Anthropomorphism is the act of attributing human-like characteristics to non-human objects and has played a key role in the field of emotional design in multimedia learning. Despite its significance, the relationship between animacy and ...

• Anthropomorphism enhances curiosity, but facial animacy reduces boredom.
• Facial animacy increased joy and reduced neutral expressions.
• Weak to moderate correlations between self-report and facial expression measures.
• Neutral ...

Virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMDs) offer an immersive learning experience that could replicate real-life training. Our review identifies and critically analyses studies of interventions designed to provide procedural ...

• Studies of immersive procedural training show highly varied protocols, interventions, and outcomes.
• Few studies measure the impact of immersive procedural training in between-subject experiments.
• A meta-analysis suggests a positive ...

While Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) technology has been predominantly employed in technical and medical academic education, it also holds significant potential for Vocational Education and Training (VET). IVR's unique properties, such as high ...

• Paper-based learning outperforms IVR on immediate declarative knowledge test.
• IVR outperforms paper-based learning on positive mood, motivation, and immersion.
• Despite lower objective knowledge gains, learners perceive to learn ...

English as a foreign language (EFL) writing is vital in interpersonal and cross-cultural communication. Writing refers to a complicated, dispersed, dialogic, and mediated process of discovery and creation, generally considered to be one of the ...

• An empathetic VR-based learning approach for EFL writing is proposed.
• An experiment was conducted in a junior middle school EFL writing class.
• The approach improved EFL learners' cognitive empathy.
• The approach improved EFL ...

Recent meta-analytic evidence suggests that students’ minds are likely to wander off-task frequently, regardless of the learning modality; yet virtual reality (VR) has been notably unexplored in this space. VR may present an opportunity to ...

• Task-unrelated thought (TUT) hasn't been examined in Virtual Reality (VR) learning.
• TUT could be reduced in VR due to reduction in external audio-visual distractions.
• TUT was significantly lowered in the VR condition compared to ...

Learning in immersive virtual reality (VR) can be highly motivating, but the perceptual richness and activity can distract students from the core instructional message. Generative learning activities may mitigate some of the limitations of ...

• Adding collaborative generative learning activities in VR improved learning.
• Overall, adding individual generative learning activities in VR did not improve learning.
• The comparisons are against a control group that receives no ...

Although spherical video-based virtual reality (SVVR) has gained attention as an effective tool for technology-enhanced learning, little research has been conducted on its integration in formal education settings and the role of teachers in ...

• Research on the integration of SVVR into formal education and the pedagogical role of teachers therein is in its infancy.
• This DBR formulated apt pedagogic tactics for scaffolding students in SVVR-supported inquiry fieldwork-based ...

Findings on the effectiveness of learning in immersive virtual reality (IVR) are mixed. While studies suggest that the sense of spatial presence in IVR enhances enjoyment and thus learning, it is unclear whether IVR also presents information in a ...

Display Omitted

• Immersive virtual reality (IVR) was experimentally compared to desktop VR
• Students explored a virtual environment, i.e., a replica of the Sistine Chapel
• IVR indirectly promoted semantic knowledge mediated by spatial presence and ...

Research on the use of augmented reality (AR) in education has received a lot of attention in recent years. Based on many systematic reviews and meta-analyses, it has been concluded that AR is effective. Recently, however, researchers ...

• Critically reviewed the research designs applied in comparative studies on augmented reality (AR) in education.

To investigate how learning in immersive Virtual Reality was designed in contemporary educational studies, this systematic literature review identified nine design features and analysed 219 empirical studies on the designs of learning ...

• This systematic review analysed 219 educational studies on immersive Virtual Reality for their design features.

This systematic review study synthesizes research findings pertaining to the use of eye-tracking technology in immersive virtual reality (IVR) learning environments created by using head mounted displays. Research published between ...

• We reviewed thirty-six articles on eye-tracking technology in IVR.
• Our focus ...

The main goal of this study is to develop a virtual reality (VR)-based scenario of bullying that is more effective in investigating the motivational factors (i.e., emotion, self-efficacy) of adolescents' bystander behavior than the ...

• Boys showed lower pro-bullying and outsider behavior in the VR group.
• There ...

The main purpose of the study was to explore how different augmented 3D visualizations may affect the learning of complex science concepts using the eye tracking method. An Augmented Reality (AR) learning system incorporated with ...

• Visual attention to the augmented 3D static objects predicted learning achievement.

Augmented reality (AR) continues to show its impact in education. While systematic review and meta-analysis studies have synthesized the evidence of this impact, most of them did not differentiate how AR may foster various learning ...

• AR has a larger mean effect size on students' performance.
• AR treatment ...

The purpose of this preregistered study was to examine whether patterns of teachers' race and gender biases found in prior research would emerge in a virtual teaching context. We asked a national sample of 989 teachers to evaluate ...

• A preregistered experiment tested for teacher biases in an online “zoom” setting.

While previous studies have examined the use of real-world classroom videos to support the development of student teachers’ reflective skills, there has been little research to date on the use of virtual reality (VR) videos in teacher education ...

• We designed video-based reflection activities for student teachers.
• We compared reflections using VR versus reflections using real classroom videos.
• Reflection-related self-efficacy beliefs increased in the VR group only.
• VR ...

In professional training programs, how to help learners fully understand the contexts and problem-solving procedure in the workplace is a crucial and challenging issue. Due to the advancements of computer and multimedia technology, ...

• A VR-based blended learning approach for professional training is proposed.
• A ...

This study uses a multimodal data analysis approach to provide a more continuous and objective insight into how students' engagement unfolds and impacts learning achievements. In this study, 61 nursing students' learning processes with ...

• Multimodal data gave insights into emotional and cognitive engagement constructs.

While virtual reality (VR) training has been used in many examples of specialized skills training, its learning effect has also been explored with a focus on gross motor performance. Using VR can develop technical students' procedural ...

• To explore how two types of learning outcomes could be predicted by students' VR flow experience.