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From the Book: PREFACE: Preface This book is for beginning system administrators, system administrators new to the Solaris Operating Environment, or any user who wants a task-oriented quick-reference guide to basic administrative commands. A Quick Tour of the Contents Chapter 1, Introducing Solaris System Administration, describes basic administration tasks and superuser status. It tells how to communicate with users, start up and shut down systems, and monitor processes. It also introduces some frequently used commands and the new Administration Tools in the Solaris 8 Operating Environment. Chapter 2, Using Basic OS Commands, describes basic commands for finding user and environment information, creating and editing files, combining commands and redirecting output, displaying manual pages, and determining disk data. Chapter 3, Understanding Shells,describes some commands common to all shells and provides basic information about the Bourne, C, Korn, Bourne-Again, TC, and Z shells. Chapter 4, Administering User Accounts and Groups, describes how to add and remove user accounts and how to set up new group accounts. Chapter 5, Administering Roles, introduces the Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) security feature, new in the Solaris 8 Operating Environment, that enables you to assign a subset of superuser privileges to one or more users. Chapter 6, Administering File Systems, describes the types of file systems provided in the Solaris 8 Operating Environment, the default file system, the virtual file system table, and the file system administrative commands. It shows you how to make file systems available and how to back upandrestore file systems. Chapter 7, Administering Devices, describes how to use tapes and diskettes to store and retrieve files and how to administer disks. It also introduces the Service Access Facility and provides instructions for setting up port monitors for printers and modems. Chapter 8, Administering Systems, describes commands to display system-specific information, configure additional swap space without reformatting a disk, and create a local mail alias. Chapter 9, Administering Network Services, describes commands to check on remote system status, log in to remote systems, and transfer files between systems. It describes how to use the Solaris AdminSuite 3.0 tools to make changes to NIS+ databases once NIS+ is up and running. This chapter also introduces the IPv6 internet protocol and describes how to display network statistics and configuration information. Chapter 10, Administering Printing, introduces the LP print service, describes how to set up printing services, and explains how to use the printing commands. Chapter 11, Recognizing File Access Problems, provides information on how to recognize problems with search paths and with permissions and ownership. The Glossary contains basic system administration terms and definitions. Important: Read This Before You Begin Because we assume that the root path includes the sbin, usrsbin, usrbin, and etc directories, the steps show the commands in these directories without absolute path names. Steps that use commands in other, less common directories show the absolute path in the example. The examples in this book are for a basic Solaris software installation without the Binary Compatibility Package installed and without usrucb in the path. CAUTION. If usrucb is included in a search path, it should always be at the end. Commands like ps or df are duplicated in usrucb with different formats and options from those of Solaris ommands. This book does not contain all the information you need to administer systems. Refer to the complete system administration documentation for comprehensive information. Because the Solaris Operating Environment provides the Bourne (default), Korn, and C shells, examples in this book show prompts for each of the shells. The default C shell prompt is system-name%. The default Bourne and Korn shell prompt is $. The default root prompt for all shells is a pound sign (#). In examples that affect more than one system, the C shell prompt (which shows the system name) is used to make it clear when you change from one system to another. SPARC and IA Information This book provides system administration information for both SPARC and IA systems. Unless otherwise noted, information throughout this book applies to both types of systems. Table A summarizes the differences between the SPARC and IA system administration tasks. Table A. SPARC and IA System Administration Differences Category SPARC Platform IA Platform System operation before kernel is loaded A programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip with a monitor program runs diagnostics and displays device information. The PROM is also used to program default boot parameters and to test the devices connected to the system. The basic inputoutput system (BIOS) runs diagnostics and displays device information. A Solaris Device Configuration Assistant boot diskette with the Multiple Device Boot (MDB) program is used to boot from nondefault boot partitions, the network, or the CD-ROM. Booting the system Commands and options at the PROM level are used to boot the system. Commands and options at the MBD, primary, and secondary boot subsystems level are used to boot the system. Boot programs bootblk, the primary boot program, loads ufsboot. ufsboot, the secondary boot program, loads the kernel. mboot, the master boot record, loads pboot. pboot, the Solaris partition boot program, loads bootblk. bootblk, the primary boot program, loads ufsboot. ufsboot, the secondary boot program, loads the kernel. System shutdown The shutdown and init commands can be used without additional operator intervention. The shutdown and init commands are used but require operator intervention to type any key to continue the prompt. Disk controllers SCSI SCSI and IDE Disk slices and partitions A disk may have a maximum of eight slices, numbered 0-7. A disk may have a maximum of four fdisk partitions. The Solaris fdisk partition may contain up to 10 slices, numbered 0-9, but only 0-7 can store user data. Diskette drives Desktop systems usually contain one 3.5-inch diskette drive. Systems may contain two diskette drives: a 3.5-inch and a 5.25-inch drive. Solaris System Software Evolution To help you understand how Solaris is evolving, Table B provides a list of the major system administration feature differences for each release. Table B. Solaris System Software Evolution Release New Features Solaris 1.0 Berkeley (BSD) UNIX contains Solaris 4.x functionality. Solaris 2.0 (SunOS 5.0) A merger of AT&T System V Release 4 (SVR4) and BSD UNIX. To facilitate customer transition, Solaris uses SVR4 as the default environment, with BSD commands and modes as an option. Administration Tool provides a graphical user interface Database Manager and Host Manager. Solaris 2.1 (SunOS 5.1) Administration Tool adds a graphical user interface Printer Manager and User Account Manager. Solaris 2.2 (SunOS 5.2) Volume management integrates access to CD-ROM and diskette files with the File Manager and provides a command-line interface. Users no longer need superuser privileges to mount CD-ROMs and diskettes. Solaris 2.0 and 2.1 procedures do not work with volume management because volume management controls and owns the devices. Solaris 2.3 (SunOS 5.3) Volume management changes Solaris 2.2 mount point naming conventions. Administration Tool adds a graphical user interface Serial Port Manager with templates that provide default settings, which makes adding character terminals and modems much easier. The automounter is split into two programs: an automounted daemon and a separate automount program. Both are run when the system is booted. The tmp_mnt mount point is not displayed as part of the path name, and the local path is displayed as homeusername. Additional predefined automount map variables are provided. (Refer to the Solaris Advanced System Administrators Guide.) Online: Backup 2.1 is included with the release. (Not documented in this book.) Pluggable Authentication Model (PAM) is included with the release. PAM provides a consistent framework to enable access control applications, such as login, to be able to choose any authentication scheme available on a system, without concern for implementation details. (Not documented in this book.) C2 Security is included in this release. (Not documented in this book.) The format(1) command changes for SCSI disks. (Not documented in this book.) PPP network protocol product that provides IP network connectivity over a variety of point-to-point connections is included in this release. (Not documented in this book.) Cache File System (CacheFS) for NFS is included in this release. CacheFS is a generic, nonvolatile caching mechanism to improve performance of certain file systems by using a small, fast, local disk. New NIS+ setup scripts are included in this release. The nisserver(1M), nispopulate(1M), and nisclient(1M) scripts enable you to set up an NIS+ domain much more quickly and easily than if you used the individual NIS+ commands to do so. With these scripts, you can avoid a lengthy manual setup process. Solaris 2.4 (SunOS 5.4) New Motif GUI for Solaris software installation is added. (Not documented in this book.) Solaris 2.5 (SunOS 5.5) New pax(1M) portable archive interchange command for copying files and file systems to portable media is added. Admintool is used to administer only local systems. Solstice AdminSuite product is available for managing systems in a network for SPARC and IA systems. New process tools are available in usrprocbin that display highly detailed information about the active processes stored in the process file system in the proc directory. Telnet client is upgraded to the 4.4 BSD version. rlogin and telnetd remote login capacity are improved. (Not documented in this book.) Solaris 2.5.1 (SunOS 5.5.1) The limit on user ID and group ID values is raised to 2147483647, or the maximum value of a signed integer. The nobody user and group (60001) and the no access user and group (60002) retain the same UID and GID as in previous Solaris releases. Solaris 2.6 (SunOS 5.6) Changes to the Solaris 2.6 printing software provide a better solution than the LP print software in previous Solaris releases. You can easily set up and manage print clients by using the NIS or NIS+ nameservices to enable centralization of print administration for a network of systems and printers. New features include redesign of print packages, print protocol adapter, bundled SunSoft Print Client software, and network printer support. New nisbackup and nisrestore commands provide a quick and efficient method of backing up and restoring NIS+ namespaces. New patch tools, including patchadd and patchrm commands, add and remove patches. These commands replace the installpatch and backoutpatch commands that were previously shipped with each individual patch. (Refer to the Solaris Advanced System Administrators Guide.) New filesync command ensures that data is moved automatically between a portable computer and a server. (Not documented in this book.) The previous flat proc file system is restructured into a directory hierarchy that contains additional subdirectories for state information and control functions. This release also provides a watchpoint facility to monitor access to and modifications of data in the process address space. The adb(1) command uses this facility to provide watchpoints. Large files are supported on UFS, NFS, and CacheFS file systems. Applications can create and access files up to one Tbyte on UFS-mounted file systems and up to the limit of the NFS server for NFS- and CacheFS-mounted file systems. A new -mount option disables the large-file support on UFS file systems. Using the -mount option enables system administrators to ensure that older applications that are not able to safely handle large files do not accidentally operate on large files. NFS Kerberos authentication now uses DES encryption to improve security over the network. The kernel implementations of NFS and RPC network services now support a new RPC authentication flavor that is based on the Generalized Security Services API (GSS-API). This support contains the hooks for future stronger security of the NFS environment. (Refer to the Solaris Advanced System Administrators Guide.) The PAM authentication modules framework enables you to plug in new authentication technologies. (Refer to the Solaris Advanced System Administrators Guide.) Font Admin enables easy installation and use of fonts for the X Window System. It supports TrueType, Type0, Type1, and CID fonts for multibyte languages and provides comparative font preview capability. It is fully integrated into the CDE desktop. (Not documented in this book.) TrueType fonts are supported through X and Display PostScript. Font Admin enables easy installation and integration of third-party fonts into the Solaris environment. (Not documented in this book.) The Solaris 2.6 operating environment is year 2000 ready. It uses unambiguous dates and follows the XOpen guidelines where appropriate. (Not documented in this book.) WebNFS software enables file systems to be accessed through the Web with the NFS protocol. This protocol is very reliable and provides greater throughput under a heavy load. (Not documented in this book.) The Java Virtual Machine 1.1 integrates the Java platform for the Solaris Operating Environment. It includes the Java runtime environment and the basic tools needed to develop Java applets and applications. (Not documented in this book.) For IA systems, the Configuration Assistant interface is part of the new booting system for the Solaris (Intel Platform Edition) software. It determines which hardware devices are in the system, accounts for the resources each device uses, and enables users to choose which device to boot from. For IA systems, the kdmconfig program configures the mouse, graphics adapter, and monitor. If an owconfig file already exists, kdmconfig extracts any usable information from it. In addition, kdmconfig retrieves information left in the devinfo tree by the defconf program and uses that information to automatically identify devices. (Not documented in this book.) Release is fully compliant with XOpen UNIX 95, POSIX standards. (Not documented in this book.) Solaris 7(SunOS 5.7) Solaris 64-bit operating environment is added (SPARC Platform Edition only). (Not documented in this book.) UFS logging improves file system support. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) protocol improves managing name databases. (Not documented in this book.) Java Development Kit for Solaris significantly improves scalability and performance for Java applications. (Not documented in this book.) Dynamic reconfiguration significantly decreases system downtime. AnswerBook2 server runs on a Web server. (Not documented in this book.) Unicode locales enhanced with multiscript capabilities and six new Unicode locales are added. RPC security is enhanced with integrity and confidentiality. (Not documented in this book.) The Solaris Common Desktop Environment (CDE) contains new tools to make it easy to find, manipulate, and manage address cards, applications, e-mail addresses, files, folders, hosts, processes, and Web addresses. (Not documented in this book.) Solaris 8(SunOS 5.8) IPv6 adds increased address space and improves Internet functionality by using a simplified header format, support for authentication and privacy, autoconfiguration of address assignments, and new quality-of-service capabilities. The Solaris Operating Environment provides the Naming Service switch back-end support for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) based directory service. (Not documented in this book.) The Java2 Software Development Kit for Solaris significantly improves scalability and performance of Java applications. (Not documented in this book.) The Solaris 8 Installation CD provides a graphical, wizard-based, Java-powered application to install the Solaris Operating Environment and other software. (Not documented in this book.) The Solaris 8 Operating Environment supports the Universal Disk Format (UDF) file system, enabling users to exchange data stored on CD-ROMs, disks, diskettes, DVDs, and other optical media. The Solaris Smart Card feature enables security administrators to protect a computer desktop or individual application by requiring users to authenticate themselves by means of a smart card. (Not documented in this book.) The PDA Synchronization (PDA Sync) application synchronizes the data from applications such as Desktop Calendar, Desktop Mail, Memo, and Address, with data in similar applications on a users Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). (Not documented in this book.) The Solaris 8 Software CDs and Languages CD include support for more than 90 locales, covering 37 languages. (Not documented in this book.) The Solaris Common Desktop Environment (CDE) contains new and enhanced features that incorporate easy-to-use desktop productivity tools, PC interoperability, and desktop management tools. (Not documented in this book.) The X Server is upgraded to the X11R6.4 industry standard that includes features to increase user productivity and mobility, including remote execution of X applications through a Web browser on any Web-based desktop, Sinerama, Color Utilization Policy, EnergyStar support, and new APIs and documentation for the developer tool kits. (Not documented in this book.) Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) enables system administrators to create specific roles by which they can assign superuser privileges for specific tasks to one or more individual users. Freeware The following freeware tools and libraries are included in the Solaris 8 release. bash-sh—compatible command language interpreter. bzip2—Block-sorting file compressor. gpatch—Applies patch files to originals. gzip—GNU zip compression command. less—A pager similar to more. libz—Also known as zlib. A library that performs compression, specifically, RFCs 1950-1952. misofs—Builds a CD image, using an iso9660 file system. rmp2cpio—Transforms a package in RMP format (Red Hat Package Manager) to a cpio archive. tcsh—C shell with file-name completion and command-line editing. zip—Compression and file packaging command. zsh—Command interpreter (shell) usable as an interactive login shell and as a shell script command processor.