'87 Second Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Stuttgart, Germany, 1-4 September), 709-714.Google Scholar
Frese, M., Brodbeck, F., Heinbokel, T., Mooser, C., Schleiffenbaum, E., and Thiemann, R (1991). Errors in training computer skills: On the positive function of errors. Human-Computer Interaction 6 , 1, 77-93. Google Scholar
Furnas, G. W. (1985). Experience with an adaptive indexing scheme. Proc. ACM CHI'85 Conf. (San Francisco, CA, 14-18 April), 131-135. Google Scholar
Furnas, G. W., Landauer, T. K., Gomez, L. M., and Dumais, S. T. (1987). The vocabulary problem in human-system communication. Communications of the ACM 30 , 11 (November), 964-971. Google Scholar
Gaines, B. R. (1984). From ergonomics to the fifth generation: 30 years of human-computer interaction studies. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'84 First Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (London, U.K., 4-7 September), 3-7.Google Scholar
Gaines, B. R., and Shaw, M. L. G. (1986a). From timesharing to the sixth generation: The development of human-computer interaction. Part I. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 24 , 1 January), 1-27. Google Scholar
Gaines, B. R., and Shaw, M. L. G. (1986b). Foundations of dialog engineering: The development of human-computer interaction. Part II. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 24 , 2 (February), 101-123. Google Scholar
Gantt, M., and Nardi, B. A. (1992). Gardeners and gurus: Patterns of cooperation among CAD users. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 107-117. Google ScholarDigital Library
Garber, S. R., and Grunes, M. B. (1992). The art of search: A study of art directors. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 157-163. Google ScholarDigital Library
Gates, B. (1990). Information at Your Fingertips (videotape). Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA.Google Scholar
Gaver, W. W. (1989). The SonicFinder: An interface that uses auditory icons. Human-Computer Interaction 4 , 1, 67-94. Google Scholar
Gaylin, K. B. (1986). How are windows used? Some notes on creating an empirically-based windowing benchmark task. Proc. ACM CHI'86 Conf. (Boston, MA, 13-17 April), 96-100. Google Scholar
Gilmore, D. J. (1991). Visibility: A dimensional analysis. In Diaper, D., and Hammond, N. (Eds.), People and Computers VI , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 317-329.Google Scholar
Goldberg, A. (Ed.) (1988). A History of Personal Workstations. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Google Scholar
Goldman, A. E., and McDonald, S. S. (1987). The Group Depth Interview: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.Google Scholar
Gomez, L. M., Egan, D. E., and Bowers, C. (1986). Learning to use a text editor: Some learner characteristics that predict success. Human-Computer Interaction 2 , 1, 1-23. Google Scholar
Good, M. (1989). Developing the XUI style. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency , Academic Press, Boston, MA. 57-73. Google Scholar
Good, M., Spine, T. M., Whiteside, J., and George, P. (1986). User-derived impact analysis as a tool for usability engineering. Proc. ACM CHI'86 Conf. (Boston, MA, 13-17 April), 241-246. Google Scholar
Gould, J. D., and Lewis, C. H. (1985). Designing for usability: Key principles and what designers think. Communications of the ACM 28 , 3 (March), 300-311. Google Scholar
Gould, J. D., Conti, J., and Hovanyecz, T. (1983). Composing letters with a simulated listening typewriter. Communications of the ACM 26 , 4 (April), 295-308. Google Scholar
Gould, J. D., Boies, S. J., Levy, S., Richards, J. T., and Schoonard, J. (1987). The 1984 Olympic Message System: A test of behavioral principles of system design. Communications of the ACM 30 , 9 (September), 758-769. Google Scholar
Gould, J. D., Boies, S. J., and Lewis, C. (1991). Making usable, useful, productivity-enhancing computer applications. Communications of the ACM 34 , 1 (January), 74-85. Google Scholar
Gray, B. G., Barfield, W., Haselkorn, M., Spyridakis, J., and Conquest, L. (1990). The design of a graphics-based traffic information system based on user requirements. Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting , 603-606.Google Scholar
Gray, W. D., John, B. E., and Atwood, M. E. (1992). The precis of project Ernestine, or, an overview of a validation of GOMS. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 307-312. Google ScholarDigital Library
Green, A. J. K., and Barnard, P. J. (1990). Iconic interfacing: The role of icon distinctiveness and fixed or variable screen locations. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 457-462. Google Scholar
Greenbaum, T. L. (1988). The Practical Handbook and Guide to Focus Group Research. D. C. Heath & Co., Lexington, MA.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, T. L. (1993). The Handbook for Focus Group Research. Lexington Books, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Greenberg, S. (1993). The Computer User as Toolsmith: The Use, Reuse, and Organization of Computer-Eased Tools. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Google Scholar
Greenberg, S., and Whitten, I. H. (1985). Adaptive personalized interfaces--A question of viability. Behaviour & Information Technology 4 , 1 (January), 31-45.Google Scholar
Greenberg, S., and Whitten, I. H. (1988). How users repeat their actions on computers: Principles for design of history mechanisms. Proc. ACM CHI'88 Conf. (Washington, DC, 15-19 May), 171-178. Google Scholar
Greif, I. (1992). Designing group-enabled applications: A spreadsheet example. In Coleman, D. (Ed.), Groupware'92 , Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA. 515-525.Google Scholar
Greif, S. (1991). Organisational issues and task analysis. In Shackel, B., and Richardson, S. (Eds.), Human Factors for Informatics Usability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 247-266. Google Scholar
Griffith, D. (1990). Computer access for persons who are blind or visually impaired: Human factors issues. Human Factors 32 , 4 (August), 467-475. Google Scholar
Grudin, J. (1988). Why CSCW applications fail: Problems in the design and evaluation of organizational interfaces. Proc. ACM CSCW'88 Conf. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (Portland, OR, 26-28 September), 85-93. Google Scholar
Grudin, J. (1989). The case against user interface consistency. Communications of the ACM 32 , 10 (October), 1164-1173. Google Scholar
Grudin, J. (1990a). The computer reaches out: The historical continuity of interface design. Proc. ACM CHI'90 Conf. (Seattle, WA, 1-5 April), 261-268. Google Scholar
Grudin, J. (1990b). Obstacles to user involvement in interface design in large product development organizations. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 219-224. Google Scholar
Grudin, J. (1991a). Interactive systems: Bridging the gaps between developers and systems. IEEE Computer 24 , 4 (April), 59-69. Google Scholar
Grudin, J. (1991b). Systematic sources of suboptimal interface design in large product development organizations. Human-Computer Interaction 6 , 2, 147-196. Google Scholar
Grudin, J. (1992). Utility and usability: Research issues and development contexts. Interacting with Computers 4 , 2 (August), 209-217.Google Scholar
Grudin, J. (1993). Interface: An evolving concept. Communications of the ACM 36 , 4 (April), 110-119. Google Scholar
Grudin, J., and Barnard, P. (1985). When does an abbreviation become a word? and related questions. Proc. ACM CHI'85 Conf. (San Francisco, CA, 14-18 April), 121-125. Google Scholar
Grudin, J., Ehrlich, S. F., and Shriner, R. (1987). Positioning human factors in the user interface development chain. Proc. ACM CHI+GI'87 Conf. (Toronto, Canada, 5-9 April), 125-131. Google Scholar
Hackman, G. S., and Biers, D. W. (1992). Team usability testing: Are two heads better than one? Proc. Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting , 1205-1209.Google Scholar
Hakiel, S. R., and Easterby, R. S. (1987). Methods for the design and evaluation of icons for human-computer interfaces. Proc. IEE 2nd Intl. Conf. Command, Control, Communications and Management Information Systems (Bournemouth, U.K., 1-3 April), 48-51.Google Scholar
Halasz, F., and Moran, T. P. (1982). Analogy considered harmful. Proc. ACM Conf. Human Factors in Computer Systems (Gaithersburg, MD, 15-17 March), 383-386. Google Scholar
Halstead-Nussloch, R. (1989). The design of phone-based interfaces for consumers. Proc. ACM CHI'89 Conf. (Austin, TX, 30 April-4 May), 347-352. Google Scholar
Happ, A. J. (1994). Usability foresight: Strategic usability planning. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 26 , 1 (January), 17-21. Google Scholar
Harris, D. H. (1984). Human factors success stories. Proc. Human Factors Society 28th Annual Meeting , 1-5.Google Scholar
Hartson, H. R., and Hix, D. (1989). Human-computer interface development: Concepts and systems for its management. ACM Computing Surveys 21 , 1 (March), 5-93. Google Scholar
Hartson, H. R., and Smith, E. C. (1991). Rapid prototyping in human-computer interface development. Interacting with Computers 3 , 1, 51-91. Google Scholar
Hartson, H. R., Siochi, A. C., and Hix, D. (1990). The UAN: A user-oriented representation for direct manipulation interface. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 8 , 3 (July), 181-203. Google Scholar
Henderson, D. A., and Card, S. K. (1986). Rooms: The use of multiple virtual workspaces to reduce space contention in a window-based graphical user interface. ACM Transactions on Graphics 5 , 3, 211-243. Google Scholar
Hewett, T. T., and Scott, S. (1987). The use of thinking-out-loud and protocol analysis in development of a process model of interactive database searching. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'87 Second Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Stuttgart, Germany, 1-4 September), 51-56.Google Scholar
Hill, W. C., and Hollan, J. D. (1992). Edit wear and read wear. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 3-9. Google ScholarDigital Library
Hix, D. (1990). Generations of user-interface management systems. IEEE Software 7 , 5 (September), 77-87. Google Scholar
Hix, D., and Schulman, R. S. (1991). Human-computer interface development tools: A methodology for their evaluation. Communications of the ACM 34 , 3 (March), 74-87. Google Scholar
Hodges, M. E., Davis, B. H., and Sasnett, R. M. (1989). Investigations in multimedia design documentation. In Barrett, E. (Ed.), The Society of Text: Hypertext, Hypermedia, and the Social Construction of Information. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 79-89. Google Scholar
Hoffberg, L. I. (1991). Designing user interface guidelines for time-shift programming on a video cassette recorder (VCR). Proc. Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting , 501-504.Google Scholar
Hoiem, D. E., and Sullivan, K. D. (1994). Designing and using integrated data collection and analysis tools: Challenges and considerations. Behaviour & Information Technology 13 , 1&2 (January-April), 160-170.Google Scholar
Holdaway, K., and Bevan, N. (1989). User system interaction standards. Computer Communications 12 , 2 (April), 97-102. Google Scholar
Hollan, J., and Stornetta, S. (1992). Beyond being there. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 119-125. Google ScholarDigital Library
Holleran, P. A. (1991). A methodological note on pitfalls in usability testing. Behaviour & Information Technology 10 , 5 (September-October 1991), 345-357.Google Scholar
Horton, W. K. (1990). Designing and Writing Online Documentation: Help Files to Hypertext. Wiley, New York, NY. Google Scholar
Houde, S. (1992). Iterative design of an interface for easy 3-D direct manipulation. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 135-142. Google Scholar
Houghton, R. C., Jr. (1984). Online help systems: A conspectus. Communications of the ACM 27 , 2 (February), 126-133. Google ScholarDigital Library
House, C. H., and Price, R. L. (1991). The return map: Tracking product teams. Harvard Business Review (January-February), 92-100.Google Scholar
Ishii, H. (1990). Cross-cultural communication and computer-supported cooperative work. Whole Earth Review , No. 69 (Winter 1990), 48-52.Google Scholar
Jacob, R. J. K. (1991). The use of eye movements in human-computer interaction techniques: What you look at is what you get. ACM Trans. Information Systems 9, 2 (April), 152-169. Google Scholar
Jeffries, R., Miller, J. R., Wharton, C., and Uyeda, K. M. (1991). User interface evaluation in the real world: A comparison of four techniques. Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 119-124. Google ScholarDigital Library
John, B. E., Miller, P. L., Myers, B. A., Neuwirth, C. M., and Shafer, S. A. (1992). Human-computer interaction in the School of Computer Science. Technical Report CMU-CS-92-193 , Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. Available by anonymous FTP from reports.adm.cs.emu.edu [128.2.218.42] as/1992/CMU-CS-92-193.ps Google Scholar
Johnson, C. W. (1991). Applying temporal logic to support the specification and prototyping of concurrent multi-user interfaces. In Diaper, D., and Hammond, N. (Eds.), People and Computers VI , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 145-156.Google Scholar
Johnson, J. A., Nardi, B. A., Zarmer, C. L., and Miller, J. R. (1993). ACE: Building interactive graphical applications. Communications of the ACM 36 , 4 (April), 41-55. Google Scholar
Johnson, H., and Johnson, P. (1990). Designers-identified requirements for tools to support task analysis. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 259-264. Google Scholar
Johnson, P. (1992). Human Computer Interaction: Psychology, Task Analysis and Software Engineering. McGraw-Hill, London, U.K.Google Scholar
Johnson, W., Jellinek, H. D., Klotz, L., Rao, R., and Card, S. K. (1993). Bridging the paper and electronic worlds: The paper user interface. Proc. ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 April), 507-512. Google ScholarDigital Library
Jordan, D. S., Russell, D. M., Jensen, A.-M. S., and Rogers, R. A. (1989). Facilitating the development of representations in hypertext with IDE. Proc. ACM Hypertext'89 Conf. (Pittsburgh, PA, 5-8 November), 93-104. Google ScholarDigital Library
Jørgensen, A. H. (1989). Using the thinking-aloud method in system development. In Salvendy, G., and Smith, M. J. (Eds.), Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces and Knowledge Based Systems. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 743-750. Google Scholar
Jørgensen, A. H., and Sauer, A. (1990). The personal touch: A study of users' customization practice. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 549-554. Google Scholar
Kacmar, C. J., and Carey, J. M. (1991). Assessing the usability of icons in user interfaces. Behaviour & Information Technology 10 , 6, 443-457.Google Scholar
Kain, H., and Nielsen, J. (1991). Estimating the market diffusion curve for hypertext. Impact Assessment Bulletin 9 , 1-2 (Spring), 145-157.Google Scholar
Karat, C. (1990). Cost-benefit analysis of iterative usability testing. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 351-356. Google Scholar
Karat, C., and Karat, J. (Eds.) (1992). Some dialogue on scenarios. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 24 , 4 (October), 7-17. Google Scholar
Karat, C., Campbell, R., and Fiegel, T. (1992). Comparison of empirical testing and walkthrough methods in user interface evaluation. In Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, California, 3-7 May), 397-404. Google ScholarDigital Library
Karat, J., and Bennett, J. L. (1990). Supporting effective and efficient design meetings. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. on Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 365-370. Google Scholar
Karat, J., and Bennett, J. L. (1991a). Using scenarios in design meetings--A case study example. In Karat, J. (Ed.), Taking Software Design Seriously: Practical Techniques for Human-Computer Interaction Design. Academic Press, Boston, MA. 63-94. Google Scholar
Karat, J., and Bennett, J. (1991b). Working within the design process-- Supporting effective and efficient design. In Carroll, J. M. (Ed.), Designing Interaction: Psychology at the Human Computer Interface. Cambridge University Press, Boston, MA. 269-285. Google Scholar
Karis, D., and Zeigler, B. L. (1989). Evaluation of mobile telecommunication systems. Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting , 205-209.Google Scholar
Karlin, J. E., and Klemmer, E. T. (1989). An interview. In Klemmer, E. T. (Ed.), Ergonomics: Harness the Power of Human Factors in Your Business. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. 197-201.Google Scholar
Kato, T. (1986). What 'question-asking protocols' can say about the user interface. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 25 , 6 (December), 659-673. Google Scholar
Kay, A., and Goldberg, A. (1977). Personal dynamic media. IEEE Computer 10 , 3 (March), 31-41. Google Scholar
Kay, R. H. (1989). A practical and theoretical approach to assessing computer attitudes: The computer attitude measure (CAM). Journal on Research on Computing in Education , 456-463. Google Scholar
Kearsley, G. (1988). Online Help Systems: Design and Implementation. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. Google Scholar
Kellogg, W. A. (1987). Conceptual consistency in the user interface: Effects on user performance. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'87 Second Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Stuttgart, Germany, 1-4 September), 389-394.Google Scholar
Kellogg, W. A. (1989). The dimensions of consistency. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency. Academic Press, Boston, MA. 9-20. Google Scholar
Kellogg, W. A. (1990). Qualitative artifact analysis. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 193-198. Google Scholar
Kennedy, S. (1989). Using video in the BNR usability lab. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 21 , 2 (October), 92-95. Google Scholar
Kensing, F., and Munk-Madsen, A. (1993). PD: Structure in the toolbox. Communications of the ACM 36 , 4 (April), 78-85. Google Scholar
Kim, W. C., and Foley, J. D. (1990). DON: User interface presentation design assistant. Proc. ACM UIST'90 Third Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Snowbird, UT, 3-5 October), 10-20. Google Scholar
Kincaid, J. P., Thomas, M., Strain, K., Couret, I., and Bryden, K. (1990). Controlled English for international technical communication. Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting , 815-819.Google Scholar
Klare, G. R. (1984). Readability. In Pearson, P. D. (Ed.), Handbook of Reading Research. Longman, New York, NY. 681-744.Google Scholar
Kurlander, D., and Feiner, S. (1992). A history-based macro by example system. Proc. ACM UIST'92 Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Monterey, CA, 15-18 November), 99-106. Google Scholar
Kurtenbach, G., and Hulteen, E. A. (1990). Gestures in human-computer communication. In Laurel, B. (Ed.), The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design , Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 309-317.Google Scholar
LaLomia, M. J., and Sidowski, J. B. (1990). Measurements of computer satisfaction, literacy, and aptitudes: A review. Intl. J. Human-Computer Interaction 2 , 3, 231-253.Google Scholar
LaLomia, M. J., and Sidowski, J. B. (1991). Measurements of computer attitudes: A review. Intl. J. Human-Computer Interaction 3 , 2, 171-197.Google Scholar
Lamb, J. (1988). Computer crashes and stranded travellers--air traffic control in Britain. New Scientist (8 September), 65.Google Scholar
Landauer, T. K. (1988a). Relations between cognitive psychology and computer system design. In Carroll, J. M. (Ed.), Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 1-25. Google Scholar
Landauer, T. K. (1988b). Research methods in human-computer interaction. In Helander, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. North-Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 905-928.Google Scholar
Landauer, T. K. (1994). The Trouble with Computers: Usefulness, Usability and Productivity. Book under preparation. Google Scholar
Landauer, T. K., and Nachbar, D. W. (1985). Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen: Breadth, depth and width. Proc. ACM CHI'85 Conf. (San Francisco, CA, 14-18 April), 73-78. Google Scholar
Lederer, A. L., and Prasad, J. (1992). Nine management guidelines for better cost estimating. Communications of the ACM 35 , 2 (February), 51-59. Google Scholar
Lee, A. (1992). User support: Considerations, features, and issues. In Hartson, H. R., and Hix, D. (Eds.), Advances in Human-Computer Interaction Vol. 3 , Ablex, Norwood, NJ. 184-228. Google Scholar
Lee, J. A. N., McCarthy, J., and Licklider, J. C. R. (1992). Time-sharing at MIT. IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 14 , 1, 13-32. Google Scholar
Lee, M. P., Darling, M. W. M., Peacock, D., and Jeffreys, S. (1990). Simulating user interfaces with dBase III+. In Life, M. A., Narborough-Hall, C. S., and Hamilton, W. I. (Eds.), Simulation and the User Interface. Taylor & Francis, London, U.K. 181-195.Google Scholar
LeFevre, J.-A., and Dixon, P. (1986). Do written instructions need examples? Cognition and Instruction 3 , 1 , 1-30.Google Scholar
Lehmann, E. L., and D'Abrera, H. J. M. (1975). Nonparametrics: Statistical Methods Based on Ranks. Holden-Day Inc., San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Lewis, C. (1982). Using the 'thinking-aloud' method in cognitive interface design. Research Report RC9265 , IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY.Google Scholar
Lewis, C., Hair, D., and Schoenberg, V. (1989). Generalization, consistency, and control. Proc. ACM CHI'89 Conf. (Austin, TX, 30 April-4 May), 1-5. Google Scholar
Lewis, C., Poison, P., Wharton, C., and Rieman, J. (1990). Testing a walk-through methodology for theory-based design of walk-up-and-use interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'90 Conf. (Seattle, WA, 1-5 April), 235-241. Google Scholar
Lewis, J. R. (1992). Psychometric evaluation of the post-study system usability questionnaire: The PSSUQ. Proc. Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting , 1259-1263.Google Scholar
Licklider, J. C. R. (1960). Man-computer symbiosis. IRE Trans. Human Factors in Electronics 1 , 1 (March), 4-11.Google Scholar
Life, M. A., Narborough-Hall, C. S., and Hamilton, W I. (Eds.) (1990). Simulation and the User Interface. Taylor & Francis, London, U.K.Google Scholar
Lindgaard, G. (1991). Impressions from HUSAT. CHISIG Newsletter (Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group of the Ergonomics Society of Australia) (August), 1-2.Google Scholar
Lindgaard, G., Chessari, J., and Hisen, E. (1987). Icons in telecommunications: What makes pictorial information comprehensible to the user? Australian Telecommunication Research 21 , 2, 17-29.Google Scholar
Lodding, K. N. (1983). Iconic interfacing. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 3 , 2 (March-April), 11-20. Google Scholar
Loshe, G., Walker, N., Biolsi, K., and Rueter, H. (1991). Classifying graphical information. Behaviour & Information Technology 10 , 5, 419-436.Google Scholar
Löwgren, J., and Nordqvist, T. (1992). Knowledge-based evaluation as design support for graphical user interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 181-188. Google ScholarDigital Library
Lund, A. M. (1994). Ameritech's usability laboratory: From prototype to final design. Behaviour & Information Technology 13 , 1&2 (January-April), 67-80.Google Scholar
Lunde, K. (1993). Understanding Japanese Information Processing. O'Reilly and Associates, Inc. Google Scholar
Mack, R. L., and Burdett, J. M. (1992). When novices elicit knowledge: Question-asking in designing, evaluating and learning to use software. In Hoffman, R. (Ed.), The Psychology of Expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI . Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 245-268. Google Scholar
Mack, R. L., and Nielsen, J. (1987). Software integration in the professional work environment: Observations on requirements, usage, and interface issues. Research Report RC12677 , IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY.Google Scholar
Mack, R. L., and Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability inspection methods. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 25 , 1 (January), 28-33. Google Scholar
Mack, R. L., Lewis, C. H., and Carroll, J. M. (1983). Learning to use word processors: Problems and prospects. ACM Trans. Office Information Systems 1 , 3 (July), 254-271. Google Scholar
Mackay, W. E., and Tatar, D. G. (1989). Introduction to this special issue on video as a research and design tool. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 21 , 2 (October), 48-50. Google Scholar
Mackinlay, J. (1988). Applying a theory of graphical presentation to the graphic design of user interfaces. Proc. ACM UIST'88 First Symposium User Interface Software and Technology (Banff, Canada, 17-19 October), 179-189. Google Scholar
MacLean, A., Young, R. M., and Moran, T. P. (1989). Design rationale: The argument behind the artifact. Proc. ACM CHI'89 Conf. (Austin, TX, 30 April-4 May), 247-252. Google Scholar
MacLean, A., Bellotti, V, Young, R. M., and Moran, T. P. (1991a). Reaching through analogy: A design rationale perspective. Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 167-172. Google Scholar
MacLean, A., Bellotti, V, and Moran, T. P. (1991b). Questions, options, and criteria: Elements of design space analysis. Human-Computer Interaction 6 , 3 and 4, 201-250. Google Scholar
Magyar, R. L. (1990). Assessing the icon appropriateness and icon discriminability with a paired-comparison testing procedure. Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting , 1204-1208.Google Scholar
Mahajan, V., Muller, E., and Srivastava, R. K. (1990). Determination of adopter categories by using innovation diffusion models. Journal of Marketing Research 27 , 1 (February), 37-50.Google Scholar
Mantei, M. M. (1989). An HCI continuing education curriculum for industry. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 20 , 3 (January), 16-18. Google Scholar
Mantei, M. M. (1990). The Strauss mouse (videotape). SIGGRAPH Video Review 56 , Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Mantei, M. M., and Teorey, T. J. (1988). Cost/benefit analysis for incorporating human factors in the software lifecycle. Communications of the ACM 31 , 4 (April), 428-439. Google Scholar
Mantei, M. M., Hewett, T., Eason, K., and Preece, J. (1991). Report on the INTERACT'90 workshop on education in HCI: Transcending disciplinary and national boundaries. Interacting with Computers 3 , 2, 232-240. Google Scholar
Marchionini, G. (1989). Making the transition from print to electronic encyclopedia: Adaptation of mental models. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 30 , 6 (June), 591-618. Google Scholar
Marcus, A. (1992). Graphic Design for Electronic Documents and User Interfaces. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. Google Scholar
Margono, S., and Shneiderman, B. (1987). A study of hie manipulation by novices using commands vs. direct manipulation. Proc. ACM D.C. Chapter 6th Annual Technical Symposium (Washington, DC, 11 June).Google Scholar
Marshall, C., Nelson, C., and Gardiner, M. M. (1987). Design guidelines. In Gardiner, M. M., and Christie, B. (Eds.), Applying Cognitive Psychology to User-Interface Design. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K. 221-278. Google Scholar
Maulsby, D., Greenberg, S., and Mander, R. (1993). Prototyping an intelligent agent through Wizard of Oz. Proc. ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 April), 277-284. Google ScholarDigital Library
Mayes, J. T., Draper, S. W., McGregor, A. M., and Oatley, K. (1988). Information flow in a user interface: The effect of experience and context on the recall of MacWrite screens. In Jones, D. M., and Winder, R. (Eds.), People and Computers IV. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 275-289. Google Scholar
Mayhew, D. J. (1992). Principles and Guidelines in Software User Interface Design. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Google Scholar
McClelland, I. L., and Brigham, F. R. (1990). Marketing ergonomics--how should ergonomics be packaged? Ergonomics 33 , 5, 519-526.Google Scholar
McCrobie, D. (1989). Human factors design considerations for military trains. Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting , 536-540.Google Scholar
McDonald, J. E., and Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1988). The application of user knowledge to interface design. In Guindon, R. (Ed.), Cognitive Science and its Applications for Human-Computer Interaction , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. 289-338.Google Scholar
McDonald, J. E., Molander, M. E., and Noel, R. W. (1988). Color-coding categories in menus. Proc. ACM CHI'88 Conf. (Washington, DC, 15-19 May), 101-106. Google Scholar
Mercurio, P. J., and Erickson, T. D. (1990). Interactive scientific visualization: An assessment of a virtual reality system. Proc. INTERACT'90 Third IFIP Conference Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 741-745. Google Scholar
Merwin, D. H., Dyre, B. P., Humphrey, D. G , Grimes, J., and Larish, J. F. (1990). The impact of icons and visual effects on learning computer databases. Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting (Orlando, FL, 8-12 October), 424-428.Google Scholar
Miller, R. B. (1968). Response time in man-computer conversational transactions. Proc. AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference Vol. 33 , 267-277. Google Scholar
Mirel, B. (1991). Critical review of experimental research on the usability of hard copy documentation. IEEE Trans. Professional Communication 34 , 2 (June), 109-122.Google Scholar
Molich, R., and Nielsen, J. (1990). Improving a human-computer dialogue. Communications of the ACM 33 , 3 (March), 338-348. Google Scholar
Monk, A. (1986). Mode errors: A user-centered analysis and some preventative measures using keying-contingent sounds. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 24 , 4 (April), 313-327. Google Scholar
Monk, A. (1989). The personal browser: A tool for directed navigation in hypertext systems. Interacting with Computers 1 , 2 (August), 190-196.Google Scholar
Monmonier, M. (1991). How to Lie with Maps. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.Google Scholar
Moran, T. P., and Carroll, J. M. (Eds.) (1994). Design Rationale. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.Google Scholar
Mosier, J. N., and Smith, S. L. (1986). Application of guidelines for designing user interface software. Behaviour & Information Technology 5 , 1 (January-March), 39-46.Google Scholar
Mrazek, D., and Rafeld, M. (1992). Integrating human factors on a large scale: 'Product usability champions.' Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 565-570. Google ScholarDigital Library
Muller, M. J. (1991). PICTIVE--An exploration in participatory design. Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, La, 28 April-2 May), 225-231. Google Scholar
Muller, M. J. (1992). Retrospective on a year of participatory design using the PICTIVE technique. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 455-462. Google Scholar
Mulligan, R. M., Altom, M. W., and Simkin, D. K. (1991). User interface design in the trenches: Some tips on shooting from the hips. Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 232-236. Google ScholarDigital Library
Mulligan, R. M., Dieli, M., Nielsen, J., Poltrock, S., Rosenberg, D., and Rudman, S. E. (1992). Designing usable systems under real-world constraints: A practitioners forum. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 149- 152. Google ScholarDigital Library
Mullins, P. M., and Treu, S. (1991). Measurement of stress to gauge user satisfaction with features of the computer interface. Behaviour & Information Technology 10 , 4 (July-August), 325-343.Google Scholar
Myers, B. A. (1985). The importance of percent-done progress indicators for computer-human interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'85 Conf. (San Francisco, CA, 14- 18 April), 11-17. Google Scholar
Myers, B. A. (1989). User-interface tools: Introduction and survey. IEEE Software 6 , 1 (January), 15-23. Google Scholar
Myers, B. A., and Rosson, M. B. (1992). Survey on user interface programming. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 195-202. Google ScholarDigital Library
Mynatt, E. D., and Edwards, W. K. (1992). Mapping GUIs to auditory interfaces. Proc. ACM UIST'92 Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Monterey, CA, 15-18 November), 61-70. Google Scholar
Nagel, D. C. (1988). Human error in aviation operations. In Weiner, E. L., and Nagel, D. C. (Eds.), Human Factors in Aviation. Academic Press, Boston, MA. 263-303.Google Scholar
Nardi, B. A., and Miller, J. R. (1991). Twinkling lights and nested loops: Distributed problem solving and spreadsheet development. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 34 , 2 (February), 161-184. Google Scholar
Neal, A. S., and Simons, R. M. (1983). Playback: A method for evaluating the usability of software and its documentation. Proc. ACM CHI'83 Conf. (Boston, MA, 12-15 December), 78-82. Google Scholar
Neal, A. S., and Simons, R. M. (1984). Playback: A method for evaluating the usability of software and its documentation. IBM Systems Journal 23 , 1, 82-96. Google Scholar
Neumann, P. G. (1991). Inside RISKS: Putting on your best interface. Communications of the ACM 34 , 3 (March), 138. Google Scholar
Newell, A. F. (1993). Interfaces for the ordinary and beyond. IEEE Software 10 , 5 (September), 76-78. Google Scholar
Nicol, A. (1990). Interfaces for learning: What do good teachers know that we don't? In Laurel, B. (Ed.), The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 113-122.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1986). A virtual protocol model for computer-human interaction. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 24 , 3, 301-312. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1987a). Using scenarios to develop user friendly videotex systems. Proc. NordDATA'87 Joint Scandinavian Computer Conference (Trondheim, Norway, 15-18 June), 133-138.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1987b). A user interface case study of the Macintosh. In Salvendy, G. (Ed.), Cognitive Engineering in the Design of Human-Computer Interaction and Expert Systems , Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 241-248.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1987c). Classification of dialog techniques. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 19 , 2 (October), 30-35. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1989a). Prototyping user interfaces using an object-oriented hypertext programming system. Proc. NordDATA'89 Joint Scandinavian Computer Conference (Copenhagen, Denmark, 19-22 June), 485-490.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1989b). Usability engineering at a discount. In Salvendy, G., and Smith, M. J. (Eds.), Designing and Using Human-Computer Interfaces and Knowledge Based Systems. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 394-401. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1989c). Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency. Academic Press, Boston, MA. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1989d). The matters that really matter for hypertext usability. Proc. ACM Hypertext'89 Conf. (Pittsburgh, PA, 5-8 November), 239-248. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1989e). What do users really want? Intl. J. Human-Computer Interaction 1 , 2, 137-147.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990a). Hypertext and Hypermedia. Academic Press, Boston, MA. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990b). Big paybacks from 'discount' usability engineering. IEEE Software 7, 3 (May), 107-108. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990c). A meta-model for interacting with computers. Interacting with Computers 2 , 2 (August), 147-160. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990d). Paper versus computer implementations as mockup scenarios for heuristic evaluation. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 315-320. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990e). Traditional dialogue design applied to modern user interfaces. Communications of the ACM 33 , 10 (October), 109-118. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990f). Designing User Interfaces for International Use. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990g). Miniatures versus icons as a visual cache for videotex browsing. Behaviour & Information Technology 9 , 6 (Nov.-Dec), 441-449.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990h). International user interfaces: An exercise. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 21 , 4 (April), 50-51. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1990i). The art of navigating through hypertext. Communications of the ACM 33 , 3 (March), 296-310. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1992a). Evaluating the thinking aloud technique for use by computer scientists. In Hartson, H. R., and Hix, D. (Eds.), Advances in Human-Computer Interaction Vol. 3 , Ablex, Norwood, NJ. 69-82. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1992b). The usability engineering life cycle. IEEE Computer 25 , 3 (March), 12-22. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1992c). Finding usability problems through heuristic evaluation. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 373-380. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1993a). Noncommand user interfaces. Communications of the ACM 36 , 4 (April), 83-99. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1993b). Iterative user interface design. IEEE Computer 26 , 11 (November), 32-41. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1994a). Usability laboratories. Behaviour & Information Technology 13 , 1&2 (January-April), 3-8.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1994b). Heuristic evaluation. In Nielsen, J., and Mack, R. L. (Eds.), Usability Inspection Methods. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 25-62. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1994c). Guerrilla HCI: Using discount usability engineering to penetrate the intimidation barrier. In Bias, R. G., and Mayhew, D. J. (Eds.), Cost-Justifying Usability Academic Press, Boston, MA. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J. (1994d). Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics. Proc. ACM CHI'94 Conf. (Boston, MA, April 24-28). Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., and Landauer, T. K. (1993): A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems. Proc. ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 April), 206-213. Google ScholarDigital Library
Nielsen, J., and Levy, J. (1994). Measuring usability--preference vs. performance. Communications of the ACM 37 , 4 (April). Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., and Lyngbaek, U. (1990). Two field studies of hypermedia usability. In McAleese, R., and Green, C. (Eds.), Hypertext: State of the Art. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. 64-72.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., and Mack, R. L. (1994). Usability Inspection Methods. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., and Molich, R. (1989). Teaching user interface design based on usability engineering. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 21 , 1 (July), 45-48. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., and Molich, R. (1990). Heuristic evaluation of user interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'90 Conf. (Seattle, WA, 1-5 April), 249-256. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., and Phillips, V. L. (1993). Estimating the relative usability of two interfaces: Heuristic, formal, and empirical methods compared. Proc. ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 April), 214-221. Google ScholarDigital Library
Nielsen, J., and Richards, J. T. (1989). The experience of learning and using Smalltalk. IEEE Software 6 , 3 (May), 73-77. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., and Schaefer, L. (1993). Sound effects as an interface element for older users. Behaviour & Information Technology 12 , 4 (July-August), 208-215.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., Mack, R. L., Bergendorff, K. H., and Grischkowsky, N. L. (1986). Integrated software in the professional work environment: Evidence from questionnaires and interviews. Proc. ACM CHI'86 Conf. (Boston, MA, 13-17 April), 162-167. Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., Frehr, I., and Nymand, H. O. (1991). The learnability of HyperCard as an object-oriented programming system. Behaviour & Information Technology 10 , 2 (March-April), 111-120.Google Scholar
Nielsen, J., Bush, R. M., Dayton, T., Mond, N. E., Muller, M. J., and Root, R. W. (1992). Teaching experienced developers to design graphical user interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 557-564. Google ScholarDigital Library
Nielsen, J., Desurvire, H., Kerr, R., Rosenberg, D., Salomon, G., Molich, R., and Stewart, T. (1993). Comparative design review: An exercise in parallel design. Proc. ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 April), 414-417. Google ScholarDigital Library
Nielsen, J., Fernandes, T., Wagner, A., Wolf, R., and Ehrlich, K. (1994). Diversified parallel design: Contrasting design aproaches. ACM CHI'94 Conference Companion (Boston, MA, April 24-28). Google ScholarDigital Library
Nolan, P. R. (1989). Designing screen icons: Ranking and matching studies. Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting , 380-384.Google Scholar
Nolan, P. R. (1991). The design of keyboard templates. Proc. Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting , 486-490.Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1983). Design rules based on analyses of human error. Communications of the ACM 26 , 4 (April), 254-258. Google Scholar
Nussbaum, B., and Neff, R. (1991). I can't work this thing. Business Week (29 April), 58-66.Google Scholar
Nyce, J. M., and Kahn, P. (Eds.) (1991). From Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind's Machine. Academic Press, Boston, MA. Google Scholar
Nygren, E., Lind, M., Johnson, M., and Sandblad, B. (1992). The art of the obvious. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 235-239. Google ScholarDigital Library
O'Donnell, P. J., Scobie, G., and Baxter, I. (1991). The use of focus groups as an evaluation technique in HCI. In Diaper, D., and Hammond, N. (Eds.), People and Computers VI. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 211-224.Google Scholar
Olsen, D. R. (1990). Propositional production systems for dialog description. Proc. ACM CHI'90 Conf. (Seattle, WA, 1-5 April), 57-63. Google Scholar
Olsen, D. R. (1991). User Interface Management Systems: Models and Algorithms. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA. Google Scholar
Olsen, D. R. (1992). Bookmarks: An enhanced scroll bar. ACM Trans. Graphics 11 , 3 (July), 291-295. Google Scholar
Olsen, D. R., and Haiversen, B. W. (1988). Interface usage measurements in a user interface management system. Proc. ACM UIST'88 First Symposium User Interface Software and Technology (Banff, Canada, 17-19 October), 102-108. Google Scholar
Olson, J. R., and Nilsen, E. (1987-88). Analysis of the cognition involved in spreadsheet software interaction. Human-Computer Interaction 3 , 4, 309-349. Google Scholar
Olson, J. R., and Olson, G. M. (1990). The growth of cognitive modeling in human-computer interaction since GOMS. Human-Computer Interaction 5 , 2 and 3, 221-265. Google Scholar
O'Malley, C. E., Draper, S. W., and Riley, M. S. (1984). Constructive interaction: A method for studying human-computer-human interaction. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'84 First Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (London, U.K., 4-7 September), 269-274.Google Scholar
Paap, K. R., and Roske-Hofstrand, R. J. (1988). Design of menus. In Helander, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. North-Holland, Amsterdam. 205-235.Google Scholar
Pausch, R. (1991). Virtual reality on five dollars a day. In Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 265-270. Google Scholar
Payne, S. J., and Green, T. R. G. (1986). Task-action grammars: A model of the mental representation of task languages. Human-Computer Interaction 2 , 2, 93-133. Google Scholar
Payne, S. J., and Green, T. R. G. (1989). The structure of command languages: An experiment on task-action grammar. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 30 , 2, 213-234. Google Scholar
Pedhazur, E. J., and Schmelkin, L. P. (1991). Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.Google Scholar
Perlman, G. (1988). Teaching user interface development to software engineers. Proc. Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting , 391-394.Google Scholar
Perlman, G. (1989). Coordinating consistency of user interfaces, code, online help, and documentation with multilingual/multitarget software specification. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency , Academic Press, Boston, MA. 35-55. Google Scholar
Perlman, G. (1990). Teaching user-interface development. IEEE Software 7, 6 (November), 85-86.Google Scholar
Perlman, G. (1991). The HCI bibliography project, ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 23 , 3 (July), 15-20. Google Scholar
Perratore, E., Thompson, T., Udell, J., and Malloy, R. (1993). Fighting fatware. BYTE 18 , 4 (April), 98-108. Google Scholar
Perry, T. S., and Voelcker, J. (1989). Of mice and menus: Designing the user-friendly interface. IEEE Spectrum 29 , 9 (September), 46-51. Google Scholar
Peterson, J. L. (1980). Computer programs for detecting and correcting spelling errors. Communications of the ACM 23 , 12 (December), 676-687. Google Scholar
Polson, P. G. (1988). The consequences of consistent and inconsistent user interfaces. In Guindon, R. (Ed.), Cognitive Science and its Applications for Human-Computer Interaction , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ. 59-108.Google Scholar
Poison, P. G., Muncher, E., and Engelbeck, G. (1986). A test of a common elements theory of transfer. Proc. ACM CHI'86 Conf. (Boston, MA, 13-17 April), 78-83. Google Scholar
Poltrock, S. E. (1994). Participant-observer studies of user interface design and development. In Rudisill, M., McKay, T., Lewis, C., and Poison, P. (Eds.), Human-Computer Interface Design: Success Cases, Emerging Methods, and Real-World Context , Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Potosnak, K. M., Hayes, P. J., Rosson, M. B., Schneider, M. L., and Whiteside, J. A. (1986). Classifying users: A hard look at some controversial issues. Proc. ACM CHI'86 Conf. (Boston, MA, 13-17 April), 84-88. Google Scholar
Potter, S. S., Cook, R. I., Woods, D. D., and McDonald, J. S. (1990). The role of human factors guidelines in designing usable systems: A case study of operating room equipment. Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting (Orlando, FL, 8-12 October), 392-395.Google Scholar
Preece, J., and Keller, L. S. (1990). Why, what and how? Issues in the development of an HCI training course. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 3-7. Google Scholar
Preece, J., and Keller, L. S. (1991). Teaching the practitioners: Developing a distance learning postgraduate HCI course. Interacting with Computers 3 , 1, 92-118. Google Scholar
Ramsey, H. R., and Grimes, J. D. (1983). Human factors in interactive computer dialog. In Williams, M. E. (Ed.), Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 18 , American Society for Information Science, 29-59.Google Scholar
Rappaport, A. S., and Halevi, S. (1991). The computerless computer company. Harvard Business Review 69 , 4 (July-August), 69-80.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, J. (1983). Skills, rules, and knowledge: Signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 13 , 3 (May/June), 257-266.Google Scholar
Rauterberg, M. (1992). An empirical comparison of menu-selection (CUI) and desktop (GUI) computer programs carried out by beginners and experts. Behaviour & Information Technology 11 , 4 (July-August), 227-236.Google Scholar
Reason, J. (1990). Human Error. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.Google Scholar
Reed, S. (1992). Who defines usability? You do! PC/Computing 5 , 12 (December), 220-232.Google Scholar
Reisner, P. (1981). Formal grammar and human factors design of an interactive graphics system. IEEE Trans. Software Engineering SE-7 , 2, 229-240. Google Scholar
Reisner, P. (1990). What is inconsistency? Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 175-181. Google Scholar
Reitman, P. (1988). Streamlining your documentation using quick references. IEEE Trans. Professional Communication 31 , 2 (June), 75-83.Google Scholar
Rettig, M. (1991). Nobody reads documentation. Communications of the ACM 34 , 7 (July), 19-24. Google Scholar
Rheingold, H. (1985). Tools for Thought: The People and Ideas Behind the Next Computer Revolution. Simon and Schuster, New York, NY. Google Scholar
Rheingold, H. (1991). Virtual Reality. Summit Books, NY. Google Scholar
Rhyne, J. R., and Wolf, C. G. (1993). Recognition-based user interfaces. In Hartson, H. R., and Hix, D. (Eds.), Advances in Human-Computer Interaction Vol. 4. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. 191-250.Google Scholar
Rice, J. F. (1991). Display color coding: 10 rules of thumb. IEEE Software 8 , 1 (January), 86-88. Google Scholar
Rideout, T. (1991). Changing your methods from the inside. IEEE Software 8 , 3 (May), 99-100, 111. Google Scholar
Roach, J. W., and Nickson, M. (1983). Formal specifications for modeling and developing human/computer interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'83 Conf. (Boston, MA, 12-15 December), 35-39. Google Scholar
Robertson, G. G , Card, S. K., and Mackinlay, J. D. (1993). Information visualization using 3D interactive animation. Communications of the ACM 36 , 4 (April), 57-71. Google Scholar
Rock, I., and Palmer, S. (1990). The legacy of gestalt psychology. Scientific American 263 , 6 (December), 84-90.Google Scholar
Rogers, Y. (1986). Evaluating the meaningfulness of icon sets to represent command operations. In Harrison, M. D., and Monk, A. F. (Eds.), People and Computers: Designing for Usability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 586-603. Google Scholar
Rogers, Y (1989). Icons at the interface: Their usefulness. Interacting with Computers 1 , 1 (April), 105-117. Google Scholar
Root, R. W., and Draper, S. (1983). Questionnaires as a software evaluation tool. Proc. ACM CHI'83 Conf. (Boston, MA, 12-15 December), 83-87. Google Scholar
Rosenberg, D. (1989). A cost benefit analysis for corporate user interface standards: What price to pay for a consistent 'look and feel'? In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency. Academic Press, Boston, MA. 21-34. Google Scholar
Rosenberg, J. K., and Moran, T. P. (1984). Generic commands. In Proc. INTERACT'84 First IFIP Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (London, U.K., 4-7 September), 245-249.Google Scholar
Rosson, M. B. (1984). Effects of experience on learning, using, and evaluating a text-editor. Human Factors 26 , 4 (August), 463-475.Google Scholar
Rowley, D. E., and Rhoades, D. G. (1992). The cognitive jogthrough: A fast-paced user interface evaluation procedure. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 389-395. Google ScholarDigital Library
Russo, P., and Boor, S. (1993). How fluent is your interface? Designing for international users. Proc. ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 April), 342-347. Google Scholar
Salasoo, A. (1990). Towards usable icon sets: A case study from telecommunications engineering. Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting , 203-207.Google Scholar
Sandewall, E. (1978). Programming in the interactive environment: The LISP experience. ACM Computing Surveys 10 , 1 (March), 35-71. Google Scholar
Sassone, P. G. (1987). Cost-benefit methodology for office systems. ACM Trans. Office Information Systems 5 , 3 (July), 273-289. Google Scholar
Schiele, F., and Green, T. (1990). HCI formalisms and cognitive psychology: The case of task-action grammar. In Harrison, M., and Thimbleby, H. (Eds.), Formal Methods in Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 9-62. Google Scholar
Schleifer, L. M. (1990). System response time and method of pay: Cardiovascular stress effects in computer-based tasks. Ergonomics 33 , 1495-1509.Google Scholar
Schmidt, K. (1988). Functional analysis instrument. In Schaefer, G., Hirschheim, R., Harper, M., Hansjee, R., Domke, M., and Bjorn-Andersen, N. (Eds.), Functional Analysis of Office Requirements: A Multiperspective Approach. Wiley, Chichester, U.K. 261-289.Google Scholar
Schrier, J. R. (1992). Reducing stress associated with participating in a usability test. Proc. Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting , 1210-1214.Google Scholar
Sculley, J. (1992). Interview. Forbes ASAP Magazine (December 7), 93-100.Google Scholar
Sein, M. K., and Bostrom, R. P. (1989). Individual differences and conceptual models in training novice users. Human-Computer Interaction 4 , 3, 197-229. Google Scholar
Seligmann, D. D., and Feiner, S. (1991). Automated generation of intent-based 3D illustrations. Proc. ACM SIGGRAPH'91 Conf. (Las Vegas, NV, 28 July-2 August), 123-132. Google Scholar
Sellen, A., and Nicol, A. (1990). Building user-centered online help. In Laurel, B. (Ed.), The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design , Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 143-153.Google Scholar
Sellen, A. J., Kurtenbach, G. P., and Buxton, W. A. S. (1990). The role of visual and kinesthetic feedback in the prevention of mode errors. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 667-673. Google Scholar
Senay, H., and Stabler, E. P. (1987). Online help system usage: An empirical investigation. Abridged Proceedings 2nd Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Honolulu, HI, 10-14 August), 244.Google Scholar
Senders, J. W., and Moray, N. P. (1991). Human Error: Cause, Prediction, and Reduction. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.Google Scholar
Shackel, B. (1971). Human factors in the P.L.A. meat handling automation scheme. A case study and some conclusions. Intl. J. Prod. Res. 9 , 1, 95-121.Google Scholar
Shackel, B. (1991). Usability-Context, framework, definition, design and evaluation. In Shackel, B., and Richardson, S. (Eds.), Human Factors for Informatics Usability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 21-37. Google Scholar
Shackel, B., Alty, J. L., and Reid, P. (1992) HILITES-The information service for the world HCI community. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 24 , 3 (July), 40-49. Google Scholar
Sheldon, K. M. (1991). ASCII goes global. BYTE 16 , 7 (July), 108-116.Google Scholar
Shneiderman, B. (1982). Designing computer system messages. Communications of the ACM 25 , 9 (September), 610-611. Google Scholar
Shneiderman, B. (1983). Direct manipulation: A step beyond programming languages. IEEE Computer 16 , 8 (August), 57-69. Google Scholar
Shneiderman, B. (1991). A taxonomy and rule base for the selection of interaction styles. In Shackel, B., and Richardson, S. (Eds.), Human Factors for Informatics Usability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 325-342. Google Scholar
Shneiderman, B. (1993). Beyond intelligent machines: Just do it! IEEE Software 10 , 1 (January), 100-103. Google Scholar
Silverstein, L. D. (1987). Human factors for color display systems: Concepts, methods, and research. In Durrett, H. J. (Ed.), Color and the Computer , Academic Press, Boston, MA. 27-61. Google Scholar
Simonelli, N. M. (1989). Product design and human factors diversity: What you see is where you came from. In Klemmer, E. T. (Ed.), Ergonomics: Harness the Power of Human Factors in Your Business. Ablex, Norwood, NJ. 88-122.Google Scholar
Siochi, A. C., and Ehrich, R. W. (1991). Computer analysis of user interfaces based on repetition in transcripts of user sessions. ACM Trans. Information Systems 9 , 4 (October), 309-335. Google Scholar
Sless, D. (1991). Designing a new bill for Telecom Australia. Information Design Journal 6 , 3, 255-257.Google Scholar
Smith, S. L., and Mosier, J. N. (1986). Design Guidelines for Designing User Interface Software. Technical Report MTR-10090, The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, MA 01730, USA. See page 301 for information on downloading this report over the network.Google Scholar
Smith, W. (1988). Standardizing colors for computer screens. Proc. Human Factors Society's 32nd Annual Meeting , 1381-1385.Google Scholar
Søndergaard, G. (1987). Oversigt over efternavne i Danmark ("Survey of family names in Denmark"; in Danish), Nordic Institute, Odense University, Odense, Denmark.Google Scholar
Springer, C. J. (1987). Retrieval of information from complex alphanumeric displays: Screen formatting variables' effect on target identification time. In Salvendy, G. (Ed.), Cognitive Engineering in the Design of Human-Computer Interaction and Expert Systems. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 375-382.Google Scholar
Sprung, R. C. (1990). Two faces of America: Polyglot and tongue-tied. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Designing User Interfaces for International Use. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 71-102. Google Scholar
Stammers, R. B., and Hoffman, J. (1991). Transfer between icon sets and ratings of icon concreteness and appropriateness. Proc. Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting , 354-258.Google Scholar
Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication 42 , 4 (Autumn), 73-93.Google ScholarDigital Library
Stewart, T. (1990). SIOIS--Standard interfaces or interface standards. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), xxix-xxxiv.Google Scholar
Stotts, P. D., and Furuta, R. (1989). Petri-net-based hypertext: Document structure with browsing semantics. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 7 , 1 (January), 3-29. Google Scholar
Streeter, L. A., Ackroff, J. M., and Taylor, G. A. (1983). On abbreviating command names. The Bell System Technical Journal 62 , 1807-1828.Google Scholar
Strong, G. W. (1989). Introductory course in human computer interaction. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 20 , 3 (January), 19-21. Google Scholar
Sukaviriya, P., and Foley, J. D. (1990). Coupling a UI framework with automatic generation of context-sensitive animated help. Proc. ACM UIST'90 Third Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Snowbird, UT, 3-5 October), 21-30. Google Scholar
Sukaviriya, P., and Moran, L. (1990). User interface for Asia. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Designing User Interfaces for International Use. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. 71-102. Google Scholar
Sutherland, I. E. (1963). Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system. Proc. AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference , 329-346. Google Scholar
Tanaka, T., Eberts, R. E., and Salvendy, G. (1990). Derivation and validation of a quantitative method for the analysis of consistency for interface design. Proc. Human Factors Society 34th Annual Meeting , 329-333.Google Scholar
Teasley, B., Leventhal, L., Blumenthal, B., Instone, K., and Stone, D. (1994). Cultural diversity in user interface design: Are intuitions enough? ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 26 , 1 (January), 36-40. Google Scholar
Teitelman, W. (1972). Do what I mean: The programmer's assistant. Computers and Automation 21 (April), 8-11.Google Scholar
Teitelman, W. (1986). Ten years of window systems: A retrospective view. In Hopgood, F. R. A., Duce, D. A., Fielding, E. V. C., Robinson, K., and Williams, A. S. (Eds.), Methodology of Window Management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 35-46. Google Scholar
Telles, M. (1990). Updating an older interface. Proc. ACM CHI'90 Conf. (Seattle, WA, 1-5 April), 243-247. Google Scholar
Tesler, L. (1981). The Smalltalk environment. BYTE 6 , 8 (August), 90-147.Google Scholar
Tesler, L. G. (1991). Networked computing in the 1990s. Scientific American 265 , 3 (September), 86-93.Google Scholar
Tetzlaff, L., and Schwartz, D. R. (1991). The use of guidelines in interface design. Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 329-333. Google ScholarDigital Library
Thomas, J. C., and Stuart, R. (1992). Virtual reality and human factors. Proc. Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting , 207-210.Google Scholar
Thompson, D. A., McEvers, D. C., and Olson, C. H. (1986). Case study in data entry system design. Proc. Human Factors Society 30th Annual Meeting, 744-748. Google Scholar
Thovtrup, H., and Nielsen, J. (1991). Assessing the usability of a user interface standard. Proc. ACM CHI'91 Conf. (New Orleans, LA, 28 April-2 May), 335-341. Google ScholarDigital Library
Tognazzini, B. (1989). Achieving consistency for the Macintosh. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency , Academic Press, Boston, MA. 57-73. Google Scholar
Tognazzini, B. (1990). User testing on the cheap. Apple Direct 2 , 6 (March), 21- 27. Also available as Chapter 14 of Tognazzini, B. (1992), Tog on Interface , Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.Google Scholar
Tombaugh, J., Lickorish, A., and Wright, P. (1987). Multi-window displays for readers of lengthy texts. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 26 , 5 (May), 597-615. Google Scholar
Tousséa-Oulaï, A., and Ura, S. (1991). Information technology transfer: Problems facing African developing nations. Intl. J. Human-Computer Interaction 3 , 1, 79-93.Google Scholar
Travis, D. (1991). Effective Color Displays: Theory and Practice. Academic Press, London, U.K.Google Scholar
Tucker, P., and Jones, D. M. (1991). Voice as interface: An overview. Intl. J. Human-Computer Interaction 3 , 2, 145-170.Google Scholar
Tullis, T. S. (1985). Designing a menu-based interface to an operating system. Proc. ACM CHI'85 Conf. (San Francisco, CA, 14-18 April), 79-84. Google Scholar
van der Veer, G. C., and White, T. N. (1990). University education on human-computer interaction-The Dutch situation. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 9-13. Google Scholar
van Nes, F. L., and van Itegem, J. P. M. (1990). Hidden functionality: How an advanced car radio is really used. In IPO Annual Progress Report 25 , Institute for Perception Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. 101-112.Google Scholar
Vander Zanden, B., and Myers, B. A. (1990). Automatic, look-and-feel independent dialog creation for graphical user interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'90 Conf. (Seattle, WA, 1-5 April), 27-34. Google Scholar
Vertelney, L. (1989). Using video to prototype user interfaces. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 21 , 2 (October), 57-61. Google Scholar
Vincente, K. J., and Williges, R. C. (1988). Accommodating individual differences in searching a hierarchical file system. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 29 , 6, 647-668. Google Scholar
Virzi, R. A. (1989). What can you learn from a low-fidelity prototype? Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting (Denver, CO, 16-20 October), 224-228.Google Scholar
Virzi, R. A. (1991). A preference evaluation of three dialing plans for a residential, phone-based information service. Proc. Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting (San Francisco, CA, 2-6 September).Google Scholar
Voltaire, F. M. A. (1764). Dictionnaire Philosophique. English translation published in 1765 as Philosophical Dictionary. Google Scholar
von Hippel, E. (1988). The Sources of Innovation. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Walker, J. H. (1987). Issues and strategies for online documentation. IEEE Trans. Professional Communication 30 , 4 (December), 235-248.Google Scholar
Want, R., Hopper, A., Falcâo, V., and Gibbons, J. (1992). The active badge location system. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 10 , 1 (January), 91-102. Google Scholar
Wasserman, A. S. (1989). Redesigning Xerox: A design strategy based on operability. In Klemmer, E. T. (Ed.), Ergonomics: Harness the Power of Human Factors in Your Business , Ablex, Norwood, NJ. 7-44.Google Scholar
Wastell, D. (1990). Mental effort and task performance: Towards a psychophysiology of human computer interaction. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 107-112. Google Scholar
Weiler, P., Cordes, R., Hammontree, M., Hoiem, D., and Thompson, M. (1993). Software for the usability lab: A sampling of current tools. Proc. ACM INTERCHI'93 Conf. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24-29 April), 57-60. Google ScholarDigital Library
Wellner, P. D. (1989). Statemaster: A UIMS based on Statecharts for prototyping and target implementation. Proc. ACM CHI'89 Conf. (Austin, TX, 30 April-4 May), 177-182. Google Scholar
Wharton, C., Bradford, J., Jeffries, R., and Franzke, M. (1992). Applying cognitive walkthroughs to more complex user interfaces: Experiences, issues, and recommendations. Proc. ACM CHI'92 Conf. (Monterey, CA, 3-7 May), 381-388. Google ScholarDigital Library
Whitefield, A., Wilson, F., and Dowell, J. (1991). A framework for human factors evaluation. Behaviour & Information Technology 10 , 1 (January-February), 65-79.Google Scholar
Whiteside, J., and Wixon, D. (1987). The dialectic of usability engineering. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'87 Conf. (Stuttgart, Germany, 1-4 September), 17-20.Google Scholar
Whiteside, J., Jones, S., Levy, P. S., and Wixon, D. (1985). User performance with command, menu, and iconic interfaces. Proc. ACM CHI'85 Conf. (San Francisco, CA, 14-18 April), 185-191. Google Scholar
Whiteside, J., Bennett, J., and Holtzblatt, K. (1988). Usability engineering: Our experience and evolution. In Helander, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction , North-Holland, Amsterdam. 791-817.Google Scholar
Wichansky, A. M., Abernethy, C. N., Antonelli, D. C., Kotsonis, M. E., and Mitchell, P. P. (1988). Selling ease of use: Human factors partnerships with marketing. Proc. Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting , 598-602.Google Scholar
Wiecha, C., and Boies, S. J. (1990). Generating user interfaces: Principles and use of ITS style rules. Proc. ACM UIST'90 Third Annual Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (Snowbird, UT, 3-5 October), 21-30. Google Scholar
Wiecha, C. and Henrion, M. (1987). Linking multiple program views using a visual cache. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'87 Second Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Stuttgart, Germany, 1-4 September), 689-694.Google Scholar
Wiecha, C., Bennett, W., Boies, S., and Gould, J. (1989). Tools for generating consistent user interfaces. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency , Academic Press, Boston, MA. 107-130. Google Scholar
Wiggins, B. (1991). DTI Usability Now! programme. Talk presented at the British Computer Society's HCI'91 conference (Edinburgh, U.K., 20-23 August).Google Scholar
Winograd, T. (1990). What can we teach about human-computer interaction. Proc. ACM CHI'90 Conf. (Seattle, WA, 1-5 April), 443-449. Google Scholar
Wixon, D., and Jones, S. (1994). Usability for fun and profit: A case study of the re-design of the VAX RALLY. In Rudisill, M., McKay, T., Lewis, C., and Poison, P. (Eds.), Human-Computer Interface Design: Success Cases, Emerging Methods, and Real-World Context , Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA. Google Scholar
Wixon, D., Jones, S., Tse, L., and Casaday, G. (1994). Inspections and design reviews: Framework, history, and reflection. In Nielsen, J., and Mack, R. L. (Eds.), Usability Inspection Methods. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. Google Scholar
Wolf, R. (1989). Consistency as process. In Nielsen, J. (Ed.), Coordinating User Interfaces for Consistency , Academic Press, Boston, MA. 89-92. Google Scholar
Wozny, L. A. (1989). The application of metaphor, analogy, and conceptual models in computer systems. Interacting with Computers 1 , 3, 273-283. Google Scholar
Wright, P. (1983). Manual dexterity: A user-oriented approach to creating computer documentation. Proc. ACM CHI'83 Conf. (Boston, MA, 12-15 December), 11-18. Google Scholar
Wright, P. (1991). Designing and evaluating documentation for I.T. users. In Shackel, B., and Richardson, S. (Eds.), Human Factors for Informatics Usability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. 343-358. Google Scholar
Wright, P. C., and Monk, A. F. (1991). A cost-effective evaluation method for use by designers. Intl. J. Man-Machine Studies 35 , 6 (December), 891-912. Google Scholar
Wright, R. B., and Converse, S. A. (1992). Method bias and concurrent verbal protocol in software usability testing. Proc. Human Factors Society 36th Annual Meeting , 1220-1224.Google Scholar
Yang, Y. (1990). Interface usability engineering under practical constraints: A case study in the design of undo support. Proc. IFIP INTERACT'90 Third Intl. Conf. Human-Computer Interaction (Cambridge, U.K., 27-31 August), 549-554. Google Scholar
Yang, Y. (1992). Motivation, practice, and guidelines for 'undoing.' Interacting with Computers 4 , 1 (April), 23-40. Google Scholar
Young, D., Lansdale, M. W., and Bass, C. A. (1990). Using HyperTalk as a specification tool and a simulation vehicle in the development of a personal data base system. In Life, M. A., Narborough-Hall, C. S., and Hamilton, W. I. (Eds.), Simulation and the User Interface. Taylor & Francis, London, U.K. 169-180.Google Scholar
Ziegler, J. E., Hoppe, H. U., and Fähnrich, K. P. (1986). Learning and transfer for text and graphics editing with a direct manipulation interface. Proc. ACM CHI'86 Conf. (Boston, MA, 13-17 April), 72-77. Google Scholar
Zwaga, H. J. (1989). Comprehensibility estimates of public information symbols: Their validity and use. Proc. Human Factors Society 33rd Annual Meeting , 979-983.Google Scholar

Cited By

Contributors

Jakob Nielsen
- Publication Years1994 - 1994
- Publication counts1
- Citation count133
- Available for Download1
- Downloads (cumulative)19,488
- Downloads (12 months)5,190
- Downloads (6 weeks)526
- Average Downloads per Article19,488
- Average Citation per Article133
View Full Profile

Comments

Recommendations

Supporting novice usability practitioners with usability engineering tools

Although usability practitioners have successfully applied usability engineering processes to increase the usability of interaction designs, the literature suggests that usability practitioners experience a number of difficulties that negatively impact ...
Supporting novice usability practitioners with usability engineering tools
The Usability Engineering Lifecycle: A Practitioner's Handbook for User Interface Design

Browse Books

Sections

References

Cited By

Supporting novice usability practitioners with usability engineering tools

Supporting novice usability practitioners with usability engineering tools

The Usability Engineering Lifecycle: A Practitioner's Handbook for User Interface Design

Save to Binder

Sections

References

Cited By

Save to Binder

Recommendations

Supporting novice usability practitioners with usability engineering tools

Supporting novice usability practitioners with usability engineering tools

The Usability Engineering Lifecycle: A Practitioner's Handbook for User Interface Design